Update git

tools/git.sh

@@ -4,15 +4,32 @@ git clone <address> # creates a git repo from given address (get the address fro
 git clone <address> -b <branch_name> <path/to/directory>  # clones a git repo from the address into the given directory and checkout's the given branch
 git clone <address> -b <branch_name> --single-branch  # Clones a single branch
 
-git add file.txt   # adds(stages) file.txt to the git
+git add <file_name>   # adds(stages) file.txt to the git
 git add *          # adds(stages) all new modifications, deletions, creations to the git
 git reset file.txt # Removes file.txt from the stage
 git reset --hard   # Throws away all your uncommitted changes, hard reset files to HEAD
+git reset --soft <commit_id> # moves the head pointer
+git reset --mixed <commit_id> # moves the head pointer and then copies the files from the commit it is now pointing to the staging area,
+# the default when no argument is provided
+git reset -hard <commit_id> # moves the head pointer and then copies the files from the commit it is now pointing to the staging area 
+# and working directory thus, throw away all uncommitted changes
+
+# git reset
+# 1. Move HEAD and current branch
+# 2. Reset the staging area
+# 3. Reset the working area
+
+# --soft = (1)
+# --mixed = (1) & (2) (default)
+# --hard = (1) & (2) & (3)
+
 git rm file.txt    # removes file.txt both from git and file system
 git rm --cached file.txt # only removes file.txt both from git index
 git status         # shows the modifications and stuff that are not staged yet
 
 git branch                         # shows all the branches (current branch is shown with a star)
+git branch -a                     # shows all the branches local and remote
+
 git branch my-branch               # creates my-branch
 git branch -d my-branch            # deletes my-branch
 git checkout my-branch         	   # switches to my-branch
@@ -32,7 +49,13 @@ git remote add my-remote <address> # creates a remote (get the address from your
 git remote rm my-remote            # Remove a remote
 
 git log                      # shows the log of commits
+# git log by default uses less command so you can use these: f=next page, b=prev page, search=/<query>, n=next match, p=prev match, q=quit
+git log --no-pager    # shows the log of commits without less command
 git log --oneline            # shows the log of commits, each commit in a single line
+
+git log --oneline --graph --decorate    # shows the log of commits, each commit in a single line with graph 
+git log --since=<time>                    # shows the log of commits since given time
+git log -- <file_name>
 git log -p <file_name>       # change over time for a specific file
 git log <Branch1> ^<Branch2> # lists commit(s) in branch1 that are not in branch2
 git log -n <x>               # lists the last x commits
@@ -40,6 +63,9 @@ git log -n <x> --oneline     # lists the last x commits, each commit in single l
 git grep --heading --line-number '<string/regex>' # Find lines matching the pattern in tracked files
 git log --grep='<string/regex>'                   # Search Commit log
 
+git reflog                       # record when the tips of branches and other references were updated in the local repository.
+git ls-files                     # show information about files in the index and the working tree
+
 git commit -m "msg"          # commit changes with a msg
 git commit -m "title" -m "description" # commit changes with a title and description
 git commit --amend           # combine staged changes with the previous commit, or edit the previous commit message without changing its snapshot
@@ -50,6 +76,9 @@ git revert <commit-id>       # Undo a commit by creating a new commit
 
 git show                    # shows one or more objects (blobs, trees, tags and commits).
 git diff                     # show changes between commits, commit and working tree
+git diff HEAD               #show changes between working directory vs last commit
+git diff --staged HEAD    #show changes between stage area vs last commit
+
 git diff --color             # show colored diff
 git diff --staged            # Shows changes staged for commit
 
@@ -61,7 +90,8 @@ git push --delete my-remote v1.0  # deletes the tag in my-remote (be carefore to
 git push my-remote my-branch v1.0 # push v1.0 tag to my-remote in my-branch
 git fetch --tags                  # pulls the tags from remote
 
-git pull my-remote my-branch         # pulls and tries to merge my-branch from my-remote to the current branch
+git pull my-remote my-branch   # pulls and tries to merge my-branch from my-remote to the current branch git pull = git fetch && get merge
+
 
 git stash                            # stashes the staged and unstaged changes (git status will be clean after it)
 git stash -u                         # stash everything including new untracked files (but not .gitignore)
@@ -83,18 +113,63 @@ git clean -f                      # clean untracked files permanently
 git clean -f -d/git clean -fd     # To remove directories permanently
 git clean -f -X/git clean -fX    # To remove ignored files permanently
 git clean -f -x/git clean -fx     # To remove ignored and non-ignored files permanently
+git clean -d --dry-run            # shows what would be deleted
+
 
 git config --global --list                   # lists the git configuration for all repos
 git config --global --edit                   # opens an editor to edit the git config file
-git config --global alias.<handle> <command> # add git aliases to speed up workflow , eg. if  handle is st and command is status then running git st would execute git status 
+git config --global alias.<handle> <command> # add git aliases to speed up workflow , eg.
+# if  handle is st and command is status then running git st would execute git status 
+git config --global core.editor <editor_name>      # config default editor
+
+
+git archive <branch_name> --format=zip --outpute=./<archive_name>.zip # create an archive of files from a named tree
 
 
 .gitignore
 # is a file including names of stuff that you don"t want to be staged or tracked.
-# You usually keep your local files like database, media, and etc here.
+# You usually keep your local files like database, media, etc here.
 # You can find good resources online about ignoring specific files in your project files.
 # .gitignore is also get ignored 
 .git
 # is a hidden directory in repo directory including git files. It is created after "git init".
 
 
+# Some useful notes:
+
+# Better Commit messages:
+#   Key to Effective Debugging
+#   For the commit message to help in debugging effectively, ensure that it is short and use an imperative 
+#   mood (spoken or written as if giving a command or instruction) when constructing them.
+#   Also use feature tense for commit messages.
+#   The first word in your commit message should be one of these:
+#   Add
+#   Create
+#   Refactor
+#   Fix
+#   Release
+#   Document
+#   Modify
+#   Update
+#   Remove
+#   Delete etc...
+
+# About resetting:
+#   Use git revert instead of git reset in shared repositories
+#   git revert creates a new commit that introduces the opposite changes from the specified commit.
+#   Revert does not change history the original commit stays in the repository
+
+
+# Difference between ~ and ^ in git:
+#   > ^ or ^n
+#       >no args: == ^1: the first parent commit
+#       >n: the nth parent commit
+
+#   > ~ or ~n
+#       >no args: == ~1: the first commit back, following 1st parent
+#       >n: number of commits back, following only 1st parent
+#   note: ^ and ~ can be combined
+
+# Some tools to improve git skill by visualizing it:
+#   https://git-school.github.io/visualizing-git/
+#   https://learngitbranching.js.org/