gh-ost/go/logic/migrator.go

/*
   Copyright 2016 GitHub Inc.
	 See https://github.com/github/gh-osc/blob/master/LICENSE
*/

package logic

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"os/signal"
	"sync/atomic"
	"syscall"
	"time"

	"github.com/github/gh-osc/go/base"
	"github.com/github/gh-osc/go/binlog"
	"github.com/github/gh-osc/go/sql"

	"github.com/outbrain/golib/log"
)

type ChangelogState string

const (
	TablesInPlace              ChangelogState = "TablesInPlace"
	AllEventsUpToLockProcessed                = "AllEventsUpToLockProcessed"
)

type tableWriteFunc func() error

const (
	applyEventsQueueBuffer        = 100
	heartbeatIntervalMilliseconds = 1000
)

// Migrator is the main schema migration flow manager.
type Migrator struct {
	inspector        *Inspector
	applier          *Applier
	eventsStreamer   *EventsStreamer
	migrationContext *base.MigrationContext

	tablesInPlace              chan bool
	rowCopyComplete            chan bool
	allEventsUpToLockProcessed chan bool
	panicAbort                 chan error

	// copyRowsQueue should not be buffered; if buffered some non-damaging but
	//  excessive work happens at the end of the iteration as new copy-jobs arrive befroe realizing the copy is complete
	copyRowsQueue    chan tableWriteFunc
	applyEventsQueue chan tableWriteFunc

	handledChangelogStates map[string]bool
}

func NewMigrator() *Migrator {
	migrator := &Migrator{
		migrationContext:           base.GetMigrationContext(),
		tablesInPlace:              make(chan bool),
		rowCopyComplete:            make(chan bool),
		allEventsUpToLockProcessed: make(chan bool),
		panicAbort:                 make(chan error),

		copyRowsQueue:          make(chan tableWriteFunc),
		applyEventsQueue:       make(chan tableWriteFunc, applyEventsQueueBuffer),
		handledChangelogStates: make(map[string]bool),
	}
	return migrator
}

// acceptSignals registers for OS signals
func (this *Migrator) acceptSignals() {
	c := make(chan os.Signal, 1)

	signal.Notify(c, syscall.SIGHUP)
	go func() {
		for sig := range c {
			switch sig {
			case syscall.SIGHUP:
				log.Debugf("Received SIGHUP. Reloading configuration")
			}
		}
	}()
}

func (this *Migrator) shouldThrottle() (result bool, reason string) {
	lag := atomic.LoadInt64(&this.migrationContext.CurrentLag)

	if time.Duration(lag) > time.Duration(this.migrationContext.MaxLagMillisecondsThrottleThreshold)*time.Millisecond {
		return true, fmt.Sprintf("lag=%fs", time.Duration(lag).Seconds())
	}
	if this.migrationContext.ThrottleFlagFile != "" {
		if _, err := os.Stat(this.migrationContext.ThrottleFlagFile); err == nil {
			// Throttle file defined and exists!
			return true, "flag-file"
		}
	}
	if this.migrationContext.ThrottleAdditionalFlagFile != "" {
		if _, err := os.Stat(this.migrationContext.ThrottleAdditionalFlagFile); err == nil {
			// 2nd Throttle file defined and exists!
			return true, "flag-file"
		}
	}

	for variableName, threshold := range this.migrationContext.MaxLoad {
		value, err := this.applier.ShowStatusVariable(variableName)
		if err != nil {
			return true, fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", variableName, err)
		}
		if value > threshold {
			return true, fmt.Sprintf("%s=%d", variableName, value)
		}
	}

	return false, ""
}

func (this *Migrator) initiateThrottler() error {
	throttlerTick := time.Tick(1 * time.Second)

	throttlerFunction := func() {
		alreadyThrottling, currentReason := this.migrationContext.IsThrottled()
		shouldThrottle, throttleReason := this.shouldThrottle()
		if shouldThrottle && !alreadyThrottling {
			// New throttling
			this.applier.WriteAndLogChangelog("throttle", throttleReason)
		} else if shouldThrottle && alreadyThrottling && (currentReason != throttleReason) {
			// Change of reason
			this.applier.WriteAndLogChangelog("throttle", throttleReason)
		} else if alreadyThrottling && !shouldThrottle {
			// End of throttling
			this.applier.WriteAndLogChangelog("throttle", "done throttling")
		}
		this.migrationContext.SetThrottled(shouldThrottle, throttleReason)
	}
	throttlerFunction()
	for range throttlerTick {
		throttlerFunction()
	}

	return nil
}

// throttle initiates a throttling event, if need be, updates the Context and
// calls callback functions, if any
func (this *Migrator) throttle(onThrottled func()) {
	for {
		if shouldThrottle, _ := this.migrationContext.IsThrottled(); !shouldThrottle {
			return
		}
		if onThrottled != nil {
			onThrottled()
		}
		time.Sleep(time.Second)
	}
}

