qpdf/libqpdf/QPDF_linearization.cc

// See doc/linearization.

#include <qpdf/QPDF.hh>

#include <qpdf/BitStream.hh>
#include <qpdf/BitWriter.hh>
#include <qpdf/Pl_Buffer.hh>
#include <qpdf/Pl_Count.hh>
#include <qpdf/Pl_Flate.hh>
#include <qpdf/QPDFExc.hh>
#include <qpdf/QPDFLogger.hh>
#include <qpdf/QPDFWriter_private.hh>
#include <qpdf/QTC.hh>
#include <qpdf/QUtil.hh>

#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstring>

template <class T, class int_type>
static void
load_vector_int(
    BitStream& bit_stream, int nitems, std::vector<T>& vec, int bits_wanted, int_type T::*field)
{
    bool append = vec.empty();
    // nitems times, read bits_wanted from the given bit stream, storing results in the ith vector
    // entry.

    for (size_t i = 0; i < QIntC::to_size(nitems); ++i) {
        if (append) {
            vec.push_back(T());
        }
        vec.at(i).*field = bit_stream.getBitsInt(QIntC::to_size(bits_wanted));
    }
    if (QIntC::to_int(vec.size()) != nitems) {
        throw std::logic_error("vector has wrong size in load_vector_int");
    }
    // The PDF spec says that each hint table starts at a byte boundary.  Each "row" actually must
    // start on a byte boundary.
    bit_stream.skipToNextByte();
}

template <class T>
static void
load_vector_vector(
    BitStream& bit_stream,
    int nitems1,
    std::vector<T>& vec1,
    int T::*nitems2,
    int bits_wanted,
    std::vector<int> T::*vec2)
{
    // nitems1 times, read nitems2 (from the ith element of vec1) items into the vec2 vector field
    // of the ith item of vec1.
    for (size_t i1 = 0; i1 < QIntC::to_size(nitems1); ++i1) {
        for (int i2 = 0; i2 < vec1.at(i1).*nitems2; ++i2) {
            (vec1.at(i1).*vec2).push_back(bit_stream.getBitsInt(QIntC::to_size(bits_wanted)));
        }
    }
    bit_stream.skipToNextByte();
}

void
QPDF::linearizationWarning(std::string_view msg)
{
    m->linearization_warnings = true;
    warn(qpdf_e_linearization, "", 0, std::string(msg));
}

bool
QPDF::checkLinearization()
{
    bool result = false;
    try {
        readLinearizationData();
        result = checkLinearizationInternal();
    } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
        linearizationWarning(
            "error encountered while checking linearization data: " + std::string(e.what()));
    }
    return result;
}

bool
QPDF::isLinearized()
{
    // If the first object in the file is a dictionary with a suitable /Linearized key and has an /L
    // key that accurately indicates the file size, initialize m->lindict and return true.

    // A linearized PDF spec's first object will be contained within the first 1024 bytes of the
    // file and will be a dictionary with a valid /Linearized key.  This routine looks for that and
    // does no additional validation.

    // The PDF spec says the linearization dictionary must be completely contained within the first
    // 1024 bytes of the file. Add a byte for a null terminator.
    static int const tbuf_size = 1025;

    auto b = std::make_unique<char[]>(tbuf_size);
    char* buf = b.get();
    m->file->seek(0, SEEK_SET);
    memset(buf, '\0', tbuf_size);
    m->file->read(buf, tbuf_size - 1);

    int lindict_obj = -1;
    char* p = buf;
    while (lindict_obj == -1) {
        // Find a digit or end of buffer
        while (((p - buf) < tbuf_size) && (!QUtil::is_digit(*p))) {
            ++p;
        }
        if (p - buf == tbuf_size) {
            break;
        }
        // Seek to the digit. Then skip over digits for a potential
        // next iteration.
        m->file->seek(p - buf, SEEK_SET);
        while (((p - buf) < tbuf_size) && QUtil::is_digit(*p)) {
            ++p;
        }

        QPDFTokenizer::Token t1 = readToken(m->file);
        if (t1.isInteger() && readToken(m->file).isInteger() && readToken(m->file).isWord("obj") &&
            (readToken(m->file).getType() == QPDFTokenizer::tt_dict_open)) {
            lindict_obj = toI(QUtil::string_to_ll(t1.getValue().c_str()));
        }
    }

    if (lindict_obj <= 0) {
        return false;
    }

    auto candidate = getObjectByID(lindict_obj, 0);
    if (!candidate.isDictionary()) {
        return false;
    }

    QPDFObjectHandle linkey = candidate.getKey("/Linearized");
    if (!(linkey.isNumber() && (toI(floor(linkey.getNumericValue())) == 1))) {
        return false;
    }

    QPDFObjectHandle L = candidate.getKey("/L");
    if (L.isInteger()) {
        qpdf_offset_t Li = L.getIntValue();
        m->file->seek(0, SEEK_END);
        if (Li != m->file->tell()) {
            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF /L mismatch");
            return false;
        } else {
            m->linp.file_size = Li;
        }
    }

    m->lindict = candidate;

    return true;
}

void
QPDF::readLinearizationData()
{
    // This function throws an exception (which is trapped by checkLinearization()) for any errors
    // that prevent loading.

    if (!isLinearized()) {
        throw std::logic_error("called readLinearizationData for file"
                               " that is not linearized");
    }

    // /L is read and stored in linp by isLinearized()
    QPDFObjectHandle H = m->lindict.getKey("/H");
    QPDFObjectHandle O = m->lindict.getKey("/O");
    QPDFObjectHandle E = m->lindict.getKey("/E");
    QPDFObjectHandle N = m->lindict.getKey("/N");
    QPDFObjectHandle T = m->lindict.getKey("/T");
    QPDFObjectHandle P = m->lindict.getKey("/P");

    if (!(H.isArray() && O.isInteger() && E.isInteger() && N.isInteger() && T.isInteger() &&
          (P.isInteger() || P.isNull()))) {
        throw damagedPDF(
            "linearization dictionary",
            "some keys in linearization dictionary are of the wrong type");
    }

    // Hint table array: offset length [ offset length ]
    size_t n_H_items = toS(H.getArrayNItems());
    if (!((n_H_items == 2) || (n_H_items == 4))) {
        throw damagedPDF("linearization dictionary", "H has the wrong number of items");
    }

    std::vector<int> H_items;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < n_H_items; ++i) {
        QPDFObjectHandle oh(H.getArrayItem(toI(i)));
        if (oh.isInteger()) {
            H_items.push_back(oh.getIntValueAsInt());
        } else {
            throw damagedPDF("linearization dictionary", "some H items are of the wrong type");
        }
    }

    // H: hint table offset/length for primary and overflow hint tables
    int H0_offset = H_items.at(0);
    int H0_length = H_items.at(1);
    int H1_offset = 0;
    int H1_length = 0;
    if (H_items.size() == 4) {
        // Acrobat doesn't read or write these (as PDF 1.4), so we don't have a way to generate a
        // test case.
        // QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF overflow hint table");
        H1_offset = H_items.at(2);
        H1_length = H_items.at(3);
    }

    // P: first page number
    int first_page = 0;
    if (P.isInteger()) {
        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF P present in lindict");
        first_page = P.getIntValueAsInt();
    } else {
        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF P absent in lindict");
    }

    // Store linearization parameter data

    // Various places in the code use linp.npages, which is initialized from N, to pre-allocate
    // memory, so make sure it's accurate and bail right now if it's not.
    if (N.getIntValue() != static_cast<long long>(getAllPages().size())) {
        throw damagedPDF("linearization hint table", "/N does not match number of pages");
    }

    // file_size initialized by isLinearized()
    m->linp.first_page_object = O.getIntValueAsInt();
    m->linp.first_page_end = E.getIntValue();
    m->linp.npages = N.getIntValueAsInt();
    m->linp.xref_zero_offset = T.getIntValue();
    m->linp.first_page = first_page;
    m->linp.H_offset = H0_offset;
    m->linp.H_length = H0_length;

    // Read hint streams

    Pl_Buffer pb("hint buffer");
    QPDFObjectHandle H0 = readHintStream(pb, H0_offset, toS(H0_length));
    if (H1_offset) {
        (void)readHintStream(pb, H1_offset, toS(H1_length));
    }

    // PDF 1.4 hint tables that we ignore:

    //  /T    thumbnail
    //  /A    thread information
    //  /E    named destination
    //  /V    interactive form
    //  /I    information dictionary
    //  /C    logical structure
    //  /L    page label

