/*
 *
 * luamm:  C++ binding for lua
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2010 Pavel Labath et al.
 *
 * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 *
 */

#ifndef LUAMM_HH
#define LUAMM_HH

#include <assert.h>
#include <exception>
#include <functional>
#include <memory>
#include <mutex>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>

#include <lua.hpp>

namespace lua {
class state;

typedef lua_Integer integer;
typedef lua_Number number;
typedef std::function<int(state *)> cpp_function;

enum { REGISTRYINDEX = LUA_REGISTRYINDEX };

enum {
  GCSTOP = LUA_GCSTOP,
  GCRESTART = LUA_GCRESTART,
  GCCOLLECT = LUA_GCCOLLECT,
  GCCOUNT = LUA_GCCOUNT,
  GCCOUNTB = LUA_GCCOUNTB,
  GCSTEP = LUA_GCSTEP,
  GCSETPAUSE = LUA_GCSETPAUSE,
  GCSETSTEPMUL = LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL
};

enum { MULTRET = LUA_MULTRET };

enum Type {
  TBOOLEAN = LUA_TBOOLEAN,
  TFUNCTION = LUA_TFUNCTION,
  TLIGHTUSERDATA = LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA,
  TNIL = LUA_TNIL,
  TNONE = LUA_TNONE,
  TNUMBER = LUA_TNUMBER,
  TSTRING = LUA_TSTRING,
  TTABLE = LUA_TTABLE,
  TTHREAD = LUA_TTHREAD,
  TUSERDATA = LUA_TUSERDATA
};

// we reserve one upvalue for the function pointer
inline int upvalueindex(int n) { return lua_upvalueindex(n + 1); }

/*
 * Lua error()s are wrapped in this class when rethrown into C++ code. what()
 * returns the error message. push_lua_error() pushes the error onto lua stack.
 * The error can only be pushed into the same state it was generated in.
 */
class exception : public std::runtime_error {
  /*
   * We only allow moving, to avoid complications with multiple references. It
   * shouldn't be difficult to modify this to work with copying, if that proves
   * unavoidable.
   */
  state *L;
  int key;

  static std::string get_error_msg(state *L);

  exception(const exception &) = delete;
  const exception &operator=(const exception &) = delete;

 public:
  exception(exception &&other)
      : std::runtime_error(std::move(other)), L(other.L), key(other.key) {
    other.L = nullptr;
  }

  explicit exception(state *l);
  virtual ~exception();

  void push_lua_error(state *l);
};

class not_string_error : public std::runtime_error {
 public:
  not_string_error() : std::runtime_error("Cannot convert value to a string") {}
};

// the name says it all
class syntax_error : public lua::exception {
  syntax_error(const syntax_error &) = delete;
  const syntax_error &operator=(const syntax_error &) = delete;

 public:
  explicit syntax_error(state *L) : lua::exception(L) {}

  syntax_error(syntax_error &&other) : lua::exception(std::move(other)) {}
};

// loadfile() encountered an error while opening/reading the file
class file_error : public lua::exception {
  file_error(const file_error &) = delete;
  const file_error &operator=(const file_error &) = delete;

 public:
  explicit file_error(state *L) : lua::exception(L) {}

  file_error(file_error &&other) : lua::exception(std::move(other)) {}
};

// double fault, lua encountered an error while running the error handler
// function
class errfunc_error : public lua::exception {
  errfunc_error(const errfunc_error &) = delete;
  const errfunc_error &operator=(const errfunc_error &) = delete;

 public:
  explicit errfunc_error(state *L) : lua::exception(L) {}

  errfunc_error(errfunc_error &&other) : lua::exception(std::move(other)) {}
};

// a fancy wrapper around lua_State
class state : private std::mutex {
  std::shared_ptr<lua_State> cobj;

  // destructor for C++ objects stored as lua userdata
  template <typename T>
  static int destroy_cpp_object(lua_State *l) {
    T *ptr = static_cast<T *>(lua_touserdata(l, -1));
    assert(ptr);
    try {
      // throwing exceptions in destructors is a bad idea
      // but we catch (and ignore) them, just in case
      ptr->~T();
    } catch (...) {}
    return 0;
  }

  bool safe_compare(lua_CFunction trampoline, int index1, int index2);

 public:
  state();