// retryOperation attempts up to `count` attempts at running given function,
// exiting as soon as it returns with non-error.
func (this *Migrator) retryOperation(operation func() error) (err error) {
	maxRetries := this.migrationContext.MaxRetries()
	for i := 0; i < maxRetries; i++ {
		if i != 0 {
			// sleep after previous iteration
			time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
		}
		err = operation()
		if err == nil {
			return nil
		}
		// there's an error. Let's try again.
	}
	this.panicAbort <- err
	return err
}

func (this *Migrator) canStopStreaming() bool {
	return false
}

func (this *Migrator) onChangelogStateEvent(dmlEvent *binlog.BinlogDMLEvent) (err error) {
	// Hey, I created the changlog table, I know the type of columns it has!
	if hint := dmlEvent.NewColumnValues.StringColumn(2); hint != "state" {
		return nil
	}
	changelogState := ChangelogState(dmlEvent.NewColumnValues.StringColumn(3))
	switch changelogState {
	case TablesInPlace:
		{
			this.tablesInPlace <- true
		}
	case AllEventsUpToLockProcessed:
		{
			this.allEventsUpToLockProcessed <- true
		}
	default:
		{
			return fmt.Errorf("Unknown changelog state: %+v", changelogState)
		}
	}
	log.Debugf("Received state %+v", changelogState)
	return nil
}

func (this *Migrator) onChangelogState(stateValue string) (err error) {
	log.Fatalf("I shouldn't be here")
	if this.handledChangelogStates[stateValue] {
		return nil
	}
	this.handledChangelogStates[stateValue] = true

	changelogState := ChangelogState(stateValue)
	switch changelogState {
	case TablesInPlace:
		{
			this.tablesInPlace <- true
		}
	case AllEventsUpToLockProcessed:
		{
			this.allEventsUpToLockProcessed <- true
		}
	default:
		{
			return fmt.Errorf("Unknown changelog state: %+v", changelogState)
		}
	}
	log.Debugf("Received state %+v", changelogState)
	return nil
}

func (this *Migrator) onChangelogHeartbeat(heartbeatValue string) (err error) {
	heartbeatTime, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339Nano, heartbeatValue)
	if err != nil {
		return log.Errore(err)
	}
	lag := time.Now().Sub(heartbeatTime)

	atomic.StoreInt64(&this.migrationContext.CurrentLag, int64(lag))

	return nil
}

//
func (this *Migrator) listenOnPanicAbort() {
	err := <-this.panicAbort
	log.Fatale(err)
}

func (this *Migrator) Migrate() (err error) {
	this.migrationContext.StartTime = time.Now()

	go this.listenOnPanicAbort()
	if err := this.initiateInspector(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err := this.initiateStreaming(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := this.initiateApplier(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	log.Debugf("Waiting for tables to be in place")
	<-this.tablesInPlace
	log.Debugf("Tables are in place")
	// Yay! We now know the Ghost and Changelog tables are good to examine!
	// When running on replica, this means the replica has those tables. When running
	// on master this is always true, of course, and yet it also implies this knowledge
	// is in the binlogs.
	if err := this.inspector.InspectOriginalAndGhostTables(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	go this.initiateHeartbeatListener()

	if err := this.applier.ReadMigrationRangeValues(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	go this.initiateThrottler()
	go this.executeWriteFuncs()
	go this.iterateChunks()
	this.migrationContext.RowCopyStartTime = time.Now()
	go this.initiateStatus()

	log.Debugf("Operating until row copy is complete")
	<-this.rowCopyComplete
	log.Debugf("Row copy complete")
	this.printStatus()

	this.stopWritesAndCompleteMigration()

	return nil
}

func (this *Migrator) stopWritesAndCompleteMigration() (err error) {
	this.throttle(func() {
		log.Debugf("throttling before LOCK TABLES")
	})

	if this.migrationContext.TestOnReplica {
		log.Debugf("testing on replica. Instead of LOCK tables I will STOP SLAVE")
		if err := this.retryOperation(this.applier.StopSlaveIOThread); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	} else {
		if err := this.retryOperation(this.applier.LockTables); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	this.applier.WriteChangelogState(string(AllEventsUpToLockProcessed))
	log.Debugf("Waiting for events up to lock")
	<-this.allEventsUpToLockProcessed
	log.Debugf("Done waiting for events up to lock")