    // Individual hint table offsets
    QPDFObjectHandle HS = H0.getKey("/S"); // shared object
    QPDFObjectHandle HO = H0.getKey("/O"); // outline

    auto hbp = pb.getBufferSharedPointer();
    Buffer* hb = hbp.get();
    unsigned char const* h_buf = hb->getBuffer();
    size_t h_size = hb->getSize();

    readHPageOffset(BitStream(h_buf, h_size));

    int HSi = HS.getIntValueAsInt();
    if ((HSi < 0) || (toS(HSi) >= h_size)) {
        throw damagedPDF("linearization hint table", "/S (shared object) offset is out of bounds");
    }
    readHSharedObject(BitStream(h_buf + HSi, h_size - toS(HSi)));

    if (HO.isInteger()) {
        int HOi = HO.getIntValueAsInt();
        if ((HOi < 0) || (toS(HOi) >= h_size)) {
            throw damagedPDF("linearization hint table", "/O (outline) offset is out of bounds");
        }
        readHGeneric(BitStream(h_buf + HOi, h_size - toS(HOi)), m->outline_hints);
    }
}

QPDFObjectHandle
QPDF::readHintStream(Pipeline& pl, qpdf_offset_t offset, size_t length)
{
    QPDFObjGen og;
    QPDFObjectHandle H =
        readObjectAtOffset(false, offset, "linearization hint stream", QPDFObjGen(0, 0), og, false);
    ObjCache& oc = m->obj_cache[og];
    qpdf_offset_t min_end_offset = oc.end_before_space;
    qpdf_offset_t max_end_offset = oc.end_after_space;
    if (!H.isStream()) {
        throw damagedPDF("linearization dictionary", "hint table is not a stream");
    }

    QPDFObjectHandle Hdict = H.getDict();

    // Some versions of Acrobat make /Length indirect and place it immediately after the stream,
    // increasing length to cover it, even though the specification says all objects in the
    // linearization parameter dictionary must be direct.  We have to get the file position of the
    // end of length in this case.
    QPDFObjectHandle length_obj = Hdict.getKey("/Length");
    if (length_obj.isIndirect()) {
        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF hint table length indirect");
        // Force resolution
        (void)length_obj.getIntValue();
        ObjCache& oc2 = m->obj_cache[length_obj.getObjGen()];
        min_end_offset = oc2.end_before_space;
        max_end_offset = oc2.end_after_space;
    } else {
        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF hint table length direct");
    }
    qpdf_offset_t computed_end = offset + toO(length);
    if ((computed_end < min_end_offset) || (computed_end > max_end_offset)) {
        linearizationWarning(
            "expected = " + std::to_string(computed_end) +
            "; actual = " + std::to_string(min_end_offset) + ".." + std::to_string(max_end_offset));
        throw damagedPDF("linearization dictionary", "hint table length mismatch");
    }
    H.pipeStreamData(&pl, 0, qpdf_dl_specialized);
    return Hdict;
}

void
QPDF::readHPageOffset(BitStream h)
{
    // All comments referring to the PDF spec refer to the spec for version 1.4.

    HPageOffset& t = m->page_offset_hints;

    t.min_nobjects = h.getBitsInt(32);               // 1
    t.first_page_offset = h.getBitsInt(32);          // 2
    t.nbits_delta_nobjects = h.getBitsInt(16);       // 3
    t.min_page_length = h.getBitsInt(32);            // 4
    t.nbits_delta_page_length = h.getBitsInt(16);    // 5
    t.min_content_offset = h.getBitsInt(32);         // 6
    t.nbits_delta_content_offset = h.getBitsInt(16); // 7
    t.min_content_length = h.getBitsInt(32);         // 8
    t.nbits_delta_content_length = h.getBitsInt(16); // 9
    t.nbits_nshared_objects = h.getBitsInt(16);      // 10
    t.nbits_shared_identifier = h.getBitsInt(16);    // 11
    t.nbits_shared_numerator = h.getBitsInt(16);     // 12
    t.shared_denominator = h.getBitsInt(16);         // 13

    std::vector<HPageOffsetEntry>& entries = t.entries;
    entries.clear();
    int nitems = m->linp.npages;
    load_vector_int(h, nitems, entries, t.nbits_delta_nobjects, &HPageOffsetEntry::delta_nobjects);
    load_vector_int(
        h, nitems, entries, t.nbits_delta_page_length, &HPageOffsetEntry::delta_page_length);
    load_vector_int(
        h, nitems, entries, t.nbits_nshared_objects, &HPageOffsetEntry::nshared_objects);
    load_vector_vector(
        h,
        nitems,
        entries,
        &HPageOffsetEntry::nshared_objects,
        t.nbits_shared_identifier,
        &HPageOffsetEntry::shared_identifiers);
    load_vector_vector(
        h,
        nitems,
        entries,
        &HPageOffsetEntry::nshared_objects,
        t.nbits_shared_numerator,
        &HPageOffsetEntry::shared_numerators);
    load_vector_int(
        h, nitems, entries, t.nbits_delta_content_offset, &HPageOffsetEntry::delta_content_offset);
    load_vector_int(
        h, nitems, entries, t.nbits_delta_content_length, &HPageOffsetEntry::delta_content_length);
}

void
QPDF::readHSharedObject(BitStream h)
{
    HSharedObject& t = m->shared_object_hints;

    t.first_shared_obj = h.getBitsInt(32);         // 1
    t.first_shared_offset = h.getBitsInt(32);      // 2
    t.nshared_first_page = h.getBitsInt(32);       // 3
    t.nshared_total = h.getBitsInt(32);            // 4
    t.nbits_nobjects = h.getBitsInt(16);           // 5
    t.min_group_length = h.getBitsInt(32);         // 6
    t.nbits_delta_group_length = h.getBitsInt(16); // 7

    QTC::TC(
        "qpdf",
        "QPDF lin nshared_total > nshared_first_page",
        (t.nshared_total > t.nshared_first_page) ? 1 : 0);

    std::vector<HSharedObjectEntry>& entries = t.entries;
    entries.clear();
    int nitems = t.nshared_total;
    load_vector_int(
        h, nitems, entries, t.nbits_delta_group_length, &HSharedObjectEntry::delta_group_length);
    load_vector_int(h, nitems, entries, 1, &HSharedObjectEntry::signature_present);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < toS(nitems); ++i) {
        if (entries.at(i).signature_present) {
            // Skip 128-bit MD5 hash.  These are not supported by acrobat, so they should probably
            // never be there.  We have no test case for this.
            for (int j = 0; j < 4; ++j) {
                (void)h.getBits(32);
            }
        }
    }
    load_vector_int(h, nitems, entries, t.nbits_nobjects, &HSharedObjectEntry::nobjects_minus_one);
}

void
QPDF::readHGeneric(BitStream h, HGeneric& t)
{
    t.first_object = h.getBitsInt(32);        // 1
    t.first_object_offset = h.getBitsInt(32); // 2
    t.nobjects = h.getBitsInt(32);            // 3
    t.group_length = h.getBitsInt(32);        // 4
}

bool
QPDF::checkLinearizationInternal()
{
    // All comments referring to the PDF spec refer to the spec for version 1.4.

    // Check all values in linearization parameter dictionary

    LinParameters& p = m->linp;

    // L: file size in bytes -- checked by isLinearized

    // O: object number of first page
    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const& pages = getAllPages();
    if (p.first_page_object != pages.at(0).getObjectID()) {
        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF err /O mismatch");
        linearizationWarning("first page object (/O) mismatch");
    }

    // N: number of pages
    int npages = toI(pages.size());
    if (p.npages != npages) {
        // Not tested in the test suite
        linearizationWarning("page count (/N) mismatch");
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < toS(npages); ++i) {
        QPDFObjectHandle const& page = pages.at(i);
        QPDFObjGen og(page.getObjGen());
        if (m->xref_table[og].getType() == 2) {
            linearizationWarning(
                "page dictionary for page " + std::to_string(i) + " is compressed");
        }
    }

    // T: offset of whitespace character preceding xref entry for object 0
    m->file->seek(p.xref_zero_offset, SEEK_SET);
    while (true) {
        char ch;
        m->file->read(&ch, 1);
        if (!((ch == ' ') || (ch == '\r') || (ch == '\n'))) {
            m->file->seek(-1, SEEK_CUR);
            break;
        }
    }
    if (m->file->tell() != m->first_xref_item_offset) {
        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF err /T mismatch");
        linearizationWarning(
            "space before first xref item (/T) mismatch "
            "(computed = " +
            std::to_string(m->first_xref_item_offset) +
            "; file = " + std::to_string(m->file->tell()));
    }

    // P: first page number -- Implementation note 124 says Acrobat ignores this value, so we will
    // too.

