diff --git a/bench/__init__.py b/bench/__init__.py
index e2f6fd6d..77c6e130 100644
--- a/bench/__init__.py
+++ b/bench/__init__.py
@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@ current_path = None
 updated_path = None
 
 
-def set_frappe_version(bench_path='.'):
+def set_frappe_version(bench_path="."):
 	from .utils.app import get_current_frappe_version
+
 	global FRAPPE_VERSION
 	if not FRAPPE_VERSION:
-		FRAPPE_VERSION = get_current_frappe_version(bench_path=bench_path)
\ No newline at end of file
+		FRAPPE_VERSION = get_current_frappe_version(bench_path=bench_path)
diff --git a/bench/app.py b/bench/app.py
index d3aee384..e36cc73f 100755
--- a/bench/app.py
+++ b/bench/app.py
@@ -13,8 +13,19 @@ import click
 
 # imports - module imports
 import bench
-from bench.utils import exec_cmd, is_bench_directory, run_frappe_cmd, is_git_url, fetch_details_from_tag
-from bench.utils.bench import get_env_cmd, build_assets, restart_supervisor_processes, restart_systemd_processes
+from bench.utils import (
+	exec_cmd,
+	is_bench_directory,
+	run_frappe_cmd,
+	is_git_url,
+	fetch_details_from_tag,
+)
+from bench.utils.bench import (
+	get_env_cmd,
+	build_assets,
+	restart_supervisor_processes,
+	restart_systemd_processes,
+)
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(bench.PROJECT_NAME)
 
@@ -22,8 +33,9 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(bench.PROJECT_NAME)
 if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 
+
 class AppMeta:
-	def __init__(self, name: str, branch : str = None):
+	def __init__(self, name: str, branch: str = None):
 		"""
 		name (str): This could look something like
 			1. https://github.com/frappe/healthcare.git
@@ -96,23 +108,22 @@ class AppMeta:
 
 
 class App(AppMeta):
-	def __init__(self, name: str, branch : str = None, bench : "Bench" = None):
+	def __init__(self, name: str, branch: str = None, bench: "Bench" = None):
 		super().__init__(name, branch)
 		self.bench = bench
 
 	def get(self):
-		branch = f'--branch {self.tag}' if self.tag else ''
-		shallow = '--depth 1' if self.bench.shallow_clone else ''
+		branch = f"--branch {self.tag}" if self.tag else ""
+		shallow = "--depth 1" if self.bench.shallow_clone else ""
 
 		self.bench.run(
 			f"git clone {self.url} {branch} {shallow} --origin upstream",
-			cwd=os.path.join(self.bench.name, 'apps')
+			cwd=os.path.join(self.bench.name, "apps"),
 		)
 
 	def remove(self):
 		shutil.move(
-			os.path.join("apps", self.repo),
-			os.path.join("archived", "apps", self.repo),
+			os.path.join("apps", self.repo), os.path.join("archived", "apps", self.repo),
 		)
 
 	def install(self, skip_assets=False, verbose=False):
@@ -131,12 +142,10 @@ class App(AppMeta):
 
 	def uninstall(self):
 		env_python = get_env_cmd("python", bench_path=self.bench.name)
-		self.bench.run(
-			f"{env_python} -m pip uninstall -y {self.repo}"
-		)
+		self.bench.run(f"{env_python} -m pip uninstall -y {self.repo}")
 
 
-def add_to_appstxt(app, bench_path='.'):
+def add_to_appstxt(app, bench_path="."):
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 
 	apps = Bench(bench_path).apps
@@ -145,7 +154,8 @@ def add_to_appstxt(app, bench_path='.'):
 		apps.append(app)
 		return write_appstxt(apps, bench_path=bench_path)
 
-def remove_from_appstxt(app, bench_path='.'):
+
+def remove_from_appstxt(app, bench_path="."):
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 
 	apps = Bench(bench_path).apps
@@ -154,37 +164,43 @@ def remove_from_appstxt(app, bench_path='.'):
 		apps.remove(app)
 		return write_appstxt(apps, bench_path=bench_path)
 
-def write_appstxt(apps, bench_path='.'):
-	with open(os.path.join(bench_path, 'sites', 'apps.txt'), 'w') as f:
-		return f.write('\n'.join(apps))
 
-def get_excluded_apps(bench_path='.'):
+def write_appstxt(apps, bench_path="."):
+	with open(os.path.join(bench_path, "sites", "apps.txt"), "w") as f:
+		return f.write("\n".join(apps))
+
+
+def get_excluded_apps(bench_path="."):
 	try:
-		with open(os.path.join(bench_path, 'sites', 'excluded_apps.txt')) as f:
-			return f.read().strip().split('\n')
+		with open(os.path.join(bench_path, "sites", "excluded_apps.txt")) as f:
+			return f.read().strip().split("\n")
 	except IOError:
 		return []
 
-def add_to_excluded_apps_txt(app, bench_path='.'):
-	if app == 'frappe':
-		raise ValueError('Frappe app cannot be excludeed from update')
-	if app not in os.listdir('apps'):
-		raise ValueError(f'The app {app} does not exist')
+
+def add_to_excluded_apps_txt(app, bench_path="."):
+	if app == "frappe":
+		raise ValueError("Frappe app cannot be excludeed from update")
+	if app not in os.listdir("apps"):
+		raise ValueError(f"The app {app} does not exist")
 	apps = get_excluded_apps(bench_path=bench_path)
 	if app not in apps:
 		apps.append(app)
 		return write_excluded_apps_txt(apps, bench_path=bench_path)
 
-def write_excluded_apps_txt(apps, bench_path='.'):
-	with open(os.path.join(bench_path, 'sites', 'excluded_apps.txt'), 'w') as f:
-		return f.write('\n'.join(apps))
 
-def remove_from_excluded_apps_txt(app, bench_path='.'):
+def write_excluded_apps_txt(apps, bench_path="."):
+	with open(os.path.join(bench_path, "sites", "excluded_apps.txt"), "w") as f:
+		return f.write("\n".join(apps))
+
+
+def remove_from_excluded_apps_txt(app, bench_path="."):
 	apps = get_excluded_apps(bench_path=bench_path)
 	if app in apps:
 		apps.remove(app)
 		return write_excluded_apps_txt(apps, bench_path=bench_path)
 
+
 def generate_bench_name(git_url, bench_path):
 	if os.path.exists(git_url):
 		guessed_app_name = os.path.basename(git_url)
@@ -194,25 +210,29 @@ def generate_bench_name(git_url, bench_path):
 
 	return os.path.join(bench_path, f"{guessed_app_name}-bench")
 
-def setup_app_dependencies(repo_name, bench_path='.', branch=None):
+
+def setup_app_dependencies(repo_name, bench_path=".", branch=None):
 	# branch kwarg is somewhat of a hack here; since we're assuming the same branches for all apps
 	# for eg: if you're installing erpnext@develop, you'll want frappe@develop and healthcare@develop too
 	import glob
 
-	apps_path = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(bench_path), 'apps')
-	files = glob.glob(os.path.join(apps_path, repo_name, '**', 'hooks.py'))
+	apps_path = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(bench_path), "apps")
+	files = glob.glob(os.path.join(apps_path, repo_name, "**", "hooks.py"))
 
 	if files:
 		with open(files[0]) as f:
-			lines = [x for x in f.read().split('\n') if x.strip().startswith('required_apps')]
+			lines = [x for x in f.read().split("\n") if x.strip().startswith("required_apps")]
 		if lines:
-			required_apps = eval(lines[0].strip('required_apps').strip().lstrip('=').strip())
+			required_apps = eval(lines[0].strip("required_apps").strip().lstrip("=").strip())
 			# TODO: when the time comes, add version check here
 			for app in required_apps:
 				if app not in Bench(bench_path).apps:
 					get_app(app, bench_path=bench_path, branch=branch)
 
-def get_app(git_url, branch=None, bench_path='.', skip_assets=False, verbose=False, overwrite=False):
+
+def get_app(
+	git_url, branch=None, bench_path=".", skip_assets=False, verbose=False, overwrite=False
+):
 	"""bench get-app clones a Frappe App from remote (GitHub or any other git server),
 	and installs it on the current bench. This also resolves dependencies based on the
 	apps' required_apps defined in the hooks.py file.
@@ -231,9 +251,10 @@ def get_app(git_url, branch=None, bench_path='.', skip_assets=False, verbose=Fal
 	if not is_bench_directory(bench_path):
 		bench_path = generate_bench_name(git_url, bench_path)
 		from bench.commands.make import init
+
 		click.get_current_context().invoke(init, path=bench_path, frappe_branch=branch)
 
-	cloned_path = os.path.join(bench_path, 'apps', repo_name)
+	cloned_path = os.path.join(bench_path, "apps", repo_name)
 	dir_already_exists = os.path.isdir(cloned_path)
 
 	if dir_already_exists:
@@ -244,6 +265,7 @@ def get_app(git_url, branch=None, bench_path='.', skip_assets=False, verbose=Fal
 			"Do you want to continue and overwrite it?"
 		):
 			import shutil
+
 			shutil.rmtree(cloned_path)
 		elif click.confirm("Do you want to reinstall the existing application?", abort=True):
 			pass
@@ -256,20 +278,27 @@ def get_app(git_url, branch=None, bench_path='.', skip_assets=False, verbose=Fal
 	app.install(verbose=verbose, skip_assets=skip_assets)
 
 
-def new_app(app, bench_path='.'):
+def new_app(app, bench_path="."):
 	# For backwards compatibility
 	app = app.lower().replace(" ", "_").replace("-", "_")
-	logger.log(f'creating new app {app}')
-	apps = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(bench_path, 'apps'))
-	run_frappe_cmd('make-app', apps, app, bench_path=bench_path)
+	logger.log(f"creating new app {app}")
+	apps = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(bench_path, "apps"))
+	run_frappe_cmd("make-app", apps, app, bench_path=bench_path)
 	install_app(app, bench_path=bench_path)
 
 
-def install_app(app, bench_path=".", verbose=False, no_cache=False, restart_bench=True, skip_assets=False):
+def install_app(
+	app,
+	bench_path=".",
+	verbose=False,
+	no_cache=False,
+	restart_bench=True,
+	skip_assets=False,
+):
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 	from bench.utils.bench import get_env_cmd
 
-	install_text = f'Installing {app}'
+	install_text = f"Installing {app}"
 	click.secho(install_text, fg="yellow")
 	logger.log(install_text)
 
