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Added python cheat sheet to the languages folder.
I intentionally skipped the OOPS concept as it consists more data which is making cheat book but not sheet, Please do mention if I'm missing, I will add them.
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languages/python.md
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languages/python.md
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# Python
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* Python is an interpreted, high-level and general-purpose, dynamically typed programming language
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* It is also Object oriented, modular oriented and a scripting language.
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* In Python, everything is considered as an Object.
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* A python file has an extension of .py
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* Python follows Indentation to separate code blocks instead of flower brackets({}).
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* We can run a python file by the following command in cmd(Windows) or shell(mac/linux).
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`python <filename.py>`
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#### By default, the python doesn't require any imports to run a python file.
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## Create and execute a program
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1. Open up a terminal/cmd
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1. Create the program: nano/cat > nameProgram.py
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1. Write the program and save it
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1. python nameProgram.py
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<br>
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### Basic Datatypes
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| Data Type | Description |
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| --------- | ----------- |
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| int | Integer values [0, 1, -2, 3] |
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| float | Floating point values [0.1, 4.532, -5.092] |
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| char | Characters [a, b, @, !, `] |
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| str | Strings [abc, AbC, A@B, sd!, `asa] |
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| bool | Boolean Values [True, False] |
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| char | Characters [a, b, @, !, `] |
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| complex | Complex numbers [2+3j, 4-1j] |
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<br>
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## Keywords
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<br>
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| Keyword | Description |
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| --------- | ----------- |
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| break | used to exit loop and used to exit|
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| char | basic declaration of a type character |
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| const | prefix declaration meaning variable can not be changed|
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| continue | go to bottom of loop in for, while loops|
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| class | to define a class|
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| def | to define a function|
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| elif | shortcut for (else if) used in else if ladder |
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| else | executable statement, part of "if" structure |
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| float | basic declaration of floating point|
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| for | executable statement, for loop|
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| from | executable statement, used to import only specific objects from a package|
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| if | executable statement|
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| import | to import modules|
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|pass| keyword to specify noting is happening in the codeblock, generally used in classes|
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|return | executable statement with or without a value|
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|while| executable statement, while loop|
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<br>
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## Operators
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<br>
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| Operator | Description |
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|-|-|
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| ( ) | grouping parenthesis, function call, tuple declaration |
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| [ ] | array indexing, also declaring lists etc.|
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| ! | relational not, complement, ! a yields true or false |
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| ~ | bitwise not, ones complement, ~a |
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| \- | unary minus, - a |
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| \+ | unary plus, + a |
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| \* | multiply, a * b |
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| / | divide, a / b |
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| % | modulo, a % b |
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| \+ | add, a + b |
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| \- | subtract, a - b |
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| << | shift left, left operand is shifted left by right operand bits |
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| \>> | shift right, left operand is shifted right by right operand bits|
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| < | less than, result is true or false, a %lt; b
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| <= | less than or equal, result is true or false, a <= b
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| \> | greater than, result is true or false, a > b
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| \>= | greater than or equal, result is true or false, a >= b
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| == | equal, result is true or false, a == b
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| != | not equal, result is true or false, a != b
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| & | bitwise and, a & b
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| ^ | bitwise exclusive or XOR, a ^ b
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| \| | bitwise or, a | b
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| &&, and | relational and, result is true or false, a < b && c >= d
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| \|\|, or | relational or, result is true or false, a < b \|\| c >= d |
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| = | store or assignment |
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| += | add and store |
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| -= | subtract and store |
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| *= | multiply and store |
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| /= | divide and store|
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| %= | modulo and store|
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| <<= | shift left and store|
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| \>>= | shift right and store|
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| &= | bitwise and and store|
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| ^= | bitwise exclusive or and store|
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| \|= | bitwise or and store|
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| , | separator as in ( y=x,z=++x )|
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### Basic Data Structures
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### List
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- List is a collection which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate members.
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- Lists are created using square brackets:
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```py
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thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
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```
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- List items are ordered, changeable, and allow duplicate values.
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- List items are indexed, the first item has index `[0]`, the second item has index `[1]` etc.
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- The list is changeable, meaning that we can change, add, and remove items in a list after it has been created.
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- To determine how many items a list has, use the `len()` function.
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- A list can contain different data types:
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```py
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list1 = ["abc", 34, True, 40, "male"]
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```
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- It is also possible to use the list() constructor when creating a new list
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```py
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thislist = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double round-brackets
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```
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### Tuple
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- Tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate members.
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- A tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable.
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- Tuples are written with round brackets.
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```py
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thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
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```
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- Tuple items are ordered, unchangeable, and allow duplicate values.
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- Tuple items are indexed, the first item has index `[0]`, the second item has index `[1]` etc.