    // Check numbering of compressed objects in each xref section. For linearized files, all
    // compressed objects are supposed to be at the end of the containing xref section if any object
    // streams are in use.

    if (m->uncompressed_after_compressed) {
        linearizationWarning("linearized file contains an uncompressed object after a compressed "
                             "one in a cross-reference stream");
    }

    // Further checking requires optimization and order calculation. Don't allow optimization to
    // make changes.  If it has to, then the file is not properly linearized.  We use the xref table
    // to figure out which objects are compressed and which are uncompressed.
    { // local scope
        std::map<int, int> object_stream_data;
        for (auto const& iter: m->xref_table) {
            QPDFObjGen const& og = iter.first;
            QPDFXRefEntry const& entry = iter.second;
            if (entry.getType() == 2) {
                object_stream_data[og.getObj()] = entry.getObjStreamNumber();
            }
        }
        optimize(object_stream_data, false);
        calculateLinearizationData(object_stream_data);
    }

    // E: offset of end of first page -- Implementation note 123 says Acrobat includes on extra
    // object here by mistake.  pdlin fails to place thumbnail images in section 9, so when
    // thumbnails are present, it also gets the wrong value for /E.  It also doesn't count outlines
    // here when it should even though it places them in part 6.  This code fails to put thread
    // information dictionaries in part 9, so it actually gets the wrong value for E when threads
    // are present.  In that case, it would probably agree with pdlin.  As of this writing, the test
    // suite doesn't contain any files with threads.

    if (m->part6.empty()) {
        stopOnError("linearization part 6 unexpectedly empty");
    }
    qpdf_offset_t min_E = -1;
    qpdf_offset_t max_E = -1;
    for (auto const& oh: m->part6) {
        QPDFObjGen og(oh.getObjGen());
        if (m->obj_cache.count(og) == 0) {
            // All objects have to have been dereferenced to be classified.
            throw std::logic_error("linearization part6 object not in cache");
        }
        ObjCache const& oc = m->obj_cache[og];
        min_E = std::max(min_E, oc.end_before_space);
        max_E = std::max(max_E, oc.end_after_space);
    }
    if ((p.first_page_end < min_E) || (p.first_page_end > max_E)) {
        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF warn /E mismatch");
        linearizationWarning(
            "end of first page section (/E) mismatch: /E = " + std::to_string(p.first_page_end) +
            "; computed = " + std::to_string(min_E) + ".." + std::to_string(max_E));
    }

    // Check hint tables

    std::map<int, int> shared_idx_to_obj;
    checkHSharedObject(pages, shared_idx_to_obj);
    checkHPageOffset(pages, shared_idx_to_obj);
    checkHOutlines();

    return !m->linearization_warnings;
}

qpdf_offset_t
QPDF::maxEnd(ObjUser const& ou)
{
    if (m->obj_user_to_objects.count(ou) == 0) {
        stopOnError("no entry in object user table for requested object user");
    }
    qpdf_offset_t end = 0;
    for (auto const& og: m->obj_user_to_objects[ou]) {
        if (m->obj_cache.count(og) == 0) {
            stopOnError("unknown object referenced in object user table");
        }
        end = std::max(end, m->obj_cache[og].end_after_space);
    }
    return end;
}

qpdf_offset_t
QPDF::getLinearizationOffset(QPDFObjGen const& og)
{
    QPDFXRefEntry entry = m->xref_table[og];
    qpdf_offset_t result = 0;
    switch (entry.getType()) {
    case 1:
        result = entry.getOffset();
        break;

    case 2:
        // For compressed objects, return the offset of the object stream that contains them.
        result = getLinearizationOffset(QPDFObjGen(entry.getObjStreamNumber(), 0));
        break;

    default:
        stopOnError("getLinearizationOffset called for xref entry not of type 1 or 2");
        break;
    }
    return result;
}

QPDFObjectHandle
QPDF::getUncompressedObject(QPDFObjectHandle& obj, std::map<int, int> const& object_stream_data)
{
    if (obj.isNull() || (object_stream_data.count(obj.getObjectID()) == 0)) {
        return obj;
    } else {
        int repl = (*(object_stream_data.find(obj.getObjectID()))).second;
        return getObject(repl, 0);
    }
}

int
QPDF::lengthNextN(int first_object, int n)
{
    int length = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        QPDFObjGen og(first_object + i, 0);
        if (m->xref_table.count(og) == 0) {
            linearizationWarning(
                "no xref table entry for " + std::to_string(first_object + i) + " 0");
        } else {
            if (m->obj_cache.count(og) == 0) {
                stopOnError("found unknown object while calculating length for linearization data");
            }
            length += toI(m->obj_cache[og].end_after_space - getLinearizationOffset(og));
        }
    }
    return length;
}

void
QPDF::checkHPageOffset(
    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const& pages, std::map<int, int>& shared_idx_to_obj)
{
    // Implementation note 126 says Acrobat always sets delta_content_offset and
    // delta_content_length in the page offset header dictionary to 0.  It also states that
    // min_content_offset in the per-page information is always 0, which is an incorrect value.

    // Implementation note 127 explains that Acrobat always sets item 8 (min_content_length) to
    // zero, item 9 (nbits_delta_content_length) to the value of item 5 (nbits_delta_page_length),
    // and item 7 of each per-page hint table (delta_content_length) to item 2 (delta_page_length)
    // of that entry.  Acrobat ignores these values when reading files.

    // Empirically, it also seems that Acrobat sometimes puts items under a page's /Resources
    // dictionary in with shared objects even when they are private.

    int npages = toI(pages.size());
    qpdf_offset_t table_offset = adjusted_offset(m->page_offset_hints.first_page_offset);
    QPDFObjGen first_page_og(pages.at(0).getObjGen());
    if (m->xref_table.count(first_page_og) == 0) {
        stopOnError("supposed first page object is not known");
    }
    qpdf_offset_t offset = getLinearizationOffset(first_page_og);
    if (table_offset != offset) {
        linearizationWarning("first page object offset mismatch");
    }

    for (int pageno = 0; pageno < npages; ++pageno) {
        QPDFObjGen page_og(pages.at(toS(pageno)).getObjGen());
        int first_object = page_og.getObj();
        if (m->xref_table.count(page_og) == 0) {
            stopOnError("unknown object in page offset hint table");
        }
        offset = getLinearizationOffset(page_og);

        HPageOffsetEntry& he = m->page_offset_hints.entries.at(toS(pageno));
        CHPageOffsetEntry& ce = m->c_page_offset_data.entries.at(toS(pageno));
        int h_nobjects = he.delta_nobjects + m->page_offset_hints.min_nobjects;
        if (h_nobjects != ce.nobjects) {
            // This happens with pdlin when there are thumbnails.
            linearizationWarning(
                "object count mismatch for page " + std::to_string(pageno) + ": hint table = " +
                std::to_string(h_nobjects) + "; computed = " + std::to_string(ce.nobjects));
        }

        // Use value for number of objects in hint table rather than computed value if there is a
        // discrepancy.
        int length = lengthNextN(first_object, h_nobjects);
        int h_length = toI(he.delta_page_length + m->page_offset_hints.min_page_length);
        if (length != h_length) {
            // This condition almost certainly indicates a bad hint table or a bug in this code.
            linearizationWarning(
                "page length mismatch for page " + std::to_string(pageno) + ": hint table = " +
                std::to_string(h_length) + "; computed length = " + std::to_string(length) +
                " (offset = " + std::to_string(offset) + ")");
        }

        offset += h_length;

