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Created Cheat sheet for Java  language.
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@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ Feel free to take a look. You might learn new things. They have been designed to
- [C](languages/C.txt)
- [C#](languages/C%23.txt)
- [PHP](languages/php.php)
- [JAVA](languages/java.md)
#### Functional

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### HELLO WORLD :ghost:
```java
//Text file name HelloWorld.java
public class HelloWorld {
// main() is the method
public static void main (String[] arfs)
//Prints "Hello World" in the terminal window.
System.out.pritn("Hello World");
}
```
### COMPILATION & EXECUTING JAVA CODE
* Goto your program directory in terminal (Assumed JAVA Path is set)
* After for compile your code
> **javac HelloWorld.java (your program file name)**
* For run program
> **java HelloWorld (main class name)**
### DATA TYPES
| Type | Set of values | Values | Operators |
|:-------:|:-----------------------:|:----------------------------:|:---------:|
| int | integers | between -2^31 and + (2^31)-1 | + - * / % |
| double | floating-point numbers | real numbers | + - * / |
| boolean | boolean values | true or false | && \|\| ! |
| char | characters | | |
| String | sequences of characters | | |
### DECLARATION AND ASSIGNMENT STATEMENTS
```java
//Declaration statement
int a,b;
//Assignment statement
a = 13212; //a is the variable name; 13212 is the literal which is assign to the variable a
//Initialization statement
int c = a + b;
```
### COMPARISON OPERATORS
| Operation | Meaning |
|:---------:|:---------------------:|
| == | equal |
| != | not equal |
| < | less than |
| > | greater than |
| <= | less than or equal |
| >= | greater than or equal |
### PRINTING
```java
String s = "Happy Coding Folks!!"
void System.out.print(String s) //print s
void System.out.println(String s) //print s, followed by a newline
void System.out.println() //print a newline
```
### PARSING COMMAND-LINE ARGUMENTS
```java
String s = "Java is the best!!"
int Integer.parseInt(String s) //convert s to an int value
double Double.parseDouble(String) //convert s to a double value
long Long.parseLong(String s) // convert s to a long value
````
### MATH LIBRARY
```java
Public Class Math{
double abs(double a) // absolute value of a
double max(double a, double b) //maximum of a and b
double min(double a, dobule a) //minimum of a and b
double sin(double theta) //sine of theta
double cos(double theta) //cosine of theta
double tan(double theta) //tangent of theta
double toRadians(double degrees) // convert angle from degrees to radians
double toDegreestouble radians) // convert angle from radians to degrees
double exp(doube a) // exponential (e^a)
double pow(double a, double p) //raise a to the bth power (a^b)
double random() //random in [0,1)
double sqrt(double a) //square root of a
}
```
### EXAMPLES OF TYPE CONVERSION
| Expression | Expression type | Expression value |
|:---------------------:|:---------------:|:----------------:|
| (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) / 4.0 | double | 2.5 |
| Math.sqrt(4) | double | 2.0 |
| "123343" + 99 | String | "12334399" |
| 11 * 0.25 | double | 2.75 |
| (int) 11 * 0.25 | double | 2.75 |
| 11 * (int) 0.25 | int | 0 |
| (int) (11 * 0.25) | int | 2 |
### CONDITIONAL & LOOP STATEMENT
#### ANATOMY OF CONDITIONAL STATEMENT
> IF Statement
```java
if (x>y) { // x > y is the boolean expression
//Sequence of statements
x = y;
}
```
> IF-ELSE STATEMENT
```java
if (BOOLEAN EXPRESSION) {
//Sequence of statements
} else {
//Sequence of statements
}
```
> NESTED IF STATEMENT
```java
if (BOOLEAN EXPRESSION) {
//Sequence of statements
} else if {
//Sequence of statements
}
.
.
.
else {
//Sequence of statements
}
```
>SWITCH STATEMENT
```java
switch (VARIABLE TO EVALUATE ITS VALUE) {
case value: Statement; break;
...
...
...
default: Statement; break;
}
```
**Example:**
```java
int month = 8;
String monthString;
switch (month) {
case 1: monthString = "January";
break;
case 2: monthString = "February";
break;
case 3: monthString = "March";
break;
case 4: monthString = "April";
break;
case 5: monthString = "May";
break;
case 6: monthString = "June";
break;
case 7: monthString = "July";
break;
case 8: monthString = "August";
break;
case 9: monthString = "September";
break;
case 10: monthString = "October";
break;
case 11: monthString = "November";
break;
case 12: monthString = "December";
break;
default: monthString = "Invalid month";
break;
}
```
#### ANATOMY OF A LOOP STATEMENT
>FOR LOOP STATEMENT
```java
for (declare and initialize a loop control variable; loop-continuation condition/s; increment or decrement of the variable of control)
{
//Statement
}
```
**Example:**
```java
for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
}
```
> WHILE LOOP STATEMENT
```java
while(condition){ //till condition will be true.