  /*
   * Lua functions come in three flavours
   * a) functions that never throw an exception
   * b) functions that throw only in case of a memory allocation error
   * c) functions that throw other kinds of errors
   *
   * Calls to type a functions are simply forwarded to the C api.
   * Type c functions are executed in protected mode, to make sure they don't
   * longjmp() over us (and our destructors). This add a certain amount
   * overhead. If you care about performance, try using the raw versions (if
   * possible). Type b functions are not executed in protected mode atm. as
   * memory allocation errors don't happen that often (as opposed to the type c,
   * where the user get deliberately set a metamethod that throws an error).
   * That means those errors will do something undefined, but hopefully that
   * won't be a problem.
   *
   * Semantics are mostly identical to those of the underlying C api. Any
   * deviation is noted in the respective functions comment. The most important
   * difference is that instead of return values, we use exceptions to indicate
   * errors.	The lua and C++ exception mechanisms are integrated. That means
   * one can throw a C++ exception and catch it in lua (with pcall). Lua
   * error()s can be caught in C++ as exceptions of type lua::exception.
   */

  // type a, never throw
  int absindex(int index) throw() {
    return index < 0 && -index <= gettop() ? gettop() + 1 + index : index;
  }
  bool getmetatable(int index) throw() {
    return lua_getmetatable(cobj.get(), index);
  }
  int gettop() throw() { return lua_gettop(cobj.get()); }
  void insert(int index) throw() { lua_insert(cobj.get(), index); }
  bool isboolean(int index) throw() { return lua_isboolean(cobj.get(), index); }
  bool isfunction(int index) throw() {
    return lua_isfunction(cobj.get(), index);
  }
  bool islightuserdata(int index) throw() {
    return lua_islightuserdata(cobj.get(), index);
  }
  bool isnil(int index) throw() { return lua_isnil(cobj.get(), index); }
  bool isnone(int index) throw() { return lua_isnone(cobj.get(), index); }
  /* isnumber conflicts with some headers on BSD systems */
  bool _isnumber(int index) throw() { return lua_isnumber(cobj.get(), index); }
  bool isstring(int index) throw() { return lua_isstring(cobj.get(), index); }
  void pop(int n = 1) throw() { lua_pop(cobj.get(), n); }
  void pushboolean(bool b) throw() { lua_pushboolean(cobj.get(), b); }
  void pushinteger(integer n) throw() { lua_pushinteger(cobj.get(), n); }
  void pushlightuserdata(void *p) throw() {
    lua_pushlightuserdata(cobj.get(), p);
  }
  void pushnil() throw() { lua_pushnil(cobj.get()); }
  void pushnumber(number n) throw() { lua_pushnumber(cobj.get(), n); }
  void pushvalue(int index) throw() { lua_pushvalue(cobj.get(), index); }
  void rawget(int index) throw() { lua_rawget(cobj.get(), index); }
  void rawgeti(int index, int n) throw() { lua_rawgeti(cobj.get(), index, n); }
  bool rawequal(int index1, int index2) throw() {
    return lua_rawequal(cobj.get(), index1, index2);
  }
  void replace(int index) throw() { lua_replace(cobj.get(), index); }
  // lua_setmetatable returns int, but docs don't specify it's meaning :/
  int setmetatable(int index) throw() {
    return lua_setmetatable(cobj.get(), index);
  }
  void settop(int index) throw() { return lua_settop(cobj.get(), index); }
  bool toboolean(int index) throw() { return lua_toboolean(cobj.get(), index); }
  integer tointeger(int index) throw() {
    return lua_tointeger(cobj.get(), index);
  }
  number tonumber(int index) throw() { return lua_tonumber(cobj.get(), index); }
  void *touserdata(int index) throw() {
    return lua_touserdata(cobj.get(), index);
  }
  Type type(int index) throw() {
    return static_cast<Type>(lua_type(cobj.get(), index));
  }
  // typename is a reserved word :/
  const char *type_name(Type tp) throw() {
    return lua_typename(cobj.get(), tp);
  }
  void unref(int t, int ref) throw() { return luaL_unref(cobj.get(), t, ref); }