@@ -280,7 +309,7 @@ def install_app(app, bench_path=".", verbose=False, no_cache=False, restart_benc
 
 	exec_cmd(f"{python_path} -m pip install {quiet_flag} -U -e {app_path} {cache_flag}")
 
-	if os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_path, 'package.json')):
+	if os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_path, "package.json")):
 		exec_cmd("yarn install", cwd=app_path)
 
 	add_to_appstxt(app, bench_path=bench_path)
@@ -289,25 +318,26 @@ def install_app(app, bench_path=".", verbose=False, no_cache=False, restart_benc
 
 	if conf.get("developer_mode"):
 		from bench.utils.bench import install_python_dev_dependencies
+
 		install_python_dev_dependencies(apps=app)
 
 	if not skip_assets:
 		build_assets(bench_path=bench_path, app=app)
 
 	if restart_bench:
-		if conf.get('restart_supervisor_on_update'):
+		if conf.get("restart_supervisor_on_update"):
 			restart_supervisor_processes(bench_path=bench_path)
-		if conf.get('restart_systemd_on_update'):
+		if conf.get("restart_systemd_on_update"):
 			restart_systemd_processes(bench_path=bench_path)
 
 
-def pull_apps(apps=None, bench_path='.', reset=False):
-	'''Check all apps if there no local changes, pull'''
+def pull_apps(apps=None, bench_path=".", reset=False):
+	"""Check all apps if there no local changes, pull"""
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 	from bench.utils.app import get_remote, get_current_branch
 
 	bench = Bench(bench_path)
-	rebase = '--rebase' if bench.conf.get('rebase_on_pull') else ''
+	rebase = "--rebase" if bench.conf.get("rebase_on_pull") else ""
 	apps = apps or bench.apps
 	excluded_apps = bench.excluded_apps
 
@@ -318,11 +348,12 @@ def pull_apps(apps=None, bench_path='.', reset=False):
 				print(f"Skipping reset for app {app}")
 				continue
 			app_dir = get_repo_dir(app, bench_path=bench_path)
-			if os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_dir, '.git')):
-				out = subprocess.check_output('git status', shell=True, cwd=app_dir)
-				out = out.decode('utf-8')
-				if not re.search(r'nothing to commit, working (directory|tree) clean', out):
-					print(f'''
+			if os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_dir, ".git")):
+				out = subprocess.check_output("git status", shell=True, cwd=app_dir)
+				out = out.decode("utf-8")
+				if not re.search(r"nothing to commit, working (directory|tree) clean", out):
+					print(
+						f"""
 
 Cannot proceed with update: You have local changes in app "{app}" that are not committed.
 
@@ -332,7 +363,8 @@ Here are your choices:
 1. Temporarily remove your changes with "git stash" or discard them completely
 	with "bench update --reset" or for individual repositries "git reset --hard"
 2. If your changes are helpful for others, send in a pull request via GitHub and
-	wait for them to be merged in the core.''')
+	wait for them to be merged in the core."""
+					)
 					sys.exit(1)
 
 	for app in apps:
@@ -340,15 +372,18 @@ Here are your choices:
 			print(f"Skipping pull for app {app}")
 			continue
 		app_dir = get_repo_dir(app, bench_path=bench_path)
-		if os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_dir, '.git')):
+		if os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_dir, ".git")):
 			remote = get_remote(app)
 			if not remote:
 				# remote is False, i.e. remote doesn't exist, add the app to excluded_apps.txt
 				add_to_excluded_apps_txt(app, bench_path=bench_path)
-				print(f"Skipping pull for app {app}, since remote doesn't exist, and adding it to excluded apps")
+				print(
+					f"Skipping pull for app {app}, since remote doesn't exist, and"
+					" adding it to excluded apps"
+				)
 				continue
 
-			if not bench.conf.get('shallow_clone') or not reset:
+			if not bench.conf.get("shallow_clone") or not reset:
 				is_shallow = os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_dir, ".git", "shallow"))
 				if is_shallow:
 					s = " to safely pull remote changes." if not reset else ""
@@ -356,10 +391,10 @@ Here are your choices:
 					bench.run(f"git fetch {remote} --unshallow", cwd=app_dir)
 
 			branch = get_current_branch(app, bench_path=bench_path)
-			logger.log(f'pulling {app}')
+			logger.log(f"pulling {app}")
 			if reset:
 				reset_cmd = f"git reset --hard {remote}/{branch}"
-				if bench.conf.get('shallow_clone'):
+				if bench.conf.get("shallow_clone"):
 					bench.run(f"git fetch --depth=1 --no-tags {remote} {branch}", cwd=app_dir)
 					bench.run(reset_cmd, cwd=app_dir)
 					bench.run("git reflog expire --all", cwd=app_dir)
@@ -374,21 +409,24 @@ Here are your choices:
 
 def use_rq(bench_path):
 	bench_path = os.path.abspath(bench_path)
-	celery_app = os.path.join(bench_path, 'apps', 'frappe', 'frappe', 'celery_app.py')
+	celery_app = os.path.join(bench_path, "apps", "frappe", "frappe", "celery_app.py")
 	return not os.path.exists(celery_app)
 
-def get_repo_dir(app, bench_path='.'):
-	return os.path.join(bench_path, 'apps', app)
 
-def install_apps_from_path(path, bench_path='.'):
+def get_repo_dir(app, bench_path="."):
+	return os.path.join(bench_path, "apps", app)
+
+
+def install_apps_from_path(path, bench_path="."):
 	apps = get_apps_json(path)
 	for app in apps:
-		get_app(app['url'], branch=app.get('branch'), bench_path=bench_path, skip_assets=True)
+		get_app(app["url"], branch=app.get("branch"), bench_path=bench_path, skip_assets=True)
+
 
 def get_apps_json(path):
 	import requests
 
-	if path.startswith('http'):
+	if path.startswith("http"):
 		r = requests.get(path)
 		return r.json()
 
diff --git a/bench/bench.py b/bench/bench.py
index e1db12b6..8add1744 100644
--- a/bench/bench.py
+++ b/bench/bench.py
@@ -7,8 +7,21 @@ from typing import MutableSequence, TYPE_CHECKING
 import bench
 from bench.exceptions import ValidationError
 from bench.config.common_site_config import setup_config
-from bench.utils import paths_in_bench, exec_cmd, is_frappe_app, get_git_version, run_frappe_cmd
-from bench.utils.bench import validate_app_installed_on_sites, restart_supervisor_processes, restart_systemd_processes, remove_backups_crontab, get_venv_path, get_env_cmd
+from bench.utils import (
+	paths_in_bench,
+	exec_cmd,
+	is_frappe_app,
+	get_git_version,
+	run_frappe_cmd,
+)
+from bench.utils.bench import (
+	validate_app_installed_on_sites,
+	restart_supervisor_processes,
+	restart_systemd_processes,
+	remove_backups_crontab,
+	get_venv_path,
+	get_env_cmd,
+)
 
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -39,15 +52,15 @@ class Bench(Base, Validator):
 		self.teardown = BenchTearDown(self)
 		self.apps = BenchApps(self)
 
-		self.apps_txt = os.path.join(self.name, 'sites', 'apps.txt')
-		self.excluded_apps_txt = os.path.join(self.name, 'sites', 'excluded_apps.txt')
+		self.apps_txt = os.path.join(self.name, "sites", "apps.txt")
+		self.excluded_apps_txt = os.path.join(self.name, "sites", "excluded_apps.txt")
 
 	@property
 	def shallow_clone(self):
 		config = self.conf
 
 		if config:
-			if config.get('release_bench') or not config.get('shallow_clone'):
+			if config.get("release_bench") or not config.get("shallow_clone"):
 				return False
 
 		if get_git_version() > 1.9:
@@ -57,22 +70,22 @@ class Bench(Base, Validator):
 	def excluded_apps(self):
 		try:
 			with open(self.excluded_apps_txt) as f:
-				return f.read().strip().split('\n')
+				return f.read().strip().split("\n")
 		except Exception:
 			return []
 
 	@property
 	def sites(self):
 		return [
-			path for path in os.listdir(os.path.join(self.name, 'sites'))
-			if os.path.exists(
-				os.path.join("sites", path, "site_config.json")
-			)
+			path
+			for path in os.listdir(os.path.join(self.name, "sites"))
+			if os.path.exists(os.path.join("sites", path, "site_config.json"))
 		]
 
 	@property
 	def conf(self):
 		from bench.config.common_site_config import get_config
+
 		return get_config(self.name)
 
 	def init(self):
@@ -112,14 +125,14 @@ class Bench(Base, Validator):
 
 	def reload(self):
 		conf = self.conf
-		if conf.get('restart_supervisor_on_update'):
+		if conf.get("restart_supervisor_on_update"):
 			restart_supervisor_processes(bench_path=self.name)
-		if conf.get('restart_systemd_on_update'):
+		if conf.get("restart_systemd_on_update"):
 			restart_systemd_processes(bench_path=self.name)
 
 
 class BenchApps(MutableSequence):
-	def __init__(self, bench : Bench):
+	def __init__(self, bench: Bench):
 		self.bench = bench
 		self.initialize_apps()
 
@@ -130,25 +143,27 @@ class BenchApps(MutableSequence):
 
 	def initialize_apps(self):
 		try:
-			self.apps = [x for x in os.listdir(
-				os.path.join(self.bench.name, "apps")
-			) if is_frappe_app(os.path.join(self.bench.name, "apps", x))]
+			self.apps = [
+				x
+				for x in os.listdir(os.path.join(self.bench.name, "apps"))
+				if is_frappe_app(os.path.join(self.bench.name, "apps", x))
+			]
 			self.apps.sort()
 		except FileNotFoundError:
 			self.apps = []
 
 	def __getitem__(self, key):
-		''' retrieves an item by its index, key'''
+		""" retrieves an item by its index, key"""
 		return self.apps[key]
 
 	def __setitem__(self, key, value):
-		''' set the item at index, key, to value '''
+		""" set the item at index, key, to value """
 		# should probably not be allowed
 		# self.apps[key] = value
 		raise NotImplementedError
 
 	def __delitem__(self, key):
-		''' removes the item at index, key '''
+		""" removes the item at index, key """
 		# TODO: uninstall and delete app from bench
 		del self.apps[key]
 
@@ -156,7 +171,7 @@ class BenchApps(MutableSequence):
 		return len(self.apps)
 
 	def insert(self, key, value):
-		''' add an item, value, at index, key. '''
+		""" add an item, value, at index, key. """
 		# TODO: fetch and install app to bench
 		self.apps.insert(key, value)
 