//code to be executed
}
```
**Example:**
```java
//Initialization is a separate statement
int power = 1;
while ( power <= 10/2 ) // power <= n/2 is an example of the loop-continuation condition
{
System.out.println(power);
}
```
> DO-WHILE LOOP STATEMENT
```java
do{ //always run one time even if condition would be false
//Statement
} while(loop-continuation condition);
```
**Example:**
```java
int i=1;
do{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}while(i<=10);
```
### ARRAY
> ARRAY DECLARATION
```java
int[] ai; // array of int
short[][] as; // array of array of short
short s, // scalar short
aas[][]; // array of array of short
Object[] ao; // array of Object
Collection<?>[] ca; // array of Collection of unknown type
```
> DECLARATION OF ARRAY VARIABLE
```java
Exception ae[] = new Exception[3];
Object aao[][] = new Exception[2][3];
int[] factorial = { 1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, 5040 };
char ac[] = { 'n', 'o', 't', ' ', 'a', ' ',
'S', 't', 'r', 'i', 'n', 'g' };
String[] aas = { "array", "of", "String", };
```
### ACCESS MODIFIERS
1. defualt(No keyword required)
2. private
3. public
4. protected
### NON ACCESS MODIFIERS
1. static
2. final
3. transient
4. abstract
5. synchronized
6. volatile
## Object Oriented Programming (OOPs) Concept :clipboard:
### OBJECT
```java
//Declare a variable, object name
String s;
//Invoke a contructor to create an object
s = new String ("Hello World");
//Invoke an instance method that operates on the object's value
char c = s.chartAt(4);
```
> INSTANCE VARIABLES
```java
public class Charge {
//Instance variable declarations
private final double rx, ry;
private final double q;
}
```
### METHODS
```java
public static double sum (int a, int b) { //double is the return type, sum is the method's name, a and b are two arguments of type int;
int result; //local variable
result = a + b;
return result;//return statement;
}
```
### CLASS DECLARATION
```java
class MyClass {
// field, constructor, and
// method declarations
}
```
**Example:**
```java
public class Bicycle {
// the Bicycle class has
// three fields
public int cadence;
public int gear;
public int speed;
// the Bicycle class has
// one constructor
public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear) {
gear = startGear;
cadence = startCadence;
speed = startSpeed;
}
// the Bicycle class has
// four methods
public void setCadence(int newValue) {
cadence = newValue;
}
public void setGear(int newValue) {
gear = newValue;
}
public void applyBrake(int decrement) {
speed -= decrement;
}
public void speedUp(int increment) {
speed += increment;
}
}
```
>DECLARING CLASSESS IMPLEMENTATING AN INTERFACE AND EXTENDING PARENT CLASS
```java
class MyClass extends MySuperClass implements YourInterface {
// field, constructor, and
// method declarations
}
```
* MyClass is a subclass of MySuperClass and that it implements the YourInterface interface.
> CONSTRUCTORS
* A class contains constructors that are invoked to create objects from the class blueprint.
* Constructor declarations look like method declarations—except that they use the name of the class and have no return type
* Each and every class has defualt No-args constructor.
```java
public class Bicycle{
private int gear;
private int cadence;
private int speed;
public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear) { //args-constructor
gear = startGear;
cadence = startCadence;
speed = startSpeed;
}
public Bicycle(){//No-args constructor
super();
}
}
```
### POLYMORPHISM
* Polymorphism is the concept where an object behaves differently in different situations.
* There are two types of polymorphism
1. compile time polymorphism
2. runtime polymorphism.
#### 1. Compile Time Polymorphism
* Compile-time polymorphism is achieved by method overloading.
* method overloading is creating multiple method with methods name is same and arguments are different.
```java
public class Circle {
public void draw(){
System.out.println("Drwaing circle with default color Black and diameter 1 cm.");
}
public void draw(int diameter){ //method draw() overloaded.
System.out.println("Drwaing circle with default color Black and diameter"+diameter+" cm.");
}
public void draw(int diameter, String color){ //method draw() overloaded.
System.out.println("Drwaing circle with color"+color+" and diameter"+diameter+" cm.");
}
}
```
#### 2. Run Time Polymorphism
* Run-time polymorphism is achieved by method overriding.
