Convert pages to form XObjects

Support conversion of pages to form XObjects and placement of form
XObjects on pages.

ChangeLog

@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+2019-01-26  Jay Berkenbilt  <ejb@ql.org>
+
+	* Add new methods QPDFPageObjectHelper::getFormXObjectForPage,
+	which creates a form XObject equivalent to a page, and
+	QPDFObjectHandle::placeFormXObject, which generates content stream
+	code to placing a form XObject on a page.
+
 2019-01-25  Jay Berkenbilt  <ejb@ql.org>
 
 	* Add new method QPDFObjectHandle::getUniqueResourceName() to

include/qpdf/QPDFPageObjectHelper.hh

@@ -51,6 +51,21 @@ class QPDFPageObjectHelper: public QPDFObjectHelper
     QPDFObjectHandle
     getAttribute(std::string const& name, bool copy_if_shared);
 
+    // Return the TrimBox. If not defined, fall back to CropBox
+    QPDF_DLL
+    QPDFObjectHandle
+    getTrimBox(bool copy_if_shared = false);
+
+    // Return the CropBox. If not defined, fall back to MediaBox
+    QPDF_DLL
+    QPDFObjectHandle
+    getCropBox(bool copy_if_shared = false);
+
+    // Return the MediaBox
+    QPDF_DLL
+    QPDFObjectHandle
+    getMediaBox(bool copy_if_shared = false);
+
     // Returns an empty map if there are no images or no resources.
     // Prior to qpdf 8.4.0, this function did not support inherited
     // resources, but it does now. Return value is a map from XObject
@@ -162,6 +177,54 @@ class QPDFPageObjectHelper: public QPDFObjectHelper
     QPDF_DLL
     QPDFPageObjectHelper shallowCopyPage();
 
+    // Return a transformation matrix whose effect is the same as the
+    // page's /Rotate and /UserUnit parameters. If invert is true,
+    // return a matrix whose effect is the opposite. The regular
+    // matrix is suitable for taking something from this page to put
+    // elsewhere, and the second one is suitable for putting something
+    // else onto this page. The page's TrimBox is used as the bounding
+    // box for purposes of computing the matrix.
+    QPDF_DLL
+    QPDFObjectHandle::Matrix getMatrixForTransformations(bool invert = false);
+
+    // Return a form XObject that draws this page. This is useful for
+    // n-up operations, underlay, overlay, thumbnail generation, or
+    // any other case in which it is useful to replicate the contents
+    // of a page in some other context. The dictionaries are shallow
+    // copies of the original page dictionary, and the contents are
+    // coalesced from the page's contents. The resulting object handle
+    // is not referenced anywhere. If handle_transformations is true,
+    // the resulting form XObject's /Matrix will be set to replicate
+    // rotation (/Rotate) and scaling (/UserUnit) in the page's
+    // dictionary. In this way, the page's transformations will be
+    // preserved when placing this object on another page.
+    QPDF_DLL
+    QPDFObjectHandle getFormXObjectForPage(bool handle_transformations = true);
+
+    // Return content stream text that will place the given form
+    // XObject (fo) using the resource name "name" on this page
+    // centered within the given rectangle and shrunk to fit if
+    // necessary. If invert_transformations is true, the effect of any
+    // rotation (/Rotate) and scaling (/UserUnit) applied to the
+    // current page will be inverted in the form XObject placement.
+    // This will cause the form XObject's absolute orientation to be
+    // preserved. You could overlay one page on another by calling
+    // getFormXObjectForPage on the original page,
+    // QPDFObjectHandle::getUniqueResourceName on the destination
+    // page's Resources dictionary to generate a name for the
+    // resulting object, and calling placeFormXObject on the
+    // destination page. Then insert the new fo (or, if it comes from
+    // a different file, the result of calling copyForeignObject on
+    // it) into the resources dictionary using name, and append or
+    // prepend the content to the page's content streams. See the
+    // overlay/underlay code in qpdf.cc or
+    // examples/pdf-overlay-page.cc for an example.
+    QPDF_DLL
+    std::string placeFormXObject(
+        QPDFObjectHandle fo, std::string name,
+        QPDFObjectHandle::Rectangle rect,
+        bool invert_transformations = true);
+
   private:
     class Members
     {