        // Translate shared object indexes to object numbers.
        std::set<int> hint_shared;
        std::set<int> computed_shared;

        if ((pageno == 0) && (he.nshared_objects > 0)) {
            // pdlin and Acrobat both do this even though the spec states clearly and unambiguously
            // that they should not.
            linearizationWarning("page 0 has shared identifier entries");
        }

        for (size_t i = 0; i < toS(he.nshared_objects); ++i) {
            int idx = he.shared_identifiers.at(i);
            if (shared_idx_to_obj.count(idx) == 0) {
                stopOnError("unable to get object for item in"
                            " shared objects hint table");
            }
            hint_shared.insert(shared_idx_to_obj[idx]);
        }

        for (size_t i = 0; i < toS(ce.nshared_objects); ++i) {
            int idx = ce.shared_identifiers.at(i);
            if (idx >= m->c_shared_object_data.nshared_total) {
                stopOnError("index out of bounds for shared object hint table");
            }
            int obj = m->c_shared_object_data.entries.at(toS(idx)).object;
            computed_shared.insert(obj);
        }

        for (int iter: hint_shared) {
            if (!computed_shared.count(iter)) {
                // pdlin puts thumbnails here even though it shouldn't
                linearizationWarning(
                    "page " + std::to_string(pageno) + ": shared object " + std::to_string(iter) +
                    ": in hint table but not computed list");
            }
        }

        for (int iter: computed_shared) {
            if (!hint_shared.count(iter)) {
                // Acrobat does not put some things including at least built-in fonts and procsets
                // here, at least in some cases.
                linearizationWarning(
                    ("page " + std::to_string(pageno) + ": shared object " + std::to_string(iter) +
                     ": in computed list but not hint table"));
            }
        }
    }
}

void
QPDF::checkHSharedObject(std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const& pages, std::map<int, int>& idx_to_obj)
{
    // Implementation note 125 says shared object groups always contain only one object.
    // Implementation note 128 says that Acrobat always nbits_nobjects to zero.  Implementation note
    // 130 says that Acrobat does not support more than one shared object per group.  These are all
    // consistent.

    // Implementation note 129 states that MD5 signatures are not implemented in Acrobat, so
    // signature_present must always be zero.

    // Implementation note 131 states that first_shared_obj and first_shared_offset have meaningless
    // values for single-page files.

    // Empirically, Acrobat and pdlin generate incorrect values for these whenever there are no
    // shared objects not referenced by the first page (i.e., nshared_total == nshared_first_page).

    HSharedObject& so = m->shared_object_hints;
    if (so.nshared_total < so.nshared_first_page) {
        linearizationWarning("shared object hint table: ntotal < nfirst_page");
    } else {
        // The first nshared_first_page objects are consecutive objects starting with the first page
        // object.  The rest are consecutive starting from the first_shared_obj object.
        int cur_object = pages.at(0).getObjectID();
        for (int i = 0; i < so.nshared_total; ++i) {
            if (i == so.nshared_first_page) {
                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF lin check shared past first page");
                if (m->part8.empty()) {
                    linearizationWarning("part 8 is empty but nshared_total > "
                                         "nshared_first_page");
                } else {
                    int obj = m->part8.at(0).getObjectID();
                    if (obj != so.first_shared_obj) {
                        linearizationWarning(
                            "first shared object number mismatch: "
                            "hint table = " +
                            std::to_string(so.first_shared_obj) +
                            "; computed = " + std::to_string(obj));
                    }
                }

                cur_object = so.first_shared_obj;

                QPDFObjGen og(cur_object, 0);
                if (m->xref_table.count(og) == 0) {
                    stopOnError("unknown object in shared object hint table");
                }
                qpdf_offset_t offset = getLinearizationOffset(og);
                qpdf_offset_t h_offset = adjusted_offset(so.first_shared_offset);
                if (offset != h_offset) {
                    linearizationWarning(
                        "first shared object offset mismatch: hint table = " +
                        std::to_string(h_offset) + "; computed = " + std::to_string(offset));
                }
            }

            idx_to_obj[i] = cur_object;
            HSharedObjectEntry& se = so.entries.at(toS(i));
            int nobjects = se.nobjects_minus_one + 1;
            int length = lengthNextN(cur_object, nobjects);
            int h_length = so.min_group_length + se.delta_group_length;
            if (length != h_length) {
                linearizationWarning(
                    "shared object " + std::to_string(i) + " length mismatch: hint table = " +
                    std::to_string(h_length) + "; computed = " + std::to_string(length));
            }
            cur_object += nobjects;
        }
    }
}

void
QPDF::checkHOutlines()
{
    // Empirically, Acrobat generates the correct value for the object number but incorrectly stores
    // the next object number's offset as the offset, at least when outlines appear in part 6.  It
    // also generates an incorrect value for length (specifically, the length that would cover the
    // correct number of objects from the wrong starting place).  pdlin appears to generate correct
    // values in those cases.

    if (m->c_outline_data.nobjects == m->outline_hints.nobjects) {
        if (m->c_outline_data.nobjects == 0) {
            return;
        }

        if (m->c_outline_data.first_object == m->outline_hints.first_object) {
            // Check length and offset.  Acrobat gets these wrong.
            QPDFObjectHandle outlines = getRoot().getKey("/Outlines");
            if (!outlines.isIndirect()) {
                // This case is not exercised in test suite since not permitted by the spec, but if
                // this does occur, the code below would fail.
                linearizationWarning("/Outlines key of root dictionary is not indirect");
                return;
            }
            QPDFObjGen og(outlines.getObjGen());
            if (m->xref_table.count(og) == 0) {
                stopOnError("unknown object in outlines hint table");
            }
            qpdf_offset_t offset = getLinearizationOffset(og);
            ObjUser ou(ObjUser::ou_root_key, "/Outlines");
            int length = toI(maxEnd(ou) - offset);
            qpdf_offset_t table_offset = adjusted_offset(m->outline_hints.first_object_offset);
            if (offset != table_offset) {
                linearizationWarning(
                    "incorrect offset in outlines table: hint table = " +
                    std::to_string(table_offset) + "; computed = " + std::to_string(offset));
            }
            int table_length = m->outline_hints.group_length;
            if (length != table_length) {
                linearizationWarning(
                    "incorrect length in outlines table: hint table = " +
                    std::to_string(table_length) + "; computed = " + std::to_string(length));
            }
        } else {
            linearizationWarning("incorrect first object number in outline "
                                 "hints table.");
        }
    } else {
        linearizationWarning("incorrect object count in outline hint table");
    }
}

void
QPDF::showLinearizationData()
{
    try {
        readLinearizationData();
        checkLinearizationInternal();
        dumpLinearizationDataInternal();
    } catch (QPDFExc& e) {
        linearizationWarning(e.what());
    }
}

void
QPDF::dumpLinearizationDataInternal()
{
    *m->log->getInfo() << m->file->getName() << ": linearization data:\n\n";

    *m->log->getInfo() << "file_size: " << m->linp.file_size << "\n"
                       << "first_page_object: " << m->linp.first_page_object << "\n"
                       << "first_page_end: " << m->linp.first_page_end << "\n"
                       << "npages: " << m->linp.npages << "\n"
                       << "xref_zero_offset: " << m->linp.xref_zero_offset << "\n"
                       << "first_page: " << m->linp.first_page << "\n"
                       << "H_offset: " << m->linp.H_offset << "\n"
                       << "H_length: " << m->linp.H_length << "\n"
                       << "\n";

    *m->log->getInfo() << "Page Offsets Hint Table\n\n";
    dumpHPageOffset();
    *m->log->getInfo() << "\nShared Objects Hint Table\n\n";
    dumpHSharedObject();

    if (m->outline_hints.nobjects > 0) {
        *m->log->getInfo() << "\nOutlines Hint Table\n\n";
        dumpHGeneric(m->outline_hints);
    }
}

qpdf_offset_t
QPDF::adjusted_offset(qpdf_offset_t offset)
{
    // All offsets >= H_offset have to be increased by H_length since all hint table location values
    // disregard the hint table itself.
    if (offset >= m->linp.H_offset) {
        return offset + m->linp.H_length;
    }
    return offset;
}

void
QPDF::dumpHPageOffset()
{
    HPageOffset& t = m->page_offset_hints;
    *m->log->getInfo() << "min_nobjects: " << t.min_nobjects << "\n"
                       << "first_page_offset: " << adjusted_offset(t.first_page_offset) << "\n"
                       << "nbits_delta_nobjects: " << t.nbits_delta_nobjects << "\n"
                       << "min_page_length: " << t.min_page_length << "\n"
                       << "nbits_delta_page_length: " << t.nbits_delta_page_length << "\n"
                       << "min_content_offset: " << t.min_content_offset << "\n"
                       << "nbits_delta_content_offset: " << t.nbits_delta_content_offset << "\n"
                       << "min_content_length: " << t.min_content_length << "\n"
                       << "nbits_delta_content_length: " << t.nbits_delta_content_length << "\n"
                       << "nbits_nshared_objects: " << t.nbits_nshared_objects << "\n"
                       << "nbits_shared_identifier: " << t.nbits_shared_identifier << "\n"
                       << "nbits_shared_numerator: " << t.nbits_shared_numerator << "\n"
                       << "shared_denominator: " << t.shared_denominator << "\n";