@@ -171,7 +186,7 @@ class BenchApps(MutableSequence):
 		app.remove()
 		super().remove(app.repo)
 
-	def append(self, app : "App"):
+	def append(self, app: "App"):
 		return self.add(app)
 
 	def __repr__(self):
@@ -182,7 +197,7 @@ class BenchApps(MutableSequence):
 
 
 class BenchSetup(Base):
-	def __init__(self, bench : Bench):
+	def __init__(self, bench: Bench):
 		self.bench = bench
 		self.cwd = self.bench.cwd
 
@@ -219,41 +234,46 @@ class BenchSetup(Base):
 
 		if redis:
 			from bench.config.redis import generate_config
+
 			generate_config(self.bench.name)
 
 		if procfile:
 			from bench.config.procfile import setup_procfile
+
 			setup_procfile(self.bench.name, skip_redis=not redis)
 
 	def logging(self):
 		from bench.utils import setup_logging
+
 		return setup_logging(bench_path=self.bench.name)
 
 	def patches(self):
 		shutil.copy(
-			os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'patches', 'patches.txt'),
-			os.path.join(self.bench.name, 'patches.txt')
+			os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), "patches", "patches.txt"),
+			os.path.join(self.bench.name, "patches.txt"),
 		)
 
 	def backups(self):
 		# TODO: to something better for logging data? - maybe a wrapper that auto-logs with more context
-		logger.log('setting up backups')
+		logger.log("setting up backups")
 
 		from crontab import CronTab
 
 		bench_dir = os.path.abspath(self.bench.name)
-		user = self.bench.conf.get('frappe_user')
-		logfile = os.path.join(bench_dir, 'logs', 'backup.log')
+		user = self.bench.conf.get("frappe_user")
+		logfile = os.path.join(bench_dir, "logs", "backup.log")
 		system_crontab = CronTab(user=user)
 		backup_command = f"cd {bench_dir} && {sys.argv[0]} --verbose --site all backup"
 		job_command = f"{backup_command} >> {logfile} 2>&1"
 
 		if job_command not in str(system_crontab):
-			job = system_crontab.new(command=job_command, comment="bench auto backups set for every 6 hours")
+			job = system_crontab.new(
+				command=job_command, comment="bench auto backups set for every 6 hours"
+			)
 			job.every(6).hours()
 			system_crontab.write()
 
-		logger.log('backups were set up')
+		logger.log("backups were set up")
 
 
 class BenchTearDown:
diff --git a/bench/exceptions.py b/bench/exceptions.py
index b3f206c7..3002314b 100644
--- a/bench/exceptions.py
+++ b/bench/exceptions.py
@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
 class InvalidBranchException(Exception):
 	pass
 
+
 class InvalidRemoteException(Exception):
 	pass
 
+
 class PatchError(Exception):
 	pass
 
+
 class CommandFailedError(Exception):
 	pass
 
+
 class BenchNotFoundError(Exception):
 	pass
 
+
 class ValidationError(Exception):
 	pass
diff --git a/bench/utils/__init__.py b/bench/utils/__init__.py
index 8bcb9ee0..525c6079 100644
--- a/bench/utils/__init__.py
+++ b/bench/utils/__init__.py
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ from bench.exceptions import InvalidRemoteException, ValidationError
 
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(PROJECT_NAME)
-bench_cache_file = '.bench.cmd'
-paths_in_app = ('hooks.py', 'modules.txt', 'patches.txt', 'public')
-paths_in_bench = ('apps', 'sites', 'config', 'logs', 'config/pids')
-sudoers_file = '/etc/sudoers.d/frappe'
+bench_cache_file = ".bench.cmd"
+paths_in_app = ("hooks.py", "modules.txt", "patches.txt", "public")
+paths_in_bench = ("apps", "sites", "config", "logs", "config/pids")
+sudoers_file = "/etc/sudoers.d/frappe"
 
 
 def is_bench_directory(directory=os.path.curdir):
@@ -49,15 +49,12 @@ def is_frappe_app(directory):
 
 def log(message, level=0):
 	levels = {
-		0: ("blue", "INFO"),			# normal
-		1: ("green", "SUCCESS"),		# success
-		2: ("red", "ERROR"),			# fail
-		3: ("yellow", "WARN")		# warn/suggest
-	}
-	loggers = {
-		2: logger.error,
-		3: logger.warning
+		0: ("blue", "INFO"),  # normal
+		1: ("green", "SUCCESS"),  # success
+		2: ("red", "ERROR"),  # fail
+		3: ("yellow", "WARN"),  # warn/suggest
 	}
+	loggers = {2: logger.error, 3: logger.warning}
 	color, prefix = levels.get(level, levels[0])
 	level_logger = loggers.get(level, logger.info)
 
@@ -80,7 +77,7 @@ def check_latest_version():
 		return
 
 	if pypi_request.status_code == 200:
-		pypi_version_str = pypi_request.json().get('info').get('version')
+		pypi_version_str = pypi_request.json().get("info").get("version")
 		pypi_version = Version(pypi_version_str)
 		local_version = Version(VERSION)
 
@@ -98,11 +95,11 @@ def pause_exec(seconds=10):
 	print(" " * 40, end="\r")
 
 
-def exec_cmd(cmd, cwd='.', env=None):
+def exec_cmd(cmd, cwd=".", env=None):
 	if env:
 		env.update(os.environ.copy())
 
-	click.secho(f"$ {cmd}", fg='bright_black')
+	click.secho(f"$ {cmd}", fg="bright_black")
 
 	cwd_info = f"cd {cwd} && " if cwd != "." else ""
 	cmd_log = f"{cwd_info}{cmd}"
@@ -119,27 +116,29 @@ def which(executable, raise_err=False):
 	exec_ = which(executable)
 
 	if not exec_ and raise_err:
-		raise ValueError(f'{executable} not found.')
+		raise ValueError(f"{executable} not found.")
 
 	return exec_
 
 
-def setup_logging(bench_path='.'):
+def setup_logging(bench_path="."):
 	LOG_LEVEL = 15
 	logging.addLevelName(LOG_LEVEL, "LOG")
+
 	def logv(self, message, *args, **kws):
 		if self.isEnabledFor(LOG_LEVEL):
 			self._log(LOG_LEVEL, message, args, **kws)
+
 	logging.Logger.log = logv
 
-	if os.path.exists(os.path.join(bench_path, 'logs')):
-		log_file = os.path.join(bench_path, 'logs', 'bench.log')
+	if os.path.exists(os.path.join(bench_path, "logs")):
+		log_file = os.path.join(bench_path, "logs", "bench.log")
 		hdlr = logging.FileHandler(log_file)
 	else:
 		hdlr = logging.NullHandler()
 
 	logger = logging.getLogger(PROJECT_NAME)
-	formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s')
+	formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s")
 	hdlr.setFormatter(formatter)
 	logger.addHandler(hdlr)
 	logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
@@ -148,25 +147,27 @@ def setup_logging(bench_path='.'):
 
 
 def get_process_manager():
-	for proc_man in ['honcho', 'foreman', 'forego']:
+	for proc_man in ["honcho", "foreman", "forego"]:
 		proc_man_path = which(proc_man)
 		if proc_man_path:
 			return proc_man_path
 
 
 def get_git_version():
-	'''returns git version from `git --version`
-	extracts version number from string `get version 1.9.1` etc'''
+	"""returns git version from `git --version`
+	extracts version number from string `get version 1.9.1` etc"""
 	version = get_cmd_output("git --version")
 	version = version.strip().split()[2]
-	version = '.'.join(version.split('.')[0:2])
+	version = ".".join(version.split(".")[0:2])
 	return float(version)
 
 
-def get_cmd_output(cmd, cwd='.', _raise=True):
+def get_cmd_output(cmd, cwd=".", _raise=True):
 	output = ""
 	try:
-		output = subprocess.check_output(cmd, cwd=cwd, shell=True, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, encoding="utf-8").strip()
+		output = subprocess.check_output(
+			cmd, cwd=cwd, shell=True, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, encoding="utf-8"
+		).strip()
 	except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
 		if e.output:
 			output = e.output
@@ -183,9 +184,9 @@ def run_frappe_cmd(*args, **kwargs):
 	from bench.cli import from_command_line
 	from bench.utils.bench import get_env_cmd
 
-	bench_path = kwargs.get('bench_path', '.')
-	f = get_env_cmd('python', bench_path=bench_path)
-	sites_dir = os.path.join(bench_path, 'sites')
+	bench_path = kwargs.get("bench_path", ".")
+	f = get_env_cmd("python", bench_path=bench_path)
+	sites_dir = os.path.join(bench_path, "sites")
 
 	is_async = False if from_command_line else True
 	if is_async:
@@ -193,8 +194,12 @@ def run_frappe_cmd(*args, **kwargs):
 	else:
 		stderr = stdout = None
 
-	p = subprocess.Popen((f, '-m', 'frappe.utils.bench_helper', 'frappe') + args,
-		cwd=sites_dir, stdout=stdout, stderr=stderr)
+	p = subprocess.Popen(
+		(f, "-m", "frappe.utils.bench_helper", "frappe") + args,
+		cwd=sites_dir,
+		stdout=stdout,
+		stderr=stderr,
+	)
 
 	if is_async:
 		return_code = print_output(p)
@@ -217,20 +222,20 @@ def print_output(p):
 					buf = p.stdout.read(1)
 					if not len(buf):
 						break
-					if buf == '\r' or buf == '\n':
+					if buf == "\r" or buf == "\n":
 						send_buffer.append(buf)
-						log_line(''.join(send_buffer), 'stdout')
+						log_line("".join(send_buffer), "stdout")
 						send_buffer = []
 					else:
 						send_buffer.append(buf)
 
 			if fd == p.stderr.fileno():
-				log_line(p.stderr.readline(), 'stderr')
+				log_line(p.stderr.readline(), "stderr")
 	return p.poll()
 
 
 def log_line(data, stream):
-	if stream == 'stderr':
+	if stream == "stderr":
 		return sys.stderr.write(data)
 	return sys.stdout.write(data)
 
@@ -239,37 +244,40 @@ def get_bench_name(bench_path):
 	return os.path.basename(os.path.abspath(bench_path))
 
 
-def set_git_remote_url(git_url, bench_path='.'):
+def set_git_remote_url(git_url, bench_path="."):
 	"Set app remote git url"
 	from bench.app import get_repo_dir
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 
-	app = git_url.rsplit('/', 1)[1].rsplit('.', 1)[0]
+	app = git_url.rsplit("/", 1)[1].rsplit(".", 1)[0]
 
 	if app not in Bench(bench_path).apps:
 		raise ValidationError(f"No app named {app}")
 
 	app_dir = get_repo_dir(app, bench_path=bench_path)
 