* Runtime polymorphism is implemented when we have an **“IS-A”** relationship between objects.
* method overriding is the subclass has to override the superclass method.
```java
public interface Shape {
public void draw();
}
```
```java
public class Circle implements Shape{
@Override
public void draw(){
System.out.println("Drwaing circle");
}
}
```
```java
public class Square implements Shape {
@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Drawing Square");
}
}
```
* `Shape` is the superclass and there are two subclasses `Circle` and `Square`
* Below is an example of runtime polymorphism.
```java
Shape sh = new Circle();
sh.draw();
Shape sh1 = getShape(); //some third party logic to determine shape
sh1.draw();
```
### INHERITANCE
* Inheritance is the mechanism of code reuse.
* The object that is getting inherited is called the superclass and the object that inherits the superclass is called a subclass.
* We use `extends` keyword in java to implement inheritance from class.
* We use `implements` keyword in java to implement inheritance from interface.
```java
public class Superclass{
// methods and fields
}
```
```java
public interface Superinterface{
// methods and fields
}
```
```java
public class Subclass extends Superclass implements Superinterface{
// methods and fields
}
```
### Abstraction
* Abstraction is the concept of hiding the internal details and describing things in simple terms.
* Abstraction can be achieved by two ways.
1. Abstract Class
2. Interface
#### 1. Abstract Class
* An abstract class must be declared with an `abstract` keyword.
* It can have abstract and non-abstract methods.
* It cannot be instantiated.
* It can have constructors and static methods also.
* It can have final methods which will force the subclass not to change the body of the method.
```java
abstract class Flower{
abstract String Smell(); //abstract method.
String Oil(){ // non-abstract method.
System.out.println("Flower Oil is good.");
}
}
public class Lily extends Flower{
private String Smell(){ // implementation of abstarct method.
System.out.println("Lily smell's lovender.");
}
}
```
#### 2. Interface
* Interface is a blueprint of a **class**.
* It can have only abstract methods. [Except Java 8 and next versions.]
* Since Java 8, we can have **default and static** methods in an interface.
```java
interface print{
void printPaper();
}
public class A4 implements print{
public void printPaper(){
System.out.println("A4 Page Printed. ");
}
}
```
### Encapsulation
* Encapsulation is used for access restriction to class members and methods.
* Encapsulation is the technique used to implement abstraction in OOP.
* As in encapsulation, the data in a class is hidden from other classes, so it is also known as **data-hiding**.
* Encapsulation can be achieved by Declaring all the variables in the class as private and writing public methods in the class to set and get the values of variables.
* Best example of Encapsulation is POJO (Plain-Java-Object-Class).
```java
public class User {
private String username;
private String password;
public String getUsername() {
return username;
}
public void setUsername(String username) {
this.username = username;
}
public String getPassword() {
return password;
}
public void setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;
}
}
```
## ADVANCE DATA TYPE
* **STACK DATA TYPE**
```java
public class Stack<Item> implements Iterable <Item>
Stack() //create an empty stack
boolean isEmpty() //return if the stack empty
void push(Item item) // push an item onto the stack
Item pop() //return and remove the item that was inserted most recently
int size() //number of item on stack
```
* **QUEUE DATA TYPE**
```java
public class Queue<Item> implements Iterable<Item>
Queue() //create an emptyh queue
boolean isEmpthy() //return if the queue empthy
void enqueue(Item item) // insert an item onto queue
Item dequeue() //return and remove the item that was inserted least recently
int size() //number of item on queue
```
* **ITERABLE**
```java
//import Iterator
import java.util.Iterator;
public class Queue<Item> implements Iterable <Item> {
//FIFO queue
private Node first;
private Node last;
private class Node {
Item item;
Node next;
}
public void enqueue (Item item)
...
public Item dequeue()
...
}
```
* **SYMBOL TABLE DATA TYPE**
```java
public class ST<Key extends Comparable<Key>, Value>
ST() //create and empty symbol table
void put(Key key, Value val) //associate val with key
Value get(Key key) //value associated with key
void remove(Key key) //remove key (and its associated value)
boolean contains (Key key) //return if there is a value associated with key
int size() //number of key-value pairs
Iterable<Key> keys() // all keys in the symbol table
```
* **SET DATA TYPE**
```java
public class SET<Key extends Comparable<Key>> implements Iterable<Key>
SET() //create an empthy set
boolean isEmpthy() //return if the set is empthy
void add (Key key) //add key to the set
void remove(Key key) //remove key from set
boolean contains(Key key) //return if the key is in the set
int size() //number of elements in set
```