	if this.migrationContext.TestOnReplica {
		log.Info("Table duplicated with new schema. Am not touching the original table. You may now compare the two tables to gain trust into this tool's operation")
	} else {
		if err := this.retryOperation(this.applier.SwapTables); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		// Unlock
		if err := this.retryOperation(this.applier.UnlockTables); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		// Drop old table
		if this.migrationContext.OkToDropTable {
			dropTableFunc := func() error {
				return this.applier.dropTable(this.migrationContext.GetOldTableName())
			}
			if err := this.retryOperation(dropTableFunc); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
	}
	lockAndRenameDuration := this.migrationContext.RenameTablesEndTime.Sub(this.migrationContext.LockTablesStartTime)
	renameDuration := this.migrationContext.RenameTablesEndTime.Sub(this.migrationContext.RenameTablesStartTime)
	log.Debugf("Lock & rename duration: %s (rename only: %s). During this time, queries on %s were locked or failing", lockAndRenameDuration, renameDuration, sql.EscapeName(this.migrationContext.OriginalTableName))
	return nil
}

func (this *Migrator) initiateInspector() (err error) {
	this.inspector = NewInspector()
	if err := this.inspector.InitDBConnections(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := this.inspector.ValidateOriginalTable(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := this.inspector.InspectOriginalTable(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// So far so good, table is accessible and valid.
	// Let's get master connection config
	if this.migrationContext.ApplierConnectionConfig, err = this.inspector.getMasterConnectionConfig(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if this.migrationContext.TestOnReplica {
		if this.migrationContext.InspectorIsAlsoApplier() {
			return fmt.Errorf("Instructed to --test-on-replica, but the server we connect to doesn't seem to be a replica")
		}
		log.Infof("--test-on-replica given. Will not execute on master %+v but rather on replica %+v itself",
			this.migrationContext.ApplierConnectionConfig.Key, this.migrationContext.InspectorConnectionConfig.Key,
		)
		this.migrationContext.ApplierConnectionConfig = this.migrationContext.InspectorConnectionConfig.Duplicate()
	} else if this.migrationContext.InspectorIsAlsoApplier() && !this.migrationContext.AllowedRunningOnMaster {
		return fmt.Errorf("It seems like this migration attempt to run directly on master. Preferably it would be executed on a replica (and this reduces load from the master). To proceed please provide --allow-on-master")
	}

	log.Infof("Master found to be %+v", this.migrationContext.ApplierConnectionConfig.Key)
	return nil
}

func (this *Migrator) initiateStatus() error {
	this.printStatus()
	statusTick := time.Tick(1 * time.Second)
	for range statusTick {
		go this.printStatus()
	}

	return nil
}

func (this *Migrator) printStatus() {
	elapsedTime := this.migrationContext.ElapsedTime()
	elapsedSeconds := int64(elapsedTime.Seconds())
	totalRowsCopied := this.migrationContext.GetTotalRowsCopied()
	rowsEstimate := this.migrationContext.RowsEstimate
	progressPct := 100.0 * float64(totalRowsCopied) / float64(rowsEstimate)

	shouldPrintStatus := false
	if elapsedSeconds <= 60 {
		shouldPrintStatus = true
	} else if progressPct >= 99.0 {
		shouldPrintStatus = true
	} else if progressPct >= 95.0 {
		shouldPrintStatus = (elapsedSeconds%5 == 0)
	} else if elapsedSeconds <= 120 {
		shouldPrintStatus = (elapsedSeconds%5 == 0)
	} else {
		shouldPrintStatus = (elapsedSeconds%30 == 0)
	}
	if !shouldPrintStatus {
		return
	}

	eta := "N/A"
	if isThrottled, throttleReason := this.migrationContext.IsThrottled(); isThrottled {
		eta = fmt.Sprintf("throttled, %s", throttleReason)
	}
	status := fmt.Sprintf("Copy: %d/%d %.1f%%; Backlog: %d/%d; Elapsed: %+v(copy), %+v(total); ETA: %s",
		totalRowsCopied, rowsEstimate, progressPct,
		len(this.applyEventsQueue), cap(this.applyEventsQueue),
		base.PrettifyDurationOutput(this.migrationContext.ElapsedRowCopyTime()), base.PrettifyDurationOutput(elapsedTime),
		eta,
	)
	this.applier.WriteChangelog(
		fmt.Sprintf("copy iteration %d at %d", this.migrationContext.GetIteration(), time.Now().Unix()),
		status,
	)
	fmt.Println(status)
}

func (this *Migrator) initiateHeartbeatListener() {
	ticker := time.Tick((heartbeatIntervalMilliseconds * time.Millisecond) / 2)
	for range ticker {
		go func() error {
			changelogState, err := this.inspector.readChangelogState()
			if err != nil {
				return log.Errore(err)
			}
			for hint, value := range changelogState {
				switch hint {
				case "heartbeat":
					{
						this.onChangelogHeartbeat(value)
					}
				}
			}
			return nil
		}()
	}
}