-	if os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_dir, '.git')):
+	if os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_dir, ".git")):
 		exec_cmd(f"git remote set-url upstream {git_url}", cwd=app_dir)
 
 
 def run_playbook(playbook_name, extra_vars=None, tag=None):
 	import bench
 
-	if not which('ansible'):
-		print("Ansible is needed to run this command, please install it using 'pip install ansible'")
+	if not which("ansible"):
+		print(
+			"Ansible is needed to run this command, please install it using 'pip"
+			" install ansible'"
+		)
 		sys.exit(1)
-	args = ['ansible-playbook', '-c', 'local', playbook_name, '-vvvv']
+	args = ["ansible-playbook", "-c", "local", playbook_name, "-vvvv"]
 
 	if extra_vars:
-		args.extend(['-e', json.dumps(extra_vars)])
+		args.extend(["-e", json.dumps(extra_vars)])
 
 	if tag:
-		args.extend(['-t', tag])
+		args.extend(["-t", tag])
 
-	subprocess.check_call(args, cwd=os.path.join(bench.__path__[0], 'playbooks'))
+	subprocess.check_call(args, cwd=os.path.join(bench.__path__[0], "playbooks"))
 
 
 def find_benches(directory=None):
@@ -304,7 +312,7 @@ def find_benches(directory=None):
 def is_dist_editable(dist):
 	"""Is distribution an editable install?"""
 	for path_item in sys.path:
-		egg_link = os.path.join(path_item, dist + '.egg-link')
+		egg_link = os.path.join(path_item, dist + ".egg-link")
 		if os.path.isfile(egg_link):
 			return True
 	return False
@@ -324,21 +332,23 @@ def find_parent_bench(path):
 		return find_parent_bench(parent_dir)
 
 
-def generate_command_cache(bench_path='.'):
+def generate_command_cache(bench_path="."):
 	"""Caches all available commands (even custom apps) via Frappe
 	Default caching behaviour: generated the first time any command (for a specific bench directory)
 	"""
 	from bench.utils.bench import get_env_cmd
 
-	python = get_env_cmd('python', bench_path=bench_path)
-	sites_path = os.path.join(bench_path, 'sites')
+	python = get_env_cmd("python", bench_path=bench_path)
+	sites_path = os.path.join(bench_path, "sites")
 
 	if os.path.exists(bench_cache_file):
 		os.remove(bench_cache_file)
 
 	try:
-		output = get_cmd_output(f"{python} -m frappe.utils.bench_helper get-frappe-commands", cwd=sites_path)
-		with open(bench_cache_file, 'w') as f:
+		output = get_cmd_output(
+			f"{python} -m frappe.utils.bench_helper get-frappe-commands", cwd=sites_path
+		)
+		with open(bench_cache_file, "w") as f:
 			json.dump(eval(output), f)
 		return json.loads(output)
 
@@ -349,7 +359,7 @@ def generate_command_cache(bench_path='.'):
 	return []
 
 
-def clear_command_cache(bench_path='.'):
+def clear_command_cache(bench_path="."):
 	"""Clears commands cached
 	Default invalidation behaviour: destroyed on each run of `bench update`
 	"""
@@ -366,7 +376,7 @@ def find_org(org_repo):
 	org_repo = org_repo[0]
 
 	for org in ["frappe", "erpnext"]:
-		res = requests.head(f'https://api.github.com/repos/{org}/{org_repo}')
+		res = requests.head(f"https://api.github.com/repos/{org}/{org_repo}")
 		if res.ok:
 			return org, org_repo
 
@@ -399,7 +409,7 @@ def is_git_url(url):
 	return bool(re.match(pattern, url))
 
 
-def drop_privileges(uid_name='nobody', gid_name='nogroup'):
+def drop_privileges(uid_name="nobody", gid_name="nogroup"):
 	import grp
 	import pwd
 
diff --git a/bench/utils/app.py b/bench/utils/app.py
index ab2f0b50..61a22462 100644
--- a/bench/utils/app.py
+++ b/bench/utils/app.py
@@ -4,15 +4,21 @@ from setuptools.config import read_configuration
 import bench
 import sys
 import subprocess
-from bench.exceptions import InvalidRemoteException, InvalidBranchException, CommandFailedError
+from bench.exceptions import (
+	InvalidRemoteException,
+	InvalidBranchException,
+	CommandFailedError,
+)
 from bench.app import get_repo_dir
 
 
-def is_version_upgrade(app='frappe', bench_path='.', branch=None):
+def is_version_upgrade(app="frappe", bench_path=".", branch=None):
 	upstream_version = get_upstream_version(app=app, branch=branch, bench_path=bench_path)
 
 	if not upstream_version:
-		raise InvalidBranchException(f'Specified branch of app {app} is not in upstream remote')
+		raise InvalidBranchException(
+			f"Specified branch of app {app} is not in upstream remote"
+		)
 
 	local_version = get_major_version(get_current_version(app, bench_path=bench_path))
 	upstream_version = get_major_version(upstream_version)
@@ -23,21 +29,28 @@ def is_version_upgrade(app='frappe', bench_path='.', branch=None):
 	return (False, local_version, upstream_version)
 
 
-def switch_branch(branch, apps=None, bench_path='.', upgrade=False, check_upgrade=True):
+def switch_branch(branch, apps=None, bench_path=".", upgrade=False, check_upgrade=True):
 	import git
 	import importlib
-	from bench.utils import update_requirements, update_node_packages, backup_all_sites, patch_sites, post_upgrade
+	from bench.utils import (
+		update_requirements,
+		update_node_packages,
+		backup_all_sites,
+		patch_sites,
+		post_upgrade,
+	)
 	from bench.utils.bench import build_assets
 
-	apps_dir = os.path.join(bench_path, 'apps')
+	apps_dir = os.path.join(bench_path, "apps")
 	version_upgrade = (False,)
 	switched_apps = []
 
 	if not apps:
-		apps = [name for name in os.listdir(apps_dir)
-			if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(apps_dir, name))]
-		if branch=="v4.x.x":
-			apps.append('shopping_cart')
+		apps = [
+			name for name in os.listdir(apps_dir) if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(apps_dir, name))
+		]
+		if branch == "v4.x.x":
+			apps.append("shopping_cart")
 
 	for app in apps:
 		app_dir = os.path.join(apps_dir, app)
@@ -48,18 +61,27 @@ def switch_branch(branch, apps=None, bench_path='.', upgrade=False, check_upgrad
 
 		repo = git.Repo(app_dir)
 		unshallow_flag = os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_dir, ".git", "shallow"))
-		bench.utils.log(f"Fetching upstream {'unshallow ' if unshallow_flag else ''}for {app}")
+		bench.utils.log(
+			f"Fetching upstream {'unshallow ' if unshallow_flag else ''}for {app}"
+		)
 
 		bench.utils.exec_cmd("git remote set-branches upstream  '*'", cwd=app_dir)
-		bench.utils.exec_cmd(f"git fetch --all{' --unshallow' if unshallow_flag else ''} --quiet", cwd=app_dir)
+		bench.utils.exec_cmd(
+			f"git fetch --all{' --unshallow' if unshallow_flag else ''} --quiet", cwd=app_dir
+		)
 
 		if check_upgrade:
 			version_upgrade = is_version_upgrade(app=app, bench_path=bench_path, branch=branch)
 			if version_upgrade[0] and not upgrade:
-				bench.utils.log(f"Switching to {branch} will cause upgrade from {version_upgrade[1]} to {version_upgrade[2]}. Pass --upgrade to confirm", level=2)
+				bench.utils.log(
+					f"Switching to {branch} will cause upgrade from"
+					f" {version_upgrade[1]} to {version_upgrade[2]}. Pass --upgrade to"
+					" confirm",
+					level=2,
+				)
 				sys.exit(1)
 
-		print("Switching for "+app)
+		print("Switching for " + app)
 		bench.utils.exec_cmd(f"git checkout -f {branch}", cwd=app_dir)
 
 		if str(repo.active_branch) == branch:
@@ -68,8 +90,13 @@ def switch_branch(branch, apps=None, bench_path='.', upgrade=False, check_upgrad
 			bench.utils.log(f"Switching branches failed for: {app}", level=2)
 
 	if switched_apps:
-		bench.utils.log("Successfully switched branches for: " + ", ".join(switched_apps), level=1)
-		print('Please run `bench update --patch` to be safe from any differences in database schema')
+		bench.utils.log(
+			"Successfully switched branches for: " + ", ".join(switched_apps), level=1
+		)
+		print(
+			"Please run `bench update --patch` to be safe from any differences in"
+			" database schema"
+		)
 
 	if version_upgrade[0] and upgrade:
 		update_requirements()
@@ -81,40 +108,51 @@ def switch_branch(branch, apps=None, bench_path='.', upgrade=False, check_upgrad
 		post_upgrade(version_upgrade[1], version_upgrade[2])
 
 
-def switch_to_branch(branch=None, apps=None, bench_path='.', upgrade=False):
+def switch_to_branch(branch=None, apps=None, bench_path=".", upgrade=False):
 	switch_branch(branch, apps=apps, bench_path=bench_path, upgrade=upgrade)
 
-def switch_to_develop(apps=None, bench_path='.', upgrade=True):
-	switch_branch('develop', apps=apps, bench_path=bench_path, upgrade=upgrade)
 
-def get_version_from_string(contents, field='__version__'):
+def switch_to_develop(apps=None, bench_path=".", upgrade=True):
+	switch_branch("develop", apps=apps, bench_path=bench_path, upgrade=upgrade)
+
+
+def get_version_from_string(contents, field="__version__"):
 	match = re.search(r"^(\s*%s\s*=\s*['\\\"])(.+?)(['\"])(?sm)" % field, contents)
 	return match.group(2)
 
+
 def get_major_version(version):
 	import semantic_version
 
 	return semantic_version.Version(version).major
 
-def get_develop_version(app, bench_path='.'):
-	repo_dir = get_repo_dir(app, bench_path=bench_path)
-	with open(os.path.join(repo_dir, os.path.basename(repo_dir), 'hooks.py')) as f:
-		return get_version_from_string(f.read(), field='develop_version')
 