libqpdf/QPDFPageObjectHelper.cc

@@ -1,6 +1,40 @@
 #include <qpdf/QPDFPageObjectHelper.hh>
 #include <qpdf/QTC.hh>
 #include <qpdf/QPDF.hh>
+#include <qpdf/Pl_Concatenate.hh>
+#include <qpdf/QUtil.hh>
+#include <qpdf/QPDFExc.hh>
+#include <qpdf/QPDFMatrix.hh>
+
+class ContentProvider: public QPDFObjectHandle::StreamDataProvider
+{
+  public:
+    ContentProvider(QPDFObjectHandle from_page) :
+        from_page(from_page)
+    {
+    }
+    virtual ~ContentProvider()
+    {
+    }
+    virtual void provideStreamData(int objid, int generation,
+                                   Pipeline* pipeline);
+
+  private:
+    QPDFObjectHandle from_page;
+};
+
+void
+ContentProvider::provideStreamData(int, int, Pipeline* p)
+{
+    Pl_Concatenate concat("concatenate", p);
+    std::string description = "contents from page object " +
+        QUtil::int_to_string(from_page.getObjectID()) + " " +
+        QUtil::int_to_string(from_page.getGeneration());
+    std::string all_description;
+    from_page.getKey("/Contents").pipeContentStreams(
+        &concat, description, all_description);
+    concat.manualFinish();
+}
 
 QPDFPageObjectHelper::Members::~Members()
 {
@@ -50,6 +84,34 @@ QPDFPageObjectHelper::getAttribute(std::string const& name,
     return result;
 }
 
+QPDFObjectHandle
+QPDFPageObjectHelper::getTrimBox(bool copy_if_shared)
+{
+    QPDFObjectHandle result = getAttribute("/TrimBox", copy_if_shared);
+    if (result.isNull())
+    {
+        result = getCropBox(copy_if_shared);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+QPDFObjectHandle
+QPDFPageObjectHelper::getCropBox(bool copy_if_shared)
+{
+    QPDFObjectHandle result = getAttribute("/CropBox", copy_if_shared);
+    if (result.isNull())
+    {
+        result = getMediaBox();
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+QPDFObjectHandle
+QPDFPageObjectHelper::getMediaBox(bool copy_if_shared)
+{
+    return getAttribute("/MediaBox", copy_if_shared);
+}
+
 