    for (size_t i1 = 0; i1 < toS(m->linp.npages); ++i1) {
        HPageOffsetEntry& pe = t.entries.at(i1);
        *m->log->getInfo() << "Page " << i1 << ":\n"
                           << "  nobjects: " << pe.delta_nobjects + t.min_nobjects << "\n"
                           << "  length: " << pe.delta_page_length + t.min_page_length
                           << "\n"
                           // content offset is relative to page, not file
                           << "  content_offset: " << pe.delta_content_offset + t.min_content_offset
                           << "\n"
                           << "  content_length: " << pe.delta_content_length + t.min_content_length
                           << "\n"
                           << "  nshared_objects: " << pe.nshared_objects << "\n";
        for (size_t i2 = 0; i2 < toS(pe.nshared_objects); ++i2) {
            *m->log->getInfo() << "    identifier " << i2 << ": " << pe.shared_identifiers.at(i2)
                               << "\n";
            *m->log->getInfo() << "    numerator " << i2 << ": " << pe.shared_numerators.at(i2)
                               << "\n";
        }
    }
}

void
QPDF::dumpHSharedObject()
{
    HSharedObject& t = m->shared_object_hints;
    *m->log->getInfo() << "first_shared_obj: " << t.first_shared_obj << "\n"
                       << "first_shared_offset: " << adjusted_offset(t.first_shared_offset) << "\n"
                       << "nshared_first_page: " << t.nshared_first_page << "\n"
                       << "nshared_total: " << t.nshared_total << "\n"
                       << "nbits_nobjects: " << t.nbits_nobjects << "\n"
                       << "min_group_length: " << t.min_group_length << "\n"
                       << "nbits_delta_group_length: " << t.nbits_delta_group_length << "\n";

    for (size_t i = 0; i < toS(t.nshared_total); ++i) {
        HSharedObjectEntry& se = t.entries.at(i);
        *m->log->getInfo() << "Shared Object " << i << ":\n"
                           << "  group length: " << se.delta_group_length + t.min_group_length
                           << "\n";
        // PDF spec says signature present nobjects_minus_one are always 0, so print them only if
        // they have a non-zero value.
        if (se.signature_present) {
            *m->log->getInfo() << "  signature present\n";
        }
        if (se.nobjects_minus_one != 0) {
            *m->log->getInfo() << "  nobjects: " << se.nobjects_minus_one + 1 << "\n";
        }
    }
}

void
QPDF::dumpHGeneric(HGeneric& t)
{
    *m->log->getInfo() << "first_object: " << t.first_object << "\n"
                       << "first_object_offset: " << adjusted_offset(t.first_object_offset) << "\n"
                       << "nobjects: " << t.nobjects << "\n"
                       << "group_length: " << t.group_length << "\n";
}

void
QPDF::calculateLinearizationData(std::map<int, int> const& object_stream_data)
{
    // This function calculates the ordering of objects, divides them into the appropriate parts,
    // and computes some values for the linearization parameter dictionary and hint tables.  The
    // file must be optimized (via calling optimize()) prior to calling this function.  Note that
    // actual offsets and lengths are not computed here, but anything related to object ordering is.

    if (m->object_to_obj_users.empty()) {
        // Note that we can't call optimize here because we don't know whether it should be called
        // with or without allow changes.
        throw std::logic_error(
            "INTERNAL ERROR: QPDF::calculateLinearizationData called before optimize()");
    }

    // Separate objects into the categories sufficient for us to determine which part of the
    // linearized file should contain the object.  This categorization is useful for other purposes
    // as well.  Part numbers refer to version 1.4 of the PDF spec.

    // Parts 1, 3, 5, 10, and 11 don't contain any objects from the original file (except the
    // trailer dictionary in part 11).

    // Part 4 is the document catalog (root) and the following root keys: /ViewerPreferences,
    // /PageMode, /Threads, /OpenAction, /AcroForm, /Encrypt.  Note that Thread information
    // dictionaries are supposed to appear in part 9, but we are disregarding that recommendation
    // for now.

    // Part 6 is the first page section.  It includes all remaining objects referenced by the first
    // page including shared objects but not including thumbnails.  Additionally, if /PageMode is
    // /Outlines, then information from /Outlines also appears here.

    // Part 7 contains remaining objects private to pages other than the first page.

    // Part 8 contains all remaining shared objects except those that are shared only within
    // thumbnails.

    // Part 9 contains all remaining objects.

    // We sort objects into the following categories:

    //   * open_document: part 4

    //   * first_page_private: part 6

    //   * first_page_shared: part 6

    //   * other_page_private: part 7

    //   * other_page_shared: part 8

    //   * thumbnail_private: part 9

    //   * thumbnail_shared: part 9

    //   * other: part 9

    //   * outlines: part 6 or 9

    m->part4.clear();
    m->part6.clear();
    m->part7.clear();
    m->part8.clear();
    m->part9.clear();
    m->c_linp = LinParameters();
    m->c_page_offset_data = CHPageOffset();
    m->c_shared_object_data = CHSharedObject();
    m->c_outline_data = HGeneric();

    QPDFObjectHandle root = getRoot();
    bool outlines_in_first_page = false;
    QPDFObjectHandle pagemode = root.getKey("/PageMode");
    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF categorize pagemode present", pagemode.isName() ? 1 : 0);
    if (pagemode.isName()) {
        if (pagemode.getName() == "/UseOutlines") {
            if (root.hasKey("/Outlines")) {
                outlines_in_first_page = true;
            } else {
                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF UseOutlines but no Outlines");
            }
        }
        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF categorize pagemode outlines", outlines_in_first_page ? 1 : 0);
    }

    std::set<std::string> open_document_keys;
    open_document_keys.insert("/ViewerPreferences");
    open_document_keys.insert("/PageMode");
    open_document_keys.insert("/Threads");
    open_document_keys.insert("/OpenAction");
    open_document_keys.insert("/AcroForm");

    std::set<QPDFObjGen> lc_open_document;
    std::set<QPDFObjGen> lc_first_page_private;
    std::set<QPDFObjGen> lc_first_page_shared;
    std::set<QPDFObjGen> lc_other_page_private;
    std::set<QPDFObjGen> lc_other_page_shared;
    std::set<QPDFObjGen> lc_thumbnail_private;
    std::set<QPDFObjGen> lc_thumbnail_shared;
    std::set<QPDFObjGen> lc_other;
    std::set<QPDFObjGen> lc_outlines;
    std::set<QPDFObjGen> lc_root;

    for (auto& oiter: m->object_to_obj_users) {
        QPDFObjGen const& og = oiter.first;
        std::set<ObjUser>& ous = oiter.second;

        bool in_open_document = false;
        bool in_first_page = false;
        int other_pages = 0;
        int thumbs = 0;
        int others = 0;
        bool in_outlines = false;
        bool is_root = false;

        for (auto const& ou: ous) {
            switch (ou.ou_type) {
            case ObjUser::ou_trailer_key:
                if (ou.key == "/Encrypt") {
                    in_open_document = true;
                } else {
                    ++others;
                }
                break;

            case ObjUser::ou_thumb:
                ++thumbs;
                break;

            case ObjUser::ou_root_key:
                if (open_document_keys.count(ou.key) > 0) {
                    in_open_document = true;
                } else if (ou.key == "/Outlines") {
                    in_outlines = true;
                } else {
                    ++others;
                }
                break;

            case ObjUser::ou_page:
                if (ou.pageno == 0) {
                    in_first_page = true;
                } else {
                    ++other_pages;
                }
                break;

            case ObjUser::ou_root:
                is_root = true;
                break;

            case ObjUser::ou_bad:
                stopOnError("INTERNAL ERROR: QPDF::calculateLinearizationData: "
                            "invalid user type");
                break;
            }
        }

        if (is_root) {
            lc_root.insert(og);
        } else if (in_outlines) {
            lc_outlines.insert(og);
        } else if (in_open_document) {
            lc_open_document.insert(og);
        } else if ((in_first_page) && (others == 0) && (other_pages == 0) && (thumbs == 0)) {
            lc_first_page_private.insert(og);
        } else if (in_first_page) {
            lc_first_page_shared.insert(og);
        } else if ((other_pages == 1) && (others == 0) && (thumbs == 0)) {
            lc_other_page_private.insert(og);
        } else if (other_pages > 1) {
            lc_other_page_shared.insert(og);
        } else if ((thumbs == 1) && (others == 0)) {
            lc_thumbnail_private.insert(og);
        } else if (thumbs > 1) {
            lc_thumbnail_shared.insert(og);
        } else {
            lc_other.insert(og);
        }
    }

    // Generate ordering for objects in the output file.  Sometimes we just dump right from a set
    // into a vector.  Rather than optimizing this by going straight into the vector, we'll leave
    // these phases separate for now.  That way, this section can be concerned only with ordering,
    // and the above section can be considered only with categorization.  Note that sets of
    // QPDFObjGens are sorted by QPDFObjGen.  In a linearized file, objects appear in sequence with
    // the possible exception of hints tables which we won't see here anyway.  That means that
    // running calculateLinearizationData() on a linearized file should give results identical to
    // the original file ordering.