-def get_upstream_version(app, branch=None, bench_path='.'):
+def get_develop_version(app, bench_path="."):
+	repo_dir = get_repo_dir(app, bench_path=bench_path)
+	with open(os.path.join(repo_dir, os.path.basename(repo_dir), "hooks.py")) as f:
+		return get_version_from_string(f.read(), field="develop_version")
+
+
+def get_upstream_version(app, branch=None, bench_path="."):
 	repo_dir = get_repo_dir(app, bench_path=bench_path)
 	if not branch:
 		branch = get_current_branch(app, bench_path=bench_path)
 
 	try:
-		subprocess.call(f'git fetch --depth=1 --no-tags upstream {branch}', shell=True, cwd=repo_dir)
+		subprocess.call(
+			f"git fetch --depth=1 --no-tags upstream {branch}", shell=True, cwd=repo_dir
+		)
 	except CommandFailedError:
-		raise InvalidRemoteException(f'Failed to fetch from remote named upstream for {app}')
+		raise InvalidRemoteException(f"Failed to fetch from remote named upstream for {app}")
 
 	try:
-		contents = subprocess.check_output(f'git show upstream/{branch}:{app}/__init__.py',
-			shell=True, cwd=repo_dir, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
-		contents = contents.decode('utf-8')
+		contents = subprocess.check_output(
+			f"git show upstream/{branch}:{app}/__init__.py",
+			shell=True,
+			cwd=repo_dir,
+			stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+		)
+		contents = contents.decode("utf-8")
 	except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
 		if b"Invalid object" in e.output:
 			return None
@@ -123,23 +161,28 @@ def get_upstream_version(app, branch=None, bench_path='.'):
 	return get_version_from_string(contents)
 
 
-def get_current_frappe_version(bench_path='.'):
+def get_current_frappe_version(bench_path="."):
 	try:
-		return get_major_version(get_current_version('frappe', bench_path=bench_path))
+		return get_major_version(get_current_version("frappe", bench_path=bench_path))
 	except IOError:
 		return 0
 
-def get_current_branch(app, bench_path='.'):
+
+def get_current_branch(app, bench_path="."):
 	from bench.utils import get_cmd_output
+
 	repo_dir = get_repo_dir(app, bench_path=bench_path)
 	return get_cmd_output("basename $(git symbolic-ref -q HEAD)", cwd=repo_dir)
 
-def get_remote(app, bench_path='.'):
+
+def get_remote(app, bench_path="."):
 	repo_dir = get_repo_dir(app, bench_path=bench_path)
-	contents = subprocess.check_output(['git', 'remote', '-v'], cwd=repo_dir, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
-	contents = contents.decode('utf-8')
-	if re.findall('upstream[\s]+', contents):
-		return 'upstream'
+	contents = subprocess.check_output(
+		["git", "remote", "-v"], cwd=repo_dir, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT
+	)
+	contents = contents.decode("utf-8")
+	if re.findall(r"upstream[\s]+", contents):
+		return "upstream"
 	elif not contents:
 		# if contents is an empty string => remote doesn't exist
 		return False
@@ -150,17 +193,17 @@ def get_remote(app, bench_path='.'):
 
 def get_app_name(bench_path, repo_name):
 	app_name = None
-	apps_path = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(bench_path), 'apps')
-	config_path = os.path.join(apps_path, repo_name, 'setup.cfg')
+	apps_path = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(bench_path), "apps")
+	config_path = os.path.join(apps_path, repo_name, "setup.cfg")
 	if os.path.exists(config_path):
 		config = read_configuration(config_path)
-		app_name = config.get('metadata', {}).get('name')
+		app_name = config.get("metadata", {}).get("name")
 
 	if not app_name:
 		# retrieve app name from setup.py as fallback
-		app_path = os.path.join(apps_path, repo_name, 'setup.py')
-		with open(app_path, 'rb') as f:
-			app_name = re.search(r'name\s*=\s*[\'"](.*)[\'"]', f.read().decode('utf-8')).group(1)
+		app_path = os.path.join(apps_path, repo_name, "setup.py")
+		with open(app_path, "rb") as f:
+			app_name = re.search(r'name\s*=\s*[\'"](.*)[\'"]', f.read().decode("utf-8")).group(1)
 
 	if app_name and repo_name != app_name:
 		os.rename(os.path.join(apps_path, repo_name), os.path.join(apps_path, app_name))
@@ -169,12 +212,12 @@ def get_app_name(bench_path, repo_name):
 	return repo_name
 
 
-def get_current_version(app, bench_path='.'):
+def get_current_version(app, bench_path="."):
 	current_version = None
 	repo_dir = get_repo_dir(app, bench_path=bench_path)
 	config_path = os.path.join(repo_dir, "setup.cfg")
-	init_path = os.path.join(repo_dir, os.path.basename(repo_dir), '__init__.py')
-	setup_path = os.path.join(repo_dir, 'setup.py')
+	init_path = os.path.join(repo_dir, os.path.basename(repo_dir), "__init__.py")
+	setup_path = os.path.join(repo_dir, "setup.py")
 
 	try:
 		if os.path.exists(config_path):
@@ -187,6 +230,6 @@ def get_current_version(app, bench_path='.'):
 	except AttributeError:
 		# backward compatibility
 		with open(setup_path) as f:
-			current_version = get_version_from_string(f.read(), field='version')
+			current_version = get_version_from_string(f.read(), field="version")
 
 	return current_version
diff --git a/bench/utils/bench.py b/bench/utils/bench.py
index 5bb4e649..cc8e0561 100644
--- a/bench/utils/bench.py
+++ b/bench/utils/bench.py
@@ -18,17 +18,19 @@ from bench.exceptions import PatchError, ValidationError
 logger = logging.getLogger(bench.PROJECT_NAME)
 
 
-def get_env_cmd(cmd, bench_path='.'):
-	return os.path.abspath(os.path.join(bench_path, 'env', 'bin', cmd))
+def get_env_cmd(cmd, bench_path="."):
+	return os.path.abspath(os.path.join(bench_path, "env", "bin", cmd))
 
 
 def get_venv_path():
-	venv = which('virtualenv')
+	venv = which("virtualenv")
 
 	if not venv:
 		current_python = sys.executable
 		with open(os.devnull, "wb") as devnull:
-			is_venv_installed = not subprocess.call([current_python, "-m", "venv", "--help"], stdout=devnull)
+			is_venv_installed = not subprocess.call(
+				[current_python, "-m", "venv", "--help"], stdout=devnull
+			)
 		if is_venv_installed:
 			venv = f"{current_python} -m venv"
 
@@ -40,14 +42,14 @@ def update_env_pip(bench_path):
 	exec_cmd(f"{env_py} -m pip install -q -U pip")
 
 
-def update_requirements(bench_path='.'):
+def update_requirements(bench_path="."):
 	from bench.app import install_app
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 
 	bench = Bench(bench_path)
 	apps = [app for app in bench.apps if app not in bench.excluded_apps]
 
-	print(f"Updating env pip...")
+	print("Updating env pip...")
 
 	update_env_pip(bench_path)
 
@@ -57,14 +59,14 @@ def update_requirements(bench_path='.'):
 		install_app(app, bench_path=bench_path, skip_assets=True, restart_bench=False)
 
 
-def update_python_packages(bench_path='.'):
+def update_python_packages(bench_path="."):
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 
 	bench = Bench(bench_path)
 	env_py = get_env_cmd("python")
 	apps = [app for app in bench.apps if app not in bench.excluded_apps]
 
-	print('Updating Python libraries...')
+	print("Updating Python libraries...")
 
 	update_env_pip(bench_path)
 
@@ -74,21 +76,22 @@ def update_python_packages(bench_path='.'):
 		bench.run(f"{env_py} -m pip install -q -U -e {app_path}")
 
 
-def update_node_packages(bench_path='.'):
-	print('Updating node packages...')
+def update_node_packages(bench_path="."):
+	print("Updating node packages...")
 	from bench.utils.app import get_develop_version
 	from distutils.version import LooseVersion
-	v = LooseVersion(get_develop_version('frappe', bench_path = bench_path))
+
+	v = LooseVersion(get_develop_version("frappe", bench_path=bench_path))
 
 	# After rollup was merged, frappe_version = 10.1
 	# if develop_verion is 11 and up, only then install yarn
-	if v < LooseVersion('11.x.x-develop'):
+	if v < LooseVersion("11.x.x-develop"):
 		update_npm_packages(bench_path)
 	else:
 		update_yarn_packages(bench_path)
 
 
-def install_python_dev_dependencies(bench_path='.', apps=None):
+def install_python_dev_dependencies(bench_path=".", apps=None):
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 
 	bench = Bench(bench_path)
@@ -104,43 +107,43 @@ def install_python_dev_dependencies(bench_path='.', apps=None):
 		dev_requirements_path = os.path.join(app_path, "dev-requirements.txt")
 
 		if os.path.exists(dev_requirements_path):
-			log(f'Installing python development dependencies for {app}')
+			log(f"Installing python development dependencies for {app}")
 			bench.run(f"{env_py} -m pip install -q -r {dev_requirements_path}")
 
 
-def update_yarn_packages(bench_path='.'):
+def update_yarn_packages(bench_path="."):
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 
 	bench = Bench(bench_path)
 	apps = [app for app in bench.apps if app not in bench.excluded_apps]
-	apps_dir = os.path.join(bench.name, 'apps')
+	apps_dir = os.path.join(bench.name, "apps")
 
 	# TODO: Check for stuff like this early on only??
-	if not which('yarn'):
+	if not which("yarn"):
 		print("Please install yarn using below command and try again.")
 		print("`npm install -g yarn`")
 		return
 
 	for app in apps:
 		app_path = os.path.join(apps_dir, app)
-		if os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_path, 'package.json')):
+		if os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_path, "package.json")):
 			click.secho(f"\nInstalling node dependencies for {app}", fg="yellow")
-			bench.run('yarn install', cwd=app_path)
+			bench.run("yarn install", cwd=app_path)
 
 
-def update_npm_packages(bench_path='.'):
-	apps_dir = os.path.join(bench_path, 'apps')
+def update_npm_packages(bench_path="."):
+	apps_dir = os.path.join(bench_path, "apps")
 	package_json = {}
 
 	for app in os.listdir(apps_dir):
-		package_json_path = os.path.join(apps_dir, app, 'package.json')
+		package_json_path = os.path.join(apps_dir, app, "package.json")
 
 		if os.path.exists(package_json_path):
 			with open(package_json_path, "r") as f:
 				app_package_json = json.loads(f.read())
 				# package.json is usually a dict in a dict
 				for key, value in app_package_json.items():
-					if not key in package_json:
+					if key not in package_json:
 						package_json[key] = value
 					else:
 						if isinstance(value, dict):
@@ -151,13 +154,13 @@ def update_npm_packages(bench_path='.'):
 							package_json[key] = value
 
 	if package_json is {}:
-		with open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'package.json'), 'r') as f:
+		with open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "package.json"), "r") as f:
 			package_json = json.loads(f.read())
 