// initiateStreaming begins treaming of binary log events and registers listeners for such events
func (this *Migrator) initiateStreaming() error {
	this.eventsStreamer = NewEventsStreamer()
	if err := this.eventsStreamer.InitDBConnections(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if this.migrationContext.Noop {
		log.Debugf("Noop operation; not really listening on binlog events")
		return nil
	}
	this.eventsStreamer.AddListener(
		false,
		this.migrationContext.DatabaseName,
		this.migrationContext.GetChangelogTableName(),
		func(dmlEvent *binlog.BinlogDMLEvent) error {
			return this.onChangelogStateEvent(dmlEvent)
		},
	)
	this.eventsStreamer.AddListener(
		true,
		this.migrationContext.DatabaseName,
		this.migrationContext.OriginalTableName,
		func(dmlEvent *binlog.BinlogDMLEvent) error {
			applyEventFunc := func() error {
				return this.applier.ApplyDMLEventQuery(dmlEvent)
			}
			this.applyEventsQueue <- applyEventFunc
			return nil
		},
	)

	go func() {
		log.Debugf("Beginning streaming")
		this.eventsStreamer.StreamEvents(func() bool { return this.canStopStreaming() })
	}()
	return nil
}

func (this *Migrator) initiateApplier() error {
	this.applier = NewApplier()
	if err := this.applier.InitDBConnections(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := this.applier.CreateGhostTable(); err != nil {
		log.Errorf("Unable to create ghost table, see further error details. Perhaps a previous migration failed without dropping the table? Bailing out")
		return err
	}
	if err := this.applier.AlterGhost(); err != nil {
		log.Errorf("Unable to ALTER ghost table, see further error details. Bailing out")
		return err
	}
	if err := this.applier.CreateChangelogTable(); err != nil {
		log.Errorf("Unable to create changelog table, see further error details. Perhaps a previous migration failed without dropping the table? OR is there a running migration? Bailing out")
		return err
	}

	this.applier.WriteChangelogState(string(TablesInPlace))
	go this.applier.InitiateHeartbeat(heartbeatIntervalMilliseconds)
	return nil
}

func (this *Migrator) iterateChunks() error {
	terminateRowIteration := func(err error) error {
		this.rowCopyComplete <- true
		return log.Errore(err)
	}
	if this.migrationContext.Noop {
		log.Debugf("Noop operation; not really copying data")
		return terminateRowIteration(nil)
	}
	if this.migrationContext.MigrationRangeMinValues == nil {
		log.Debugf("No rows found in table. Rowcopy will be implicitly empty")
		return terminateRowIteration(nil)
	}
	for {
		copyRowsFunc := func() error {
			hasFurtherRange, err := this.applier.CalculateNextIterationRangeEndValues()
			if err != nil {
				return terminateRowIteration(err)
			}
			if !hasFurtherRange {
				return terminateRowIteration(nil)
			}
			_, rowsAffected, _, err := this.applier.ApplyIterationInsertQuery()
			if err != nil {
				return terminateRowIteration(err)
			}
			atomic.AddInt64(&this.migrationContext.TotalRowsCopied, rowsAffected)
			atomic.AddInt64(&this.migrationContext.Iteration, 1)
			return nil
		}
		this.copyRowsQueue <- copyRowsFunc
	}
	return nil
}

func (this *Migrator) executeWriteFuncs() error {
	if this.migrationContext.Noop {
		log.Debugf("Noop operation; not really doing writes")
		return nil
	}
	for {
		this.throttle(nil)
		// We give higher priority to event processing, then secondary priority to
		// rowcopy
		select {
		case applyEventFunc := <-this.applyEventsQueue:
			{
				if err := this.retryOperation(applyEventFunc); err != nil {
					return log.Errore(err)
				}
			}
		default:
			{
				select {
				case copyRowsFunc := <-this.copyRowsQueue:
					{
						if err := this.retryOperation(copyRowsFunc); err != nil {
							return log.Errore(err)
						}
					}
				default:
					{
						// Hmmmmm... nothing in the queue; no events, but also no row copy.
						// This is possible upon load. Let's just sleep it over.
						log.Debugf("Getting nothing in the write queue. Sleeping...")
						time.Sleep(time.Second)
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}