    // We seem to traverse the page tree a lot in this code, but we can address this for a future
    // code optimization if necessary. Premature optimization is the root of all evil.
    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> pages;
    { // local scope
        // Map all page objects to the containing object stream.  This should be a no-op in a
        // properly linearized file.
        for (auto oh: getAllPages()) {
            pages.push_back(getUncompressedObject(oh, object_stream_data));
        }
    }
    int npages = toI(pages.size());

    // We will be initializing some values of the computed hint tables.  Specifically, we can
    // initialize any items that deal with object numbers or counts but not any items that deal with
    // lengths or offsets.  The code that writes linearized files will have to fill in these values
    // during the first pass.  The validation code can compute them relatively easily given the rest
    // of the information.

    // npages is the size of the existing pages vector, which has been created by traversing the
    // pages tree, and as such is a reasonable size.
    m->c_linp.npages = npages;
    m->c_page_offset_data.entries = std::vector<CHPageOffsetEntry>(toS(npages));

    // Part 4: open document objects.  We don't care about the order.

    if (lc_root.size() != 1) {
        stopOnError("found other than one root while"
                    " calculating linearization data");
    }
    m->part4.push_back(getObject(*(lc_root.begin())));
    for (auto const& og: lc_open_document) {
        m->part4.push_back(getObject(og));
    }

    // Part 6: first page objects.  Note: implementation note 124 states that Acrobat always treats
    // page 0 as the first page for linearization regardless of /OpenAction.  pdlin doesn't provide
    // any option to set this and also disregards /OpenAction.  We will do the same.

    // First, place the actual first page object itself.
    if (pages.empty()) {
        stopOnError("no pages found while calculating linearization data");
    }
    QPDFObjGen first_page_og(pages.at(0).getObjGen());
    if (!lc_first_page_private.count(first_page_og)) {
        stopOnError("INTERNAL ERROR: QPDF::calculateLinearizationData: first page "
                    "object not in lc_first_page_private");
    }
    lc_first_page_private.erase(first_page_og);
    m->c_linp.first_page_object = pages.at(0).getObjectID();
    m->part6.push_back(pages.at(0));

    // The PDF spec "recommends" an order for the rest of the objects, but we are going to disregard
    // it except to the extent that it groups private and shared objects contiguously for the sake
    // of hint tables.

    for (auto const& og: lc_first_page_private) {
        m->part6.push_back(getObject(og));
    }

    for (auto const& og: lc_first_page_shared) {
        m->part6.push_back(getObject(og));
    }

    // Place the outline dictionary if it goes in the first page section.
    if (outlines_in_first_page) {
        pushOutlinesToPart(m->part6, lc_outlines, object_stream_data);
    }

    // Fill in page offset hint table information for the first page. The PDF spec says that
    // nshared_objects should be zero for the first page.  pdlin does not appear to obey this, but
    // it fills in garbage values for all the shared object identifiers on the first page.

    m->c_page_offset_data.entries.at(0).nobjects = toI(m->part6.size());

    // Part 7: other pages' private objects

    // For each page in order:
    for (size_t i = 1; i < toS(npages); ++i) {
        // Place this page's page object

        QPDFObjGen page_og(pages.at(i).getObjGen());
        if (!lc_other_page_private.count(page_og)) {
            stopOnError(
                "INTERNAL ERROR: "
                "QPDF::calculateLinearizationData: page object for page " +
                std::to_string(i) + " not in lc_other_page_private");
        }
        lc_other_page_private.erase(page_og);
        m->part7.push_back(pages.at(i));

        // Place all non-shared objects referenced by this page, updating the page object count for
        // the hint table.

        m->c_page_offset_data.entries.at(i).nobjects = 1;

        ObjUser ou(ObjUser::ou_page, toI(i));
        if (m->obj_user_to_objects.count(ou) == 0) {
            stopOnError("found unreferenced page while"
                        " calculating linearization data");
        }
        for (auto const& og: m->obj_user_to_objects[ou]) {
            if (lc_other_page_private.count(og)) {
                lc_other_page_private.erase(og);
                m->part7.push_back(getObject(og));
                ++m->c_page_offset_data.entries.at(i).nobjects;
            }
        }
    }
    // That should have covered all part7 objects.
    if (!lc_other_page_private.empty()) {
        stopOnError("INTERNAL ERROR:"
                    " QPDF::calculateLinearizationData: lc_other_page_private is "
                    "not empty after generation of part7");
    }

    // Part 8: other pages' shared objects

    // Order is unimportant.
    for (auto const& og: lc_other_page_shared) {
        m->part8.push_back(getObject(og));
    }

    // Part 9: other objects

    // The PDF specification makes recommendations on ordering here. We follow them only to a
    // limited extent.  Specifically, we put the pages tree first, then private thumbnail objects in
    // page order, then shared thumbnail objects, and then outlines (unless in part 6).  After that,
    // we throw all remaining objects in arbitrary order.

    // Place the pages tree.
    std::set<QPDFObjGen> pages_ogs =
        m->obj_user_to_objects[ObjUser(ObjUser::ou_root_key, "/Pages")];
    if (pages_ogs.empty()) {
        stopOnError("found empty pages tree while"
                    " calculating linearization data");
    }
    for (auto const& og: pages_ogs) {
        if (lc_other.count(og)) {
            lc_other.erase(og);
            m->part9.push_back(getObject(og));
        }
    }

    // Place private thumbnail images in page order.  Slightly more information would be required if
    // we were going to bother with thumbnail hint tables.
    for (size_t i = 0; i < toS(npages); ++i) {
        QPDFObjectHandle thumb = pages.at(i).getKey("/Thumb");
        thumb = getUncompressedObject(thumb, object_stream_data);
        if (!thumb.isNull()) {
            // Output the thumbnail itself
            QPDFObjGen thumb_og(thumb.getObjGen());
            if (lc_thumbnail_private.count(thumb_og)) {
                lc_thumbnail_private.erase(thumb_og);
                m->part9.push_back(thumb);
            } else {
                // No internal error this time...there's nothing to stop this object from having
                // been referred to somewhere else outside of a page's /Thumb, and if it had been,
                // there's nothing to prevent it from having been in some set other than
                // lc_thumbnail_private.
            }
            std::set<QPDFObjGen>& ogs = m->obj_user_to_objects[ObjUser(ObjUser::ou_thumb, toI(i))];
            for (auto const& og: ogs) {
                if (lc_thumbnail_private.count(og)) {
                    lc_thumbnail_private.erase(og);
                    m->part9.push_back(getObject(og));
                }
            }
        }
    }
    if (!lc_thumbnail_private.empty()) {
        stopOnError("INTERNAL ERROR: QPDF::calculateLinearizationData: lc_thumbnail_private not "
                    "empty after placing thumbnails");
    }

    // Place shared thumbnail objects
    for (auto const& og: lc_thumbnail_shared) {
        m->part9.push_back(getObject(og));
    }

    // Place outlines unless in first page
    if (!outlines_in_first_page) {
        pushOutlinesToPart(m->part9, lc_outlines, object_stream_data);
    }

    // Place all remaining objects
    for (auto const& og: lc_other) {
        m->part9.push_back(getObject(og));
    }

    // Make sure we got everything exactly once.

    size_t num_placed =
        m->part4.size() + m->part6.size() + m->part7.size() + m->part8.size() + m->part9.size();
    size_t num_wanted = m->object_to_obj_users.size();
    if (num_placed != num_wanted) {
        stopOnError(
            "INTERNAL ERROR: QPDF::calculateLinearizationData: wrong "
            "number of objects placed (num_placed = " +
            std::to_string(num_placed) + "; number of objects: " + std::to_string(num_wanted));
    }

    // Calculate shared object hint table information including references to shared objects from
    // page offset hint data.