-	with open(os.path.join(bench_path, 'package.json'), 'w') as f:
+	with open(os.path.join(bench_path, "package.json"), "w") as f:
 		f.write(json.dumps(package_json, indent=1, sort_keys=True))
 
-	exec_cmd('npm install', cwd=bench_path)
+	exec_cmd("npm install", cwd=bench_path)
 
 
 def migrate_env(python, backup=False):
@@ -166,38 +169,38 @@ def migrate_env(python, backup=False):
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 
 	bench = Bench(".")
-	nvenv = 'env'
+	nvenv = "env"
 	path = os.getcwd()
 	python = which(python)
-	virtualenv = which('virtualenv')
+	virtualenv = which("virtualenv")
 	pvenv = os.path.join(path, nvenv)
 
 	# Clear Cache before Bench Dies.
 	try:
 		config = bench.conf
-		rredis = urlparse(config['redis_cache'])
-		redis  = f"{which('redis-cli')} -p {rredis.port}"
+		rredis = urlparse(config["redis_cache"])
+		redis = f"{which('redis-cli')} -p {rredis.port}"
 
-		logger.log('Clearing Redis Cache...')
-		exec_cmd(f'{redis} FLUSHALL')
-		logger.log('Clearing Redis DataBase...')
-		exec_cmd(f'{redis} FLUSHDB')
+		logger.log("Clearing Redis Cache...")
+		exec_cmd(f"{redis} FLUSHALL")
+		logger.log("Clearing Redis DataBase...")
+		exec_cmd(f"{redis} FLUSHDB")
 	except Exception:
-		logger.warning('Please ensure Redis Connections are running or Daemonized.')
+		logger.warning("Please ensure Redis Connections are running or Daemonized.")
 
 	# Backup venv: restore using `virtualenv --relocatable` if needed
 	if backup:
 		from datetime import datetime
 
-		parch = os.path.join(path, 'archived', 'envs')
+		parch = os.path.join(path, "archived", "envs")
 		if not os.path.exists(parch):
 			os.mkdir(parch)
 
-		source = os.path.join(path, 'env')
+		source = os.path.join(path, "env")
 		target = parch
 
-		logger.log('Backing up Virtual Environment')
-		stamp = datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d_%H%M%S')
+		logger.log("Backing up Virtual Environment")
+		stamp = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
 		dest = os.path.join(path, str(stamp))
 
 		os.rename(source, dest)
@@ -206,24 +209,25 @@ def migrate_env(python, backup=False):
 	# Create virtualenv using specified python
 	venv_creation, packages_setup = 1, 1
 	try:
-		logger.log(f'Setting up a New Virtual {python} Environment')
-		venv_creation = exec_cmd(f'{virtualenv} --python {python} {pvenv}')
+		logger.log(f"Setting up a New Virtual {python} Environment")
+		venv_creation = exec_cmd(f"{virtualenv} --python {python} {pvenv}")
 
-		apps = ' '.join([f"-e {os.path.join('apps', app)}" for app in bench.apps])
-		packages_setup = exec_cmd(f'{pvenv} -m pip install -q -U {apps}')
+		apps = " ".join([f"-e {os.path.join('apps', app)}" for app in bench.apps])
+		packages_setup = exec_cmd(f"{pvenv} -m pip install -q -U {apps}")
 
-		logger.log(f'Migration Successful to {python}')
+		logger.log(f"Migration Successful to {python}")
 	except Exception:
 		if venv_creation or packages_setup:
-			logger.warning('Migration Error')
+			logger.warning("Migration Error")
 
-def validate_upgrade(from_ver, to_ver, bench_path='.'):
+
+def validate_upgrade(from_ver, to_ver, bench_path="."):
 	if to_ver >= 6:
-		if not which('npm') and not (which('node') or which('nodejs')):
+		if not which("npm") and not (which("node") or which("nodejs")):
 			raise Exception("Please install nodejs and npm")
 
 
-def post_upgrade(from_ver, to_ver, bench_path='.'):
+def post_upgrade(from_ver, to_ver, bench_path="."):
 	from bench.config import redis
 	from bench.config.supervisor import generate_supervisor_config
 	from bench.config.nginx import make_nginx_conf
@@ -232,18 +236,19 @@ def post_upgrade(from_ver, to_ver, bench_path='.'):
 	conf = Bench(bench_path).conf
 	print("-" * 80 + f"Your bench was upgraded to version {to_ver}")
 
-	if conf.get('restart_supervisor_on_update'):
+	if conf.get("restart_supervisor_on_update"):
 		redis.generate_config(bench_path=bench_path)
 		generate_supervisor_config(bench_path=bench_path)
 		make_nginx_conf(bench_path=bench_path)
 		print(
-			"As you have setup your bench for production, you will have to reload configuration for "
-			"nginx and supervisor. To complete the migration, please run the following commands:"
-			"\nsudo service nginx restart"
-			"\nsudo supervisorctl reload"
+			"As you have setup your bench for production, you will have to reload"
+			" configuration for nginx and supervisor. To complete the migration, please"
+			" run the following commands:\nsudo service nginx restart\nsudo"
+			" supervisorctl reload"
 		)
 
-def patch_sites(bench_path='.'):
+
+def patch_sites(bench_path="."):
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 	from bench.utils.system import migrate_site
 
@@ -255,56 +260,79 @@ def patch_sites(bench_path='.'):
 		except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
 			raise PatchError
 
-def restart_supervisor_processes(bench_path='.', web_workers=False):
+
+def restart_supervisor_processes(bench_path=".", web_workers=False):
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 
 	bench = Bench(bench_path)
 	conf = bench.conf
-	cmd = conf.get('supervisor_restart_cmd')
+	cmd = conf.get("supervisor_restart_cmd")
 	bench_name = get_bench_name(bench_path)
 
 	if cmd:
 		bench.run(cmd)
 
 	else:
-		supervisor_status = get_cmd_output('supervisorctl status', cwd=bench_path)
+		supervisor_status = get_cmd_output("supervisorctl status", cwd=bench_path)
 
-		if web_workers and f'{bench_name}-web:' in supervisor_status:
-			group = f'{bench_name}-web:\t'
+		if web_workers and f"{bench_name}-web:" in supervisor_status:
+			group = f"{bench_name}-web:\t"
 
-		elif f'{bench_name}-workers:' in supervisor_status:
-			group = f'{bench_name}-workers: {bench_name}-web:'
+		elif f"{bench_name}-workers:" in supervisor_status:
+			group = f"{bench_name}-workers: {bench_name}-web:"
 
 		# backward compatibility
-		elif f'{bench_name}-processes:' in supervisor_status:
-			group = f'{bench_name}-processes:'
+		elif f"{bench_name}-processes:" in supervisor_status:
+			group = f"{bench_name}-processes:"
 
 		# backward compatibility
 		else:
-			group = 'frappe:'
+			group = "frappe:"
 
 		bench.run(f"supervisorctl restart {group}")
 
 
-def restart_systemd_processes(bench_path='.', web_workers=False):
+def restart_systemd_processes(bench_path=".", web_workers=False):
 	bench_name = get_bench_name(bench_path)
-	exec_cmd(f'sudo systemctl stop -- $(systemctl show -p Requires {bench_name}.target | cut -d= -f2)')
-	exec_cmd(f'sudo systemctl start -- $(systemctl show -p Requires {bench_name}.target | cut -d= -f2)')
+	exec_cmd(
+		f"sudo systemctl stop -- $(systemctl show -p Requires {bench_name}.target | cut"
+		" -d= -f2)"
+	)
+	exec_cmd(
+		f"sudo systemctl start -- $(systemctl show -p Requires {bench_name}.target |"
+		" cut -d= -f2)"
+	)
 
 
-def build_assets(bench_path='.', app=None):
-	command = 'bench build'
+def build_assets(bench_path=".", app=None):
+	command = "bench build"
 	if app:
-		command += f' --app {app}'
+		command += f" --app {app}"
 	exec_cmd(command, cwd=bench_path, env={"BENCH_DEVELOPER": "1"})
 
-def update(pull=False, apps=None, patch=False, build=False, requirements=False, backup=True, compile=True,
-	force=False, reset=False, restart_supervisor=False, restart_systemd=False):
+
+def update(
+	pull=False,
+	apps=None,
+	patch=False,
+	build=False,
+	requirements=False,
+	backup=True,
+	compile=True,
+	force=False,
+	reset=False,
+	restart_supervisor=False,
+	restart_systemd=False,
+):
 	"""command: bench update"""
 	import re
 	from bench import patches
 	from bench.utils import clear_command_cache, pause_exec, log
-	from bench.utils.bench import restart_supervisor_processes, restart_systemd_processes, backup_all_sites
+	from bench.utils.bench import (
+		restart_supervisor_processes,
+		restart_systemd_processes,
+		backup_all_sites,
+	)
 	from bench.app import pull_apps
 	from bench.utils.app import is_version_upgrade
 	from bench.config.common_site_config import update_config
@@ -318,10 +346,10 @@ def update(pull=False, apps=None, patch=False, build=False, requirements=False,
 	if apps and not pull:
 		apps = []
 
-	clear_command_cache(bench_path='.')
+	clear_command_cache(bench_path=".")
 
-	if conf.get('release_bench'):
-		print('Release bench detected, cannot update!')
+	if conf.get("release_bench"):
+		print("Release bench detected, cannot update!")
 		sys.exit(1)
 
 	if not (pull or patch or build or requirements):
@@ -332,50 +360,58 @@ def update(pull=False, apps=None, patch=False, build=False, requirements=False,
 
 	if version_upgrade[0]:
 		if force:
-			log("""Force flag has been used for a major version change in Frappe and it's apps.
-This will take significant time to migrate and might break custom apps.""", level=3)
+			log(
+				"""Force flag has been used for a major version change in Frappe and it's apps.
+This will take significant time to migrate and might break custom apps.""",
+				level=3,
+			)
 		else:
-			print(f"""This update will cause a major version change in Frappe/ERPNext from {version_upgrade[1]} to {version_upgrade[2]}.
-This would take significant time to migrate and might break custom apps.""")
-			click.confirm('Do you want to continue?', abort=True)
+			print(
+				f"""This update will cause a major version change in Frappe/ERPNext from {version_upgrade[1]} to {version_upgrade[2]}.
+This would take significant time to migrate and might break custom apps."""
+			)
+			click.confirm("Do you want to continue?", abort=True)
 
-	if not reset and conf.get('shallow_clone'):
-		log("""shallow_clone is set in your bench config.
+	if not reset and conf.get("shallow_clone"):
+		log(
+			"""shallow_clone is set in your bench config.
 However without passing the --reset flag, your repositories will be unshallowed.
 To avoid this, cancel this operation and run `bench update --reset`.
 