 std::map<std::string, QPDFObjectHandle>
 QPDFPageObjectHelper::getPageImages()
@@ -231,3 +293,211 @@ QPDFPageObjectHelper::shallowCopyPage()
     QPDFObjectHandle new_page = this->oh.shallowCopy();
     return QPDFPageObjectHelper(qpdf->makeIndirectObject(new_page));
 }
+
+QPDFObjectHandle::Matrix
+QPDFPageObjectHelper::getMatrixForTransformations(bool invert)
+{
+    QPDFObjectHandle::Matrix matrix(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);
+    QPDFObjectHandle bbox = getTrimBox(false);
+    if (! bbox.isRectangle())
+    {
+        return matrix;
+    }
+    QPDFObjectHandle rotate_obj = getAttribute("/Rotate", false);
+    QPDFObjectHandle scale_obj = getAttribute("/UserUnit", false);
+    if (! (rotate_obj.isNull() && scale_obj.isNull()))
+    {
+        QPDFObjectHandle::Rectangle rect = bbox.getArrayAsRectangle();
+        double width = rect.urx - rect.llx;
+        double height = rect.ury - rect.lly;
+        double scale = (scale_obj.isNumber()
+                        ? scale_obj.getNumericValue()
+                        : 1.0);
+        int rotate = (rotate_obj.isInteger()
+                      ? rotate_obj.getIntValue()
+                      : 0);
+        if (invert)
+        {
+            if (scale == 0.0)
+            {
+                return matrix;
+            }
+            scale = 1.0 / scale;
+            rotate = 360 - rotate;
+        }
+
+        // Ignore invalid rotation angle
+        switch (rotate)
+        {
+          case 90:
+            matrix = QPDFObjectHandle::Matrix(
+                0, -scale, scale, 0, 0, width * scale);
+            break;
+          case 180:
+            matrix = QPDFObjectHandle::Matrix(
+                -scale, 0, 0, -scale, width * scale, height * scale);
+            break;
+          case 270:
+            matrix = QPDFObjectHandle::Matrix(
+                0, scale, -scale, 0, height * scale, 0);
+            break;
+          default:
+            matrix = QPDFObjectHandle::Matrix(
+                scale, 0, 0, scale, 0, 0);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return matrix;
+}
+
+QPDFObjectHandle
+QPDFPageObjectHelper::getFormXObjectForPage(bool handle_transformations)
+{
+    QPDF* qpdf = this->oh.getOwningQPDF();
+    if (! qpdf)
+    {
+        throw std::runtime_error(
+            "QPDFPageObjectHelper::getFormXObjectForPage"
+            " called with a direct objet");
+    }
+    QPDFObjectHandle result = QPDFObjectHandle::newStream(qpdf);
+    QPDFObjectHandle newdict = result.getDict();
+    newdict.replaceKey("/Type", QPDFObjectHandle::newName("/XObject"));
+    newdict.replaceKey("/Subtype", QPDFObjectHandle::newName("/Form"));
+    newdict.replaceKey("/Resources",
+                       getAttribute("/Resources", false).shallowCopy());
+    newdict.replaceKey("/Group",
+                       getAttribute("/Group", false).shallowCopy());
+    QPDFObjectHandle bbox = getTrimBox(false).shallowCopy();
+    if (! bbox.isRectangle())
+    {
+        this->oh.warnIfPossible(
+            "bounding box is invalid; form"
+            " XObject created from page will not work");
+    }
+    newdict.replaceKey("/BBox", bbox);
+    PointerHolder<QPDFObjectHandle::StreamDataProvider> provider =
+        new ContentProvider(this->oh);
+    result.replaceStreamData(
+        provider, QPDFObjectHandle::newNull(), QPDFObjectHandle::newNull());
+    QPDFObjectHandle rotate_obj = getAttribute("/Rotate", false);
+    QPDFObjectHandle scale_obj = getAttribute("/UserUnit", false);
+    if (handle_transformations &&
+        (! (rotate_obj.isNull() && scale_obj.isNull())))
+    {
+        newdict.replaceKey("/Matrix",
+                           QPDFObjectHandle::newArray(
+                               getMatrixForTransformations()));
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+std::string
+QPDFPageObjectHelper::placeFormXObject(
+    QPDFObjectHandle fo, std::string name,
+    QPDFObjectHandle::Rectangle rect,
+    bool invert_transformations)
+{
+    // Calculate the transformation matrix that will place the given
+    // form XObject fully inside the given rectangle, shrinking and
+    // centering if needed.
+
+    // When rendering a form XObject, the transformation in the
+    // graphics state (cm) is applied first (of course -- when it is
+    // applied, the PDF interpreter doesn't even know we're going to
+    // be drawing a form XObject yet), and then the object's matrix
+    // (M) is applied. The resulting matrix, when applied to the form
+    // XObject's bounding box, will generate a new rectangle. We want
+    // to create a transformation matrix that make the form XObject's
+    // bounding box land in exactly the right spot.
+
+    QPDFObjectHandle fdict = fo.getDict();
+    QPDFObjectHandle bbox_obj = fdict.getKey("/BBox");
+    if (! bbox_obj.isRectangle())
+    {
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    QPDFMatrix wmatrix;         // work matrix
+    QPDFMatrix tmatrix;         // "to" matrix
+    QPDFMatrix fmatrix;         // "from" matrix
+    if (invert_transformations)
+    {
+        // tmatrix inverts scaling and rotation of the destination
+        // page. Applying this matrix allows the overlayed form
+        // XObject's to be absolute rather than relative to properties
+        // of the destination page. tmatrix is part of the computed
+        // transformation matrix.
+        tmatrix = QPDFMatrix(getMatrixForTransformations(true));
+        wmatrix.concat(tmatrix);
+    }
+    if (fdict.getKey("/Matrix").isMatrix())
+    {
+        // fmatrix is the transformation matrix that is applied to the
+        // form XObject itself. We need this for calculations, but we
+        // don't explicitly use it in the final result because the PDF
+        // rendering system automatically applies this last before
+        // drawing the form XObject.
+        fmatrix = QPDFMatrix(fdict.getKey("/Matrix").getArrayAsMatrix());
+        wmatrix.concat(fmatrix);
+    }
+
+    // The current wmatrix handles transformation from the form
+    // xobject and, if requested, the destination page. Next, we have
+    // to adjust this for scale and position.
+
+    // Step 1: figure out what scale factor we need to make the form
+    // XObject's bnounding box fit within the destination rectangle.
+
+    // Transform bounding box
+    QPDFObjectHandle::Rectangle bbox = bbox_obj.getArrayAsRectangle();
+    QPDFObjectHandle::Rectangle T = wmatrix.transformRectangle(bbox);
+
+    // Calculate a scale factor, if needed. If the transformed
+    // rectangle is too big, shrink it. Never expand it.
+    if ((T.urx == T.llx) || (T.ury == T.lly))
+    {
+        // avoid division by zero
+        return "";
+    }
+    double rect_w = rect.urx - rect.llx;
+    double rect_h = rect.ury - rect.lly;
+    double t_w = T.urx - T.llx;
+    double t_h = T.ury - T.lly;
+    double xscale = rect_w / t_w;
+    double yscale = rect_h / t_h;
+    double scale = (xscale < yscale ? xscale : yscale);
+    if (scale > 1.0)
+    {
+        scale = 1.0;
+    }
+
+    // Step 2: figure out what translation is required to get the
+    // rectangle to the right spot: centered within the destination.
+    wmatrix = QPDFMatrix();
+    wmatrix.scale(scale, scale);
+    wmatrix.concat(tmatrix);
+    wmatrix.concat(fmatrix);
+
+    T = wmatrix.transformRectangle(bbox);
+    double t_cx = (T.llx + T.urx) / 2.0;
+    double t_cy = (T.lly + T.ury) / 2.0;
+    double r_cx = (rect.llx + rect.urx) / 2.0;
+    double r_cy = (rect.lly + rect.ury) / 2.0;
+    double tx = r_cx - t_cx;
+    double ty = r_cy - t_cy;
+
+    // Now we can calculate the final matrix. The final matrix does
+    // not include fmatrix because that is applied automatically by
+    // the PDF interpreter.
+    QPDFMatrix cm;
+    cm.translate(tx, ty);
+    cm.scale(scale, scale);
+    cm.concat(tmatrix);
+    return (
+        "q\n" +
+        cm.unparse() + " cm\n" +
+        name + " Do\n" +
+        "Q\n");
+}