  // type b, throw only on memory allocation errors
  // checkstack correctly throws bad_alloc, because lua_checkstack kindly
  // informs us of that sitution
  void checkstack(int extra);
  const char *gsub(const char *s, const char *p, const char *r) {
    return luaL_gsub(cobj.get(), s, p, r);
  }
  bool newmetatable(const char *tname) {
    return luaL_newmetatable(cobj.get(), tname);
  }
  void newtable() { lua_newtable(cobj.get()); }
  void *newuserdata(size_t size) { return lua_newuserdata(cobj.get(), size); }
  // cpp_function can be anything that std::function can handle, everything else
  // remains identical
  void pushclosure(const cpp_function &fn, int n);
  void pushfunction(const cpp_function &fn) { pushclosure(fn, 0); }
  void pushstring(const char *s) { lua_pushstring(cobj.get(), s); }
  void pushstring(const char *s, size_t len) {
    lua_pushlstring(cobj.get(), s, len);
  }
  void pushstring(const std::string &s) {
    lua_pushlstring(cobj.get(), s.c_str(), s.size());
  }
  void rawgetfield(int index, const char *k);
  void rawset(int index) { lua_rawset(cobj.get(), index); }
  void rawsetfield(int index, const char *k);
  int ref(int t) { return luaL_ref(cobj.get(), t); }
  // len receives length, if not null. Returned value may contain '\0'
  const char *tocstring(int index, size_t *len = nullptr) {
    return lua_tolstring(cobj.get(), index, len);
  }
  // Don't use pushclosure() to create a __gc function. The problem is that lua
  // calls them in an unspecified order, and we may end up destroying the object
  // holding the std::function before we get a chance to call it. This pushes a
  // function that simply calls ~T when the time comes. Only set it as __gc on
  // userdata of type T.
  template <typename T>
  void pushdestructor() {
    lua_pushcfunction(cobj.get(), &destroy_cpp_object<T>);
  }

  // type c, throw everything but the kitchen sink
  // call() is a protected mode call, we don't allow unprotected calls
  void call(int nargs, int nresults, int errfunc = 0);
  void concat(int n);
  bool equal(int index1, int index2);
  int gc(int what, int data);
  void getfield(int index, const char *k);
  void getglobal(const char *name);
  void gettable(int index);
  bool lessthan(int index1, int index2);
  void loadfile(const char *filename);
  void loadstring(const char *s);
  bool next(int index);
  // register is a reserved word :/
  void register_fn(const char *name, const cpp_function &f) {
    pushfunction(f);
    setglobal(name);
  }
  void setfield(int index, const char *k);
  void setglobal(const char *name);
  void settable(int index);
  // lua_tostring uses nullptr to indicate conversion error, since there is no
  // such thing as a nullptr std::string, we throw an exception. Returned value
  // may contain '\0'
  std::string tostring(int index);
  // allocate a new lua userdata of appropriate size, and create a object in it
  // pushes the userdata on stack and returns the pointer
  template <typename T, typename... Args>
  T *createuserdata(Args &&...args);

  using std::mutex::lock;
  using std::mutex::try_lock;
  using std::mutex::unlock;
};

/*
 * Can be used to automatically pop temporary values off the lua stack on exit
 * from the function/block (e.g. via an exception). It's destructor makes sure
 * the stack contains exactly n items. The constructor initializes n to
 * l.gettop()+n_, but that can be later changed with the overloaded operators.
 * It is an error if stack contains less than n elements at entry into the
 * destructor.
 *
 * Proposed stack discipline for functions is this:
 * - called function always pops parameters off the stack.
 * - if functions returns normally, it's return values are on the stack.
 * - if function throws an exception, there are no return values on the stack.
 * The last point differs from lua C api, which return an error message on the
 * stack. But since we have exception.what() for that, putting the message on
 * the stack is not necessary.
 */
class stack_sentry {
  state *L;
  int n;

  stack_sentry(const stack_sentry &) = delete;
  const stack_sentry &operator=(const stack_sentry &) = delete;

 public:
  explicit stack_sentry(state &l, int n_ = 0) : L(&l), n(l.gettop() + n_) {
    assert(n >= 0);
  }

  ~stack_sentry() {
    assert(L->gettop() >= n);
    L->settop(n);
  }

  void operator++() { ++n; }
  void operator--() {
    --n;
    assert(n >= 0);
  }
  void operator+=(int n_) { n += n_; }
  void operator-=(int n_) {
    n -= n_;
    assert(n >= 0);
  }
};

template <typename T, typename... Args>
T *state::createuserdata(Args &&...args) {
  stack_sentry s(*this);

  void *t = newuserdata(sizeof(T));
  new (t) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
  ++s;
  return static_cast<T *>(t);
}
}  // namespace lua

#endif /* LUAMM_HH */