 Consider the consequences of `git reset --hard` on your apps before you run that.
 To avoid seeing this warning, set shallow_clone to false in your common_site_config.json
-		""", level=3)
+		""",
+			level=3,
+		)
 		pause_exec(seconds=10)
 
 	if version_upgrade[0] or (not version_upgrade[0] and force):
 		validate_upgrade(version_upgrade[1], version_upgrade[2], bench_path=bench_path)
-	conf.update({ "maintenance_mode": 1, "pause_scheduler": 1 })
+	conf.update({"maintenance_mode": 1, "pause_scheduler": 1})
 	update_config(conf, bench_path=bench_path)
 
 	if backup:
-		print('Backing up sites...')
+		print("Backing up sites...")
 		backup_all_sites(bench_path=bench_path)
 
 	if apps:
 		apps = [app.strip() for app in re.split(",| ", apps) if app]
 
 	if pull:
-		print('Updating apps source...')
+		print("Updating apps source...")
 		pull_apps(apps=apps, bench_path=bench_path, reset=reset)
 
 	if requirements:
-		print('Setting up requirements...')
+		print("Setting up requirements...")
 		update_requirements(bench_path=bench_path)
 		update_node_packages(bench_path=bench_path)
 
 	if patch:
-		print('Patching sites...')
+		print("Patching sites...")
 		patch_sites(bench_path=bench_path)
 
 	if build:
-		print('Building assets...')
+		print("Building assets...")
 		build_assets(bench_path=bench_path)
 
 	if version_upgrade[0] or (not version_upgrade[0] and force):
@@ -384,102 +420,112 @@ To avoid seeing this warning, set shallow_clone to false in your common_site_con
 	if pull and compile:
 		from compileall import compile_dir
 
-		print('Compiling Python files...')
-		apps_dir = os.path.join(bench_path, 'apps')
-		compile_dir(apps_dir, quiet=1, rx=re.compile('.*node_modules.*'))
+		print("Compiling Python files...")
+		apps_dir = os.path.join(bench_path, "apps")
+		compile_dir(apps_dir, quiet=1, rx=re.compile(".*node_modules.*"))
 
-	if restart_supervisor or conf.get('restart_supervisor_on_update'):
+	if restart_supervisor or conf.get("restart_supervisor_on_update"):
 		restart_supervisor_processes(bench_path=bench_path)
 
-	if restart_systemd or conf.get('restart_systemd_on_update'):
+	if restart_systemd or conf.get("restart_systemd_on_update"):
 		restart_systemd_processes(bench_path=bench_path)
 
-	conf.update({ "maintenance_mode": 0, "pause_scheduler": 0 })
+	conf.update({"maintenance_mode": 0, "pause_scheduler": 0})
 	update_config(conf, bench_path=bench_path)
 
-	print("_" * 80 + "\nBench: Deployment tool for Frappe and Frappe Applications (https://frappe.io/bench).\nOpen source depends on your contributions, so do give back by submitting bug reports, patches and fixes and be a part of the community :)")
+	print(
+		"_" * 80
+		+ "\nBench: Deployment tool for Frappe and Frappe Applications"
+		" (https://frappe.io/bench).\nOpen source depends on your contributions, so do"
+		" give back by submitting bug reports, patches and fixes and be a part of the"
+		" community :)"
+	)
 
 
 def clone_apps_from(bench_path, clone_from, update_app=True):
 	from bench.app import install_app
-	print(f'Copying apps from {clone_from}...')
-	subprocess.check_output(['cp', '-R', os.path.join(clone_from, 'apps'), bench_path])
 
-	node_modules_path = os.path.join(clone_from, 'node_modules')
+	print(f"Copying apps from {clone_from}...")
+	subprocess.check_output(["cp", "-R", os.path.join(clone_from, "apps"), bench_path])
+
+	node_modules_path = os.path.join(clone_from, "node_modules")
 	if os.path.exists(node_modules_path):
-		print(f'Copying node_modules from {clone_from}...')
-		subprocess.check_output(['cp', '-R', node_modules_path, bench_path])
+		print(f"Copying node_modules from {clone_from}...")
+		subprocess.check_output(["cp", "-R", node_modules_path, bench_path])
 
 	def setup_app(app):
 		# run git reset --hard in each branch, pull latest updates and install_app
-		app_path = os.path.join(bench_path, 'apps', app)
+		app_path = os.path.join(bench_path, "apps", app)
 
 		# remove .egg-ino
-		subprocess.check_output(['rm', '-rf', app + '.egg-info'], cwd=app_path)
+		subprocess.check_output(["rm", "-rf", app + ".egg-info"], cwd=app_path)
 
-		if update_app and os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_path, '.git')):
-			remotes = subprocess.check_output(['git', 'remote'], cwd=app_path).strip().split()
-			if 'upstream' in remotes:
-				remote = 'upstream'
+		if update_app and os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_path, ".git")):
+			remotes = subprocess.check_output(["git", "remote"], cwd=app_path).strip().split()
+			if "upstream" in remotes:
+				remote = "upstream"
 			else:
 				remote = remotes[0]
-			print(f'Cleaning up {app}')
-			branch = subprocess.check_output(['git', 'rev-parse', '--abbrev-ref', 'HEAD'], cwd=app_path).strip()
-			subprocess.check_output(['git', 'reset', '--hard'], cwd=app_path)
-			subprocess.check_output(['git', 'pull', '--rebase', remote, branch], cwd=app_path)
+			print(f"Cleaning up {app}")
+			branch = subprocess.check_output(
+				["git", "rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "HEAD"], cwd=app_path
+			).strip()
+			subprocess.check_output(["git", "reset", "--hard"], cwd=app_path)
+			subprocess.check_output(["git", "pull", "--rebase", remote, branch], cwd=app_path)
 
 		install_app(app, bench_path, restart_bench=False)
 
-	with open(os.path.join(clone_from, 'sites', 'apps.txt'), 'r') as f:
+	with open(os.path.join(clone_from, "sites", "apps.txt"), "r") as f:
 		apps = f.read().splitlines()
 
 	for app in apps:
 		setup_app(app)
 
 
-def remove_backups_crontab(bench_path='.'):
+def remove_backups_crontab(bench_path="."):
 	from crontab import CronTab
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 
-	logger.log('removing backup cronjob')
+	logger.log("removing backup cronjob")
 
 	bench_dir = os.path.abspath(bench_path)
-	user = Bench(bench_dir).conf.get('frappe_user')
-	logfile = os.path.join(bench_dir, 'logs', 'backup.log')
+	user = Bench(bench_dir).conf.get("frappe_user")
+	logfile = os.path.join(bench_dir, "logs", "backup.log")
 	system_crontab = CronTab(user=user)
 	backup_command = f"cd {bench_dir} && {sys.argv[0]} --verbose --site all backup"
 	job_command = f"{backup_command} >> {logfile} 2>&1"
 
 	system_crontab.remove_all(command=job_command)
 
-def set_mariadb_host(host, bench_path='.'):
-	update_common_site_config({'db_host': host}, bench_path=bench_path)
+
+def set_mariadb_host(host, bench_path="."):
+	update_common_site_config({"db_host": host}, bench_path=bench_path)
 
 
-def set_redis_cache_host(host, bench_path='.'):
-	update_common_site_config({'redis_cache': f"redis://{host}"}, bench_path=bench_path)
+def set_redis_cache_host(host, bench_path="."):
+	update_common_site_config({"redis_cache": f"redis://{host}"}, bench_path=bench_path)
 
 
-def set_redis_queue_host(host, bench_path='.'):
-	update_common_site_config({'redis_queue': f"redis://{host}"}, bench_path=bench_path)
+def set_redis_queue_host(host, bench_path="."):
+	update_common_site_config({"redis_queue": f"redis://{host}"}, bench_path=bench_path)
 
 
-def set_redis_socketio_host(host, bench_path='.'):
-	update_common_site_config({'redis_socketio': f"redis://{host}"}, bench_path=bench_path)
+def set_redis_socketio_host(host, bench_path="."):
+	update_common_site_config({"redis_socketio": f"redis://{host}"}, bench_path=bench_path)
 
 
-def update_common_site_config(ddict, bench_path='.'):
-	filename = os.path.join(bench_path, 'sites', 'common_site_config.json')
+def update_common_site_config(ddict, bench_path="."):
+	filename = os.path.join(bench_path, "sites", "common_site_config.json")
 
 	if os.path.exists(filename):
-		with open(filename, 'r') as f:
+		with open(filename, "r") as f:
 			content = json.load(f)
 
 	else:
 		content = {}
 
 	content.update(ddict)
-	with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+	with open(filename, "w") as f:
 		json.dump(content, f, indent=1, sort_keys=True)
 
 
@@ -499,7 +545,7 @@ def check_app_installed(app, bench_path="."):
 			["bench", "--site", "all", "list-apps", "--format", "json"],
 			stderr=open(os.devnull, "wb"),
 			cwd=bench_path,
-		).decode('utf-8')
+		).decode("utf-8")
 	except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
 		return None
 
@@ -514,16 +560,19 @@ def check_app_installed(app, bench_path="."):
 
 
 def check_app_installed_legacy(app, bench_path="."):
-	site_path = os.path.join(bench_path, 'sites')
+	site_path = os.path.join(bench_path, "sites")
 
 	for site in os.listdir(site_path):
-		req_file = os.path.join(site_path, site, 'site_config.json')
+		req_file = os.path.join(site_path, site, "site_config.json")
 		if os.path.exists(req_file):
-			out = subprocess.check_output(["bench", "--site", site, "list-apps"], cwd=bench_path).decode('utf-8')
-			if re.search(r'\b' + app + r'\b', out):
+			out = subprocess.check_output(
+				["bench", "--site", site, "list-apps"], cwd=bench_path
+			).decode("utf-8")
+			if re.search(r"\b" + app + r"\b", out):
 				print(f"Cannot remove, app is installed on site: {site}")
 				sys.exit(1)
 