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- When we say that tuples are ordered, it means that the items have a defined order, and that order will not change.
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- Tuples are unchangeable, meaning that we cannot change, add or remove items after the tuple has been created.
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- Since tuple are indexed, tuples can have items with the same value:
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- Tuples allow duplicate values:
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```py
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thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry")
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```
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- To determine how many items a tuple has, use the `len()`function:
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```py
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thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
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print(len(thistuple))
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```
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- To create a tuple with only one item, you have to add a comma after the item, otherwise Python will not recognize it as a tuple.
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```py
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thistuple = ("apple",)
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print(type(thistuple))
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#NOT a tuple
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thistuple = ("apple")
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print(type(thistuple))
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```
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- It is also possible to use the tuple() constructor to make a tuple.
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```py
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thistuple = tuple(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double round-brackets
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print(thistuple)
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```
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### Set
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- Set is a collection which is unordered and unindexed. No duplicate members.
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- A set is a collection which is both unordered and unindexed.
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```py
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thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
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```
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- Set items are unordered, unchangeable, and do not allow duplicate values.
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- Unordered means that the items in a set do not have a defined order.
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- Set items can appear in a different order every time you use them, and cannot be referred to by index or key.
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- Sets are unchangeable, meaning that we cannot change the items after the set has been created.
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- Duplicate values will be ignored.
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- To determine how many items a set has, use the `len()` method.
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```py
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thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
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print(len(thisset))
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```
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- Set items can be of any data type:
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```py
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set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
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set2 = {1, 5, 7, 9, 3}
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set3 = {True, False, False}
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set4 = {"abc", 34, True, 40, "male"}
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```
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- It is also possible to use the `set()` constructor to make a set.
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```py
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thisset = set(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double round-brackets
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```
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### Dictionary
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- Dictionary is a collection which is unordered and changeable. No duplicate members.
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- Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value pairs.
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- Dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and have keys and values:
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```py
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thisdict = {
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"brand": "Ford",
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"model": "Mustang",
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"year": 1964
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}
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```
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- Dictionary items are presented in key:value pairs, and can be referred to by using the key name.
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```py
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thisdict = {
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"brand": "Ford",
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"model": "Mustang",
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"year": 1964
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}
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print(thisdict["brand"])
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```
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- Dictionaries are changeable, meaning that we can change, add or remove items after the dictionary has been created.
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- Dictionaries cannot have two items with the same key.
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- Duplicate values will overwrite existing values.
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- To determine how many items a dictionary has, use the `len()` function.
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```py
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print(len(thisdict))
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```
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- The values in dictionary items can be of any data type
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```py
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thisdict = {
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"brand": "Ford",
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"electric": False,
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"year": 1964,
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"colors": ["red", "white", "blue"]
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}
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```
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### Conditional branching
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```py
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if condition:
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pass
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elif condition2:
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pass
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else:
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pass
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```
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### Loops
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Python has two primitive loop commands:
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1. while loops
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2. for loops
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#### While loop
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- With the `while` loop we can execute a set of statements as long as a condition is true.
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- Example: Print i as long as i is less than 6
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```py
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i = 1
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while i < 6:
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print(i)
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i += 1
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```
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- The while loop requires relevant variables to be ready, in this example we need to define an indexing variable, i, which we set to 1.
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- With the `break` statement we can stop the loop even if the while condition is true
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- With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration, and continue with the next.
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- With the else statement we can run a block of code once when the condition no longer is true.
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#### For loop
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- A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, a dictionary, a set, or a string).
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- This is less like the for keyword in other programming languages, and works more like an iterator method as found in other object-orientated programming languages.
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- With the for loop we can execute a set of statements, once for each item in a list, tuple, set etc.
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```py
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fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
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for x in fruits:
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print(x)
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```
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- The for loop does not require an indexing variable to set beforehand.
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- To loop through a set of code a specified number of times, we can use the range() function.
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- The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified number.
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- The range() function defaults to increment the sequence by 1, however it is possible to specify the increment value by adding a third parameter: range(2, 30, 3).
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- The else keyword in a for loop specifies a block of code to be executed when the loop is finished.
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A nested loop is a loop inside a loop.
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- The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each iteration of the "outer loop":
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```py
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adj = ["red", "big", "tasty"]
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fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
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for x in adj:
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for y in fruits:
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print(x, y)
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```
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- for loops cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have a for loop with no content, put in the pass statement to avoid getting an error.
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```py
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for x in [0, 1, 2]:
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pass
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```
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### Function definition
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```py
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def function_name():
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return
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```
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### Function call
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```py
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function_name()
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```
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* We need not to specify the return type of the function.
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* Functions by default return `None`
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* We can return any datatype.
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