    // The shared object hint table consists of all part 6 (whether shared or not) in order followed
    // by all part 8 objects in order.  Add the objects to shared object data keeping a map of
    // object number to index.  Then populate the shared object information for the pages.

    // Note that two objects never have the same object number, so we can map from object number
    // only without regards to generation.
    std::map<int, int> obj_to_index;

    m->c_shared_object_data.nshared_first_page = toI(m->part6.size());
    m->c_shared_object_data.nshared_total =
        m->c_shared_object_data.nshared_first_page + toI(m->part8.size());

    std::vector<CHSharedObjectEntry>& shared = m->c_shared_object_data.entries;
    for (auto& oh: m->part6) {
        int obj = oh.getObjectID();
        obj_to_index[obj] = toI(shared.size());
        shared.emplace_back(obj);
    }
    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF lin part 8 empty", m->part8.empty() ? 1 : 0);
    if (!m->part8.empty()) {
        m->c_shared_object_data.first_shared_obj = m->part8.at(0).getObjectID();
        for (auto& oh: m->part8) {
            int obj = oh.getObjectID();
            obj_to_index[obj] = toI(shared.size());
            shared.emplace_back(obj);
        }
    }
    if (static_cast<size_t>(m->c_shared_object_data.nshared_total) !=
        m->c_shared_object_data.entries.size()) {
        stopOnError("shared object hint table has wrong number of entries");
    }

    // Now compute the list of shared objects for each page after the first page.

    for (size_t i = 1; i < toS(npages); ++i) {
        CHPageOffsetEntry& pe = m->c_page_offset_data.entries.at(i);
        ObjUser ou(ObjUser::ou_page, toI(i));
        if (m->obj_user_to_objects.count(ou) == 0) {
            stopOnError("found unreferenced page while"
                        " calculating linearization data");
        }
        for (auto const& og: m->obj_user_to_objects[ou]) {
            if ((m->object_to_obj_users[og].size() > 1) && (obj_to_index.count(og.getObj()) > 0)) {
                int idx = obj_to_index[og.getObj()];
                ++pe.nshared_objects;
                pe.shared_identifiers.push_back(idx);
            }
        }
    }
}

void
QPDF::pushOutlinesToPart(
    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part,
    std::set<QPDFObjGen>& lc_outlines,
    std::map<int, int> const& object_stream_data)
{
    QPDFObjectHandle root = getRoot();
    QPDFObjectHandle outlines = root.getKey("/Outlines");
    if (outlines.isNull()) {
        return;
    }
    outlines = getUncompressedObject(outlines, object_stream_data);
    QPDFObjGen outlines_og(outlines.getObjGen());
    QTC::TC(
        "qpdf",
        "QPDF lin outlines in part",
        ((&part == (&m->part6))       ? 0
             : (&part == (&m->part9)) ? 1
                                      : 9999)); // can't happen
    m->c_outline_data.first_object = outlines_og.getObj();
    m->c_outline_data.nobjects = 1;
    lc_outlines.erase(outlines_og);
    part.push_back(outlines);
    for (auto const& og: lc_outlines) {
        part.push_back(getObject(og));
        ++m->c_outline_data.nobjects;
    }
}

void
QPDF::getLinearizedParts(
    std::map<int, int> const& object_stream_data,
    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part4,
    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part6,
    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part7,
    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part8,
    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part9)
{
    calculateLinearizationData(object_stream_data);
    part4 = m->part4;
    part6 = m->part6;
    part7 = m->part7;
    part8 = m->part8;
    part9 = m->part9;
}

static inline int
nbits(int val)
{
    return (val == 0 ? 0 : (1 + nbits(val >> 1)));
}

int
QPDF::outputLengthNextN(
    int in_object,
    int n,
    std::map<int, qpdf_offset_t> const& lengths,
    QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj)
{
    // Figure out the length of a series of n consecutive objects in the output file starting with
    // whatever object in_object from the input file mapped to.

    int first = obj[in_object].renumber;
    if (first <= 0) {
        stopOnError("found object that is not renumbered while writing linearization data");
    }
    int length = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        if (lengths.count(first + i) == 0) {
            stopOnError("found item with unknown length while writing linearization data");
        }
        length += toI((*(lengths.find(first + toI(i)))).second);
    }
    return length;
}

void
QPDF::calculateHPageOffset(
    std::map<int, QPDFXRefEntry> const& xref,
    std::map<int, qpdf_offset_t> const& lengths,
    QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj)
{
    // Page Offset Hint Table

    // We are purposely leaving some values set to their initial zero values.

    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const& pages = getAllPages();
    size_t npages = pages.size();
    CHPageOffset& cph = m->c_page_offset_data;
    std::vector<CHPageOffsetEntry>& cphe = cph.entries;

    // Calculate minimum and maximum values for number of objects per page and page length.

    int min_nobjects = cphe.at(0).nobjects;
    int max_nobjects = min_nobjects;
    int min_length = outputLengthNextN(pages.at(0).getObjectID(), min_nobjects, lengths, obj);
    int max_length = min_length;
    int max_shared = cphe.at(0).nshared_objects;

    HPageOffset& ph = m->page_offset_hints;
    std::vector<HPageOffsetEntry>& phe = ph.entries;
    // npages is the size of the existing pages array.
    phe = std::vector<HPageOffsetEntry>(npages);

    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < npages; ++i) {
        // Calculate values for each page, assigning full values to the delta items.  They will be
        // adjusted later.

        // Repeat calculations for page 0 so we can assign to phe[i] without duplicating those
        // assignments.

        int nobjects = cphe.at(i).nobjects;
        int length = outputLengthNextN(pages.at(i).getObjectID(), nobjects, lengths, obj);
        int nshared = cphe.at(i).nshared_objects;

        min_nobjects = std::min(min_nobjects, nobjects);
        max_nobjects = std::max(max_nobjects, nobjects);
        min_length = std::min(min_length, length);
        max_length = std::max(max_length, length);
        max_shared = std::max(max_shared, nshared);

        phe.at(i).delta_nobjects = nobjects;
        phe.at(i).delta_page_length = length;
        phe.at(i).nshared_objects = nshared;
    }

    ph.min_nobjects = min_nobjects;
    int out_page0_id = obj[pages.at(0)].renumber;
    ph.first_page_offset = (*(xref.find(out_page0_id))).second.getOffset();
    ph.nbits_delta_nobjects = nbits(max_nobjects - min_nobjects);
    ph.min_page_length = min_length;
    ph.nbits_delta_page_length = nbits(max_length - min_length);
    ph.nbits_nshared_objects = nbits(max_shared);
    ph.nbits_shared_identifier = nbits(m->c_shared_object_data.nshared_total);
    ph.shared_denominator = 4; // doesn't matter

    // It isn't clear how to compute content offset and content length.  Since we are not
    // interleaving page objects with the content stream, we'll use the same values for content
    // length as page length.  We will use 0 as content offset because this is what Adobe does
    // (implementation note 127) and pdlin as well.
    ph.nbits_delta_content_length = ph.nbits_delta_page_length;
    ph.min_content_length = ph.min_page_length;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < npages; ++i) {
        // Adjust delta entries
        if ((phe.at(i).delta_nobjects < min_nobjects) ||
            (phe.at(i).delta_page_length < min_length)) {
            stopOnError("found too small delta nobjects or delta page length while writing "
                        "linearization data");
        }
        phe.at(i).delta_nobjects -= min_nobjects;
        phe.at(i).delta_page_length -= min_length;
        phe.at(i).delta_content_length = phe.at(i).delta_page_length;

        for (size_t j = 0; j < toS(cphe.at(i).nshared_objects); ++j) {
            phe.at(i).shared_identifiers.push_back(cphe.at(i).shared_identifiers.at(j));
            phe.at(i).shared_numerators.push_back(0);
        }
    }
}

void
QPDF::calculateHSharedObject(
    std::map<int, QPDFXRefEntry> const& xref,
    std::map<int, qpdf_offset_t> const& lengths,
    QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj)
{
    CHSharedObject& cso = m->c_shared_object_data;
    std::vector<CHSharedObjectEntry>& csoe = cso.entries;
    HSharedObject& so = m->shared_object_hints;
    std::vector<HSharedObjectEntry>& soe = so.entries;
    soe.clear();