+
 def validate_branch():
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 	from bench.utils.app import get_current_branch
@@ -531,14 +580,15 @@ def validate_branch():
 	apps = Bench(".").apps
 
 	installed_apps = set(apps)
-	check_apps = set(['frappe', 'erpnext'])
+	check_apps = set(["frappe", "erpnext"])
 	intersection_apps = installed_apps.intersection(check_apps)
 
 	for app in intersection_apps:
 		branch = get_current_branch(app)
 
 		if branch == "master":
-			print("""'master' branch is renamed to 'version-11' since 'version-12' release.
+			print(
+				"""'master' branch is renamed to 'version-11' since 'version-12' release.
 As of January 2020, the following branches are
 version		Frappe			ERPNext
 11		version-11		version-11
@@ -547,6 +597,7 @@ version		Frappe			ERPNext
 14		develop			develop
 
 Please switch to new branches to get future updates.
-To switch to your required branch, run the following commands: bench switch-to-branch [branch-name]""")
+To switch to your required branch, run the following commands: bench switch-to-branch [branch-name]"""
+			)
 
 			sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/bench/utils/system.py b/bench/utils/system.py
index d0a2c428..297c3fc4 100644
--- a/bench/utils/system.py
+++ b/bench/utils/system.py
@@ -7,15 +7,31 @@ import sys
 
 # imports - module imports
 import bench
-from bench.utils import exec_cmd, get_process_manager, log, run_frappe_cmd, sudoers_file, which
+from bench.utils import (
+	exec_cmd,
+	get_process_manager,
+	log,
+	run_frappe_cmd,
+	sudoers_file,
+	which,
+)
 from bench.utils.bench import build_assets, clone_apps_from
 
 
-
-def init(path, apps_path=None, no_procfile=False, no_backups=False,
-		frappe_path=None, frappe_branch=None, verbose=False, clone_from=None,
-		skip_redis_config_generation=False, clone_without_update=False, skip_assets=False,
-		python='python3'):
+def init(
+	path,
+	apps_path=None,
+	no_procfile=False,
+	no_backups=False,
+	frappe_path=None,
+	frappe_branch=None,
+	verbose=False,
+	clone_from=None,
+	skip_redis_config_generation=False,
+	clone_without_update=False,
+	skip_assets=False,
+	python="python3",
+):
 	"""Initialize a new bench directory
 
 	* create a bench directory in the given path
@@ -45,13 +61,17 @@ def init(path, apps_path=None, no_procfile=False, no_backups=False,
 
 	# local apps
 	if clone_from:
-		clone_apps_from(bench_path=path, clone_from=clone_from, update_app=not clone_without_update)
+		clone_apps_from(
+			bench_path=path, clone_from=clone_from, update_app=not clone_without_update
+		)
 
 	# remote apps
 	else:
-		frappe_path = frappe_path or 'https://github.com/frappe/frappe.git'
+		frappe_path = frappe_path or "https://github.com/frappe/frappe.git"
 
-		get_app(frappe_path, branch=frappe_branch, bench_path=path, skip_assets=True, verbose=verbose)
+		get_app(
+			frappe_path, branch=frappe_branch, bench_path=path, skip_assets=True, verbose=verbose
+		)
 
 		# fetch remote apps using config file - deprecate this!
 		if apps_path:
@@ -65,29 +85,32 @@ def init(path, apps_path=None, no_procfile=False, no_backups=False,
 	if not no_backups:
 		bench.setup.backups()
 
+
 def setup_sudoers(user):
-	if not os.path.exists('/etc/sudoers.d'):
-		os.makedirs('/etc/sudoers.d')
+	if not os.path.exists("/etc/sudoers.d"):
+		os.makedirs("/etc/sudoers.d")
 
 		set_permissions = False
-		if not os.path.exists('/etc/sudoers'):
+		if not os.path.exists("/etc/sudoers"):
 			set_permissions = True
 
-		with open('/etc/sudoers', 'a') as f:
-			f.write('\n#includedir /etc/sudoers.d\n')
+		with open("/etc/sudoers", "a") as f:
+			f.write("\n#includedir /etc/sudoers.d\n")
 
 		if set_permissions:
-			os.chmod('/etc/sudoers', 0o440)
+			os.chmod("/etc/sudoers", 0o440)
 
-	template = bench.config.env().get_template('frappe_sudoers')
-	frappe_sudoers = template.render(**{
-		'user': user,
-		'service': which('service'),
-		'systemctl': which('systemctl'),
-		'nginx': which('nginx'),
-	})
+	template = bench.config.env().get_template("frappe_sudoers")
+	frappe_sudoers = template.render(
+		**{
+			"user": user,
+			"service": which("service"),
+			"systemctl": which("systemctl"),
+			"nginx": which("nginx"),
+		}
+	)
 
-	with open(sudoers_file, 'w') as f:
+	with open(sudoers_file, "w") as f:
 		f.write(frappe_sudoers)
 
 	os.chmod(sudoers_file, 0o440)
@@ -103,43 +126,43 @@ def start(no_dev=False, concurrency=None, procfile=None, no_prefix=False, procma
 	if not program:
 		raise Exception("No process manager found")
 
-	os.environ['PYTHONUNBUFFERED'] = "true"
+	os.environ["PYTHONUNBUFFERED"] = "true"
 	if not no_dev:
-		os.environ['DEV_SERVER'] = "true"
+		os.environ["DEV_SERVER"] = "true"
 
-	command = [program, 'start']
+	command = [program, "start"]
 	if concurrency:
-		command.extend(['-c', concurrency])
+		command.extend(["-c", concurrency])
 
 	if procfile:
-		command.extend(['-f', procfile])
+		command.extend(["-f", procfile])
 
 	if no_prefix:
-		command.extend(['--no-prefix'])
+		command.extend(["--no-prefix"])
 
 	os.execv(program, command)
 
 
-def migrate_site(site, bench_path='.'):
-	run_frappe_cmd('--site', site, 'migrate', bench_path=bench_path)
+def migrate_site(site, bench_path="."):
+	run_frappe_cmd("--site", site, "migrate", bench_path=bench_path)
 
 
-def backup_site(site, bench_path='.'):
-	run_frappe_cmd('--site', site, 'backup', bench_path=bench_path)
+def backup_site(site, bench_path="."):
+	run_frappe_cmd("--site", site, "backup", bench_path=bench_path)
 
 
-def backup_all_sites(bench_path='.'):
+def backup_all_sites(bench_path="."):
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 
 	for site in Bench(bench_path).sites:
 		backup_site(site, bench_path=bench_path)
 
 
-def fix_prod_setup_perms(bench_path='.', frappe_user=None):
+def fix_prod_setup_perms(bench_path=".", frappe_user=None):
 	from glob import glob
 	from bench.bench import Bench
 
-	frappe_user = frappe_user or Bench(bench_path).conf.get('frappe_user')
+	frappe_user = frappe_user or Bench(bench_path).conf.get("frappe_user")
 
 	if not frappe_user:
 		print("frappe user not set")
@@ -154,15 +177,15 @@ def fix_prod_setup_perms(bench_path='.', frappe_user=None):
 
 
 def setup_fonts():
-	fonts_path = os.path.join('/tmp', 'fonts')
+	fonts_path = os.path.join("/tmp", "fonts")
 
-	if os.path.exists('/etc/fonts_backup'):
+	if os.path.exists("/etc/fonts_backup"):
 		return
 
-	exec_cmd("git clone https://github.com/frappe/fonts.git", cwd='/tmp')
-	os.rename('/etc/fonts', '/etc/fonts_backup')
-	os.rename('/usr/share/fonts', '/usr/share/fonts_backup')
-	os.rename(os.path.join(fonts_path, 'etc_fonts'), '/etc/fonts')
-	os.rename(os.path.join(fonts_path, 'usr_share_fonts'), '/usr/share/fonts')
+	exec_cmd("git clone https://github.com/frappe/fonts.git", cwd="/tmp")
+	os.rename("/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts_backup")
+	os.rename("/usr/share/fonts", "/usr/share/fonts_backup")
+	os.rename(os.path.join(fonts_path, "etc_fonts"), "/etc/fonts")
+	os.rename(os.path.join(fonts_path, "usr_share_fonts"), "/usr/share/fonts")
 	shutil.rmtree(fonts_path)
 	exec_cmd("fc-cache -fv")
diff --git a/bench/utils/translation.py b/bench/utils/translation.py
index d4420eac..ad3a202d 100644
--- a/bench/utils/translation.py
+++ b/bench/utils/translation.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ def update_translations_p(args):
 	try:
 		update_translations(*args)
 	except requests.exceptions.HTTPError:
-		print('Download failed for', args[0], args[1])
+		print("Download failed for", args[0], args[1])
 
 
 def download_translations_p():
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def download_translations_p():
 	pool = multiprocessing.Pool(multiprocessing.cpu_count())
 
 	langs = get_langs()
-	apps = ('frappe', 'erpnext')
+	apps = ("frappe", "erpnext")
 	args = list(itertools.product(apps, langs))
 
 	pool.map(update_translations_p, args)
@@ -27,32 +27,32 @@ def download_translations_p():
 
 def download_translations():
 	langs = get_langs()
-	apps = ('frappe', 'erpnext')
+	apps = ("frappe", "erpnext")
 	for app, lang in itertools.product(apps, langs):
 		update_translations(app, lang)
 
 
 def get_langs():
-	lang_file = 'apps/frappe/frappe/geo/languages.json'
+	lang_file = "apps/frappe/frappe/geo/languages.json"
 	with open(lang_file) as f:
 		langs = json.loads(f.read())
-	return [d['code'] for d in langs]
+	return [d["code"] for d in langs]
 
 
 def update_translations(app, lang):
 	import requests
 
-	translations_dir = os.path.join('apps', app, app, 'translations')
-	csv_file = os.path.join(translations_dir, lang + '.csv')
+	translations_dir = os.path.join("apps", app, app, "translations")
+	csv_file = os.path.join(translations_dir, lang + ".csv")
 	url = f"https://translate.erpnext.com/files/{app}-{lang}.csv"
 	r = requests.get(url, stream=True)
 	r.raise_for_status()
 
-	with open(csv_file, 'wb') as f:
+	with open(csv_file, "wb") as f:
 		for chunk in r.iter_content(chunk_size=1024):
 			# filter out keep-alive new chunks
 			if chunk:
 				f.write(chunk)
 				f.flush()
 
-	print('downloaded for', app, lang)
+	print("downloaded for", app, lang)