libtests/qtest/matrix.test

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env perl
+require 5.008;
+use warnings;
+use strict;
+
+require TestDriver;
+
+my $td = new TestDriver('matrix');
+
+$td->runtest("matrix",
+	     {$td->COMMAND => "matrix"},
+	     {$td->STRING => "matrix tests done\n", $td->EXIT_STATUS => 0},
+             $td->NORMALIZE_NEWLINES);
+
+$td->report(1);

qpdf/qtest/qpdf.test

@@ -320,6 +320,32 @@ foreach my $i (@choice_values)
                  {$td->FILE => "appearances-$i.pdf"});
 }
 
+show_ntests();
+# ----------
+$td->notify("--- Form XObject, underlay, overlay ---");
+$n_tests += 10;
+
+$td->runtest("form xobject creation",
+             {$td->COMMAND => "test_driver 55 fxo-red.pdf"},
+             {$td->STRING => "test 55 done\n", $td->EXIT_STATUS => 0},
+             $td->NORMALIZE_NEWLINES);
+$td->runtest("compare files",
+             {$td->FILE => "a.pdf"},
+             {$td->FILE => "form-xobjects-out.pdf"});
+foreach (my $i = 56; $i <= 59; ++$i)
+{
+    # See comments in test_driver.cc for a verbal description of what
+    # the resulting files should look like.
+    $td->runtest("overlay transformations",
+                 {$td->COMMAND => "test_driver $i fxo-red.pdf fxo-blue.pdf"},
+                 {$td->STRING => "test $i done\n", $td->EXIT_STATUS => 0},
+                 $td->NORMALIZE_NEWLINES);
+    $td->runtest("compare files",
+                 {$td->FILE => "a.pdf"},
+                 {$td->FILE => "fx-overlay-$i.pdf"});
+}
+
+
 show_ntests();
 # ----------
 $td->notify("--- Stream Replacement Tests ---");