    int min_length = outputLengthNextN(csoe.at(0).object, 1, lengths, obj);
    int max_length = min_length;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < toS(cso.nshared_total); ++i) {
        // Assign absolute numbers to deltas; adjust later
        int length = outputLengthNextN(csoe.at(i).object, 1, lengths, obj);
        min_length = std::min(min_length, length);
        max_length = std::max(max_length, length);
        soe.emplace_back();
        soe.at(i).delta_group_length = length;
    }
    if (soe.size() != toS(cso.nshared_total)) {
        stopOnError("soe has wrong size after initialization");
    }

    so.nshared_total = cso.nshared_total;
    so.nshared_first_page = cso.nshared_first_page;
    if (so.nshared_total > so.nshared_first_page) {
        so.first_shared_obj = obj[cso.first_shared_obj].renumber;
        so.first_shared_offset = (*(xref.find(so.first_shared_obj))).second.getOffset();
    }
    so.min_group_length = min_length;
    so.nbits_delta_group_length = nbits(max_length - min_length);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < toS(cso.nshared_total); ++i) {
        // Adjust deltas
        if (soe.at(i).delta_group_length < min_length) {
            stopOnError("found too small group length while writing linearization data");
        }
        soe.at(i).delta_group_length -= min_length;
    }
}

void
QPDF::calculateHOutline(
    std::map<int, QPDFXRefEntry> const& xref,
    std::map<int, qpdf_offset_t> const& lengths,
    QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj)
{
    HGeneric& cho = m->c_outline_data;

    if (cho.nobjects == 0) {
        return;
    }

    HGeneric& ho = m->outline_hints;

    ho.first_object = obj[cho.first_object].renumber;
    ho.first_object_offset = (*(xref.find(ho.first_object))).second.getOffset();
    ho.nobjects = cho.nobjects;
    ho.group_length = outputLengthNextN(cho.first_object, ho.nobjects, lengths, obj);
}

template <class T, class int_type>
static void
write_vector_int(BitWriter& w, int nitems, std::vector<T>& vec, int bits, int_type T::*field)
{
    // nitems times, write bits bits from the given field of the ith vector to the given bit writer.

    for (size_t i = 0; i < QIntC::to_size(nitems); ++i) {
        w.writeBits(QIntC::to_ulonglong(vec.at(i).*field), QIntC::to_size(bits));
    }
    // The PDF spec says that each hint table starts at a byte boundary.  Each "row" actually must
    // start on a byte boundary.
    w.flush();
}

template <class T>
static void
write_vector_vector(
    BitWriter& w,
    int nitems1,
    std::vector<T>& vec1,
    int T::*nitems2,
    int bits,
    std::vector<int> T::*vec2)
{
    // nitems1 times, write nitems2 (from the ith element of vec1) items from the vec2 vector field
    // of the ith item of vec1.
    for (size_t i1 = 0; i1 < QIntC::to_size(nitems1); ++i1) {
        for (size_t i2 = 0; i2 < QIntC::to_size(vec1.at(i1).*nitems2); ++i2) {
            w.writeBits(QIntC::to_ulonglong((vec1.at(i1).*vec2).at(i2)), QIntC::to_size(bits));
        }
    }
    w.flush();
}

void
QPDF::writeHPageOffset(BitWriter& w)
{
    HPageOffset& t = m->page_offset_hints;

    w.writeBitsInt(t.min_nobjects, 32);               // 1
    w.writeBits(toULL(t.first_page_offset), 32);      // 2
    w.writeBitsInt(t.nbits_delta_nobjects, 16);       // 3
    w.writeBitsInt(t.min_page_length, 32);            // 4
    w.writeBitsInt(t.nbits_delta_page_length, 16);    // 5
    w.writeBits(toULL(t.min_content_offset), 32);     // 6
    w.writeBitsInt(t.nbits_delta_content_offset, 16); // 7
    w.writeBitsInt(t.min_content_length, 32);         // 8
    w.writeBitsInt(t.nbits_delta_content_length, 16); // 9
    w.writeBitsInt(t.nbits_nshared_objects, 16);      // 10
    w.writeBitsInt(t.nbits_shared_identifier, 16);    // 11
    w.writeBitsInt(t.nbits_shared_numerator, 16);     // 12
    w.writeBitsInt(t.shared_denominator, 16);         // 13

    int nitems = toI(getAllPages().size());
    std::vector<HPageOffsetEntry>& entries = t.entries;

    write_vector_int(w, nitems, entries, t.nbits_delta_nobjects, &HPageOffsetEntry::delta_nobjects);
    write_vector_int(
        w, nitems, entries, t.nbits_delta_page_length, &HPageOffsetEntry::delta_page_length);
    write_vector_int(
        w, nitems, entries, t.nbits_nshared_objects, &HPageOffsetEntry::nshared_objects);
    write_vector_vector(
        w,
        nitems,
        entries,
        &HPageOffsetEntry::nshared_objects,
        t.nbits_shared_identifier,
        &HPageOffsetEntry::shared_identifiers);
    write_vector_vector(
        w,
        nitems,
        entries,
        &HPageOffsetEntry::nshared_objects,
        t.nbits_shared_numerator,
        &HPageOffsetEntry::shared_numerators);
    write_vector_int(
        w, nitems, entries, t.nbits_delta_content_offset, &HPageOffsetEntry::delta_content_offset);
    write_vector_int(
        w, nitems, entries, t.nbits_delta_content_length, &HPageOffsetEntry::delta_content_length);
}

void
QPDF::writeHSharedObject(BitWriter& w)
{
    HSharedObject& t = m->shared_object_hints;

    w.writeBitsInt(t.first_shared_obj, 32);         // 1
    w.writeBits(toULL(t.first_shared_offset), 32);  // 2
    w.writeBitsInt(t.nshared_first_page, 32);       // 3
    w.writeBitsInt(t.nshared_total, 32);            // 4
    w.writeBitsInt(t.nbits_nobjects, 16);           // 5
    w.writeBitsInt(t.min_group_length, 32);         // 6
    w.writeBitsInt(t.nbits_delta_group_length, 16); // 7

    QTC::TC(
        "qpdf",
        "QPDF lin write nshared_total > nshared_first_page",
        (t.nshared_total > t.nshared_first_page) ? 1 : 0);

    int nitems = t.nshared_total;
    std::vector<HSharedObjectEntry>& entries = t.entries;

    write_vector_int(
        w, nitems, entries, t.nbits_delta_group_length, &HSharedObjectEntry::delta_group_length);
    write_vector_int(w, nitems, entries, 1, &HSharedObjectEntry::signature_present);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < toS(nitems); ++i) {
        // If signature were present, we'd have to write a 128-bit hash.
        if (entries.at(i).signature_present != 0) {
            stopOnError("found unexpected signature present"
                        " while writing linearization data");
        }
    }
    write_vector_int(w, nitems, entries, t.nbits_nobjects, &HSharedObjectEntry::nobjects_minus_one);
}

void
QPDF::writeHGeneric(BitWriter& w, HGeneric& t)
{
    w.writeBitsInt(t.first_object, 32);            // 1
    w.writeBits(toULL(t.first_object_offset), 32); // 2
    w.writeBitsInt(t.nobjects, 32);                // 3
    w.writeBitsInt(t.group_length, 32);            // 4
}

void
QPDF::generateHintStream(
    std::map<int, QPDFXRefEntry> const& xref,
    std::map<int, qpdf_offset_t> const& lengths,
    QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj,
    std::shared_ptr<Buffer>& hint_buffer,
    int& S,
    int& O,
    bool compressed)
{
    // Populate actual hint table values
    calculateHPageOffset(xref, lengths, obj);
    calculateHSharedObject(xref, lengths, obj);
    calculateHOutline(xref, lengths, obj);

    // Write the hint stream itself into a compressed memory buffer. Write through a counter so we
    // can get offsets.
    Pl_Buffer hint_stream("hint stream");
    Pipeline* next = &hint_stream;
    std::shared_ptr<Pipeline> flate;
    if (compressed) {
        flate =
            std::make_shared<Pl_Flate>("compress hint stream", &hint_stream, Pl_Flate::a_deflate);
        next = flate.get();
    }
    Pl_Count c("count", next);
    BitWriter w(&c);

    writeHPageOffset(w);
    S = toI(c.getCount());
    writeHSharedObject(w);
    O = 0;
    if (m->outline_hints.nobjects > 0) {
        O = toI(c.getCount());
        writeHGeneric(w, m->outline_hints);
    }
    c.finish();

    hint_buffer = hint_stream.getBufferSharedPointer();
}