qpdf/qtest/qpdf/fxo-blue.pdf

@@ -0,0 +1,854 @@
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+%%EOF

qpdf/test_driver.cc

@@ -1944,6 +1944,78 @@ void runtest(int n, char const* filename1, char const* arg2)
             std::cout << "oops: " << w.getFinalVersion() << std::endl;
         }
     }
+    else if (n == 55)
+    {
+        // Form XObjects
+        std::vector<QPDFPageObjectHelper> pages =
+            QPDFPageDocumentHelper(pdf).getAllPages();
+        QPDFObjectHandle qtest = QPDFObjectHandle::newArray();
+        for (std::vector<QPDFPageObjectHelper>::iterator iter = pages.begin();
+             iter != pages.end(); ++iter)
+        {
+            QPDFPageObjectHelper& ph(*iter);
+            qtest.appendItem(ph.getFormXObjectForPage());
+            qtest.appendItem(ph.getFormXObjectForPage(false));
+        }
+        pdf.getTrailer().replaceKey("/QTest", qtest);
+        QPDFWriter w(pdf, "a.pdf");
+	w.setQDFMode(true);
+        w.setStaticID(true);
+        w.write();
+    }
+    else if ((n >= 56) && (n <= 59))
+    {
+        // Placing form XObjects
+        assert(arg2);
+        QPDF pdf2;
+        pdf2.processFile(arg2);
+
+        // red pages are from pdf, blue pages are from pdf2
+        // red pages always have stated rotation absolutely
+        // 56: blue pages are overlayed exactly on top of red pages
+        // 57: blue pages have stated rotation relative to red pages
+        // 58: blue pages have no rotation (absolutely upgright)
+        // 59: blue pages have stated rotation absolutely
+        bool handle_from_transformation = ((n == 57) || (n == 59));
+        bool invert_to_transformation = ((n == 58) || (n == 59));
+
+        std::vector<QPDFPageObjectHelper> pages1 =
+            QPDFPageDocumentHelper(pdf).getAllPages();
+        std::vector<QPDFPageObjectHelper> pages2 =
+            QPDFPageDocumentHelper(pdf2).getAllPages();
+        size_t npages = (pages1.size() < pages2.size()
+                         ? pages1.size() : pages2.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < npages; ++i)
+        {
+            QPDFPageObjectHelper& ph1 = pages1.at(i);
+            QPDFPageObjectHelper& ph2 = pages2.at(i);
+            QPDFObjectHandle fo = pdf.copyForeignObject(
+                ph2.getFormXObjectForPage(handle_from_transformation));
+            int min_suffix = 1;
+            QPDFObjectHandle resources = ph1.getAttribute("/Resources", true);
+            std::string name = resources.getUniqueResourceName(
+                "/Fx", min_suffix);
+            std::string content =
+                ph1.placeFormXObject(
+                    fo, name, ph1.getTrimBox().getArrayAsRectangle(),
+                    invert_to_transformation);
+            if (! content.empty())
+            {
+                resources.mergeResources(
+                    QPDFObjectHandle::parse("<< /XObject << >> >>"));
+                resources.getKey("/XObject").replaceKey(name, fo);
+                ph1.addPageContents(
+                    QPDFObjectHandle::newStream(&pdf, "q\n"), true);
+                ph1.addPageContents(
+                    QPDFObjectHandle::newStream(&pdf, "\nQ\n" + content),
+                    false);
+            }
+        }
+        QPDFWriter w(pdf, "a.pdf");
+	w.setQDFMode(true);
+        w.setStaticID(true);
+        w.write();
+    }
     else
     {
 	throw std::runtime_error(std::string("invalid test ") +