From b389268f16fcd571bbc57ef848caba25490a1b86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jay Berkenbilt Date: Sat, 29 Jul 2017 10:40:31 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] Better handle split content streams (fixes #73) When parsing content streams, allow content to be split arbitrarily across stream boundaries. --- ChangeLog | 5 + include/qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.hh | 4 +- libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc | 55 +- qpdf/qpdf.testcov | 2 + qpdf/qtest/qpdf.test | 16 +- qpdf/qtest/qpdf/content-stream-errors.out | 6 +- qpdf/qtest/qpdf/eof-in-inline-image.out | 2 +- .../qpdf/split-content-stream-errors.out | 11 + .../qpdf/split-content-stream-errors.pdf | 113 + qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream.out | 6 + qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream.pdf | 8593 +++++++++++++++++ 11 files changed, 8793 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) create mode 100644 qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream-errors.out create mode 100644 qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream-errors.pdf create mode 100644 qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream.out create mode 100644 qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream.pdf diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog index 1a565ff9..66245656 100644 --- a/ChangeLog +++ b/ChangeLog @@ -1,3 +1,8 @@ +2017-07-29 Jay Berkenbilt + + * Fix content stream parsing to handle cases of structures within + the stream split across stream boundaries. Fixes #73. + 2017-07-28 Jay Berkenbilt * Add --preserve-unreferenced command-line option and diff --git a/include/qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.hh b/include/qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.hh index 11a52596..456dade4 100644 --- a/include/qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.hh +++ b/include/qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.hh @@ -623,7 +623,9 @@ class QPDFObjectHandle bool in_array, bool in_dictionary, bool content_stream); static void parseContentStream_internal( - QPDFObjectHandle stream, ParserCallbacks* callbacks); + PointerHolder stream_data, + std::string const& description, + ParserCallbacks* callbacks); // Other methods static void warn(QPDF*, QPDFExc const&); diff --git a/libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc b/libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc index bac233df..e263a3ec 100644 --- a/libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc +++ b/libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc @@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ #include #include #include +#include #include #include @@ -739,37 +740,63 @@ QPDFObjectHandle::parseContentStream(QPDFObjectHandle stream_or_array, { streams.push_back(stream_or_array); } + Pl_Buffer buf("concatenated stream data buffer"); + std::string all_description = "content stream objects"; + bool first = true; for (std::vector::iterator iter = streams.begin(); iter != streams.end(); ++iter) { QPDFObjectHandle stream = *iter; if (! stream.isStream()) { - throw std::logic_error( - "QPDFObjectHandle: parseContentStream called on non-stream"); + QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle non-stream in parsecontent"); + warn(stream.getOwningQPDF(), + QPDFExc(qpdf_e_damaged_pdf, "content stream", + "", 0, + "ignoring non-stream while parsing content streams")); } - try + else { - parseContentStream_internal(stream, callbacks); - } - catch (TerminateParsing&) - { - return; + std::string og = QUtil::int_to_string(stream.getObjectID()) + " " + + QUtil::int_to_string(stream.getGeneration()); + std::string description = "content stream object " + og; + if (first) + { + first = false; + } + else + { + all_description += ","; + } + all_description += " " + og; + if (! stream.pipeStreamData(&buf, true, false, false, false)) + { + QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle errors in parsecontent"); + warn(stream.getOwningQPDF(), + QPDFExc(qpdf_e_damaged_pdf, "content stream", + description, 0, + "errors while decoding content stream")); + } } } + PointerHolder stream_data = buf.getBuffer(); + try + { + parseContentStream_internal(stream_data, all_description, callbacks); + } + catch (TerminateParsing&) + { + return; + } callbacks->handleEOF(); } void -QPDFObjectHandle::parseContentStream_internal(QPDFObjectHandle stream, +QPDFObjectHandle::parseContentStream_internal(PointerHolder stream_data, + std::string const& description, ParserCallbacks* callbacks) { - stream.assertStream(); - PointerHolder stream_data = stream.getStreamData(); size_t length = stream_data->getSize(); - std::string description = "content stream object " + - QUtil::int_to_string(stream.getObjectID()) + " " + - QUtil::int_to_string(stream.getGeneration()); PointerHolder input = new BufferInputSource(description, stream_data.getPointer()); QPDFTokenizer tokenizer; diff --git a/qpdf/qpdf.testcov b/qpdf/qpdf.testcov index c64c63ee..c32d6ba5 100644 --- a/qpdf/qpdf.testcov +++ b/qpdf/qpdf.testcov @@ -281,3 +281,5 @@ QPDFObjectHandle no val for last key 0 QPDF resolve failure to null 0 QPDFWriter precheck stream 0 QPDFWriter preserve unreferenced standard 0 +QPDFObjectHandle non-stream in parsecontent 0 +QPDFObjectHandle errors in parsecontent 0 diff --git a/qpdf/qtest/qpdf.test b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf.test index 45ed8c46..14abda34 100644 --- a/qpdf/qtest/qpdf.test +++ b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf.test @@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ $td->runtest("remove page we don't have", show_ntests(); # ---------- $td->notify("--- Miscellaneous Tests ---"); -$n_tests += 86; +$n_tests += 88; $td->runtest("qpdf version", {$td->COMMAND => "qpdf --version"}, @@ -604,6 +604,20 @@ $td->runtest("no trailing space in xref table", {$td->FILE => "no-space-in-xref.out", $td->EXIT_STATUS => 0}, $td->NORMALIZE_NEWLINES); +# An array is split across multiple content streams starting object +# 42. This was reported in github issue 73. The file is modified from +# that example. +$td->runtest("parse split content stream", + {$td->COMMAND => "qpdf --check split-content-stream.pdf"}, + {$td->FILE => "split-content-stream.out", $td->EXIT_STATUS => 0}, + $td->NORMALIZE_NEWLINES); +$td->runtest("split content stream errors", + {$td->COMMAND => "qpdf --check split-content-stream-errors.pdf"}, + {$td->FILE => "split-content-stream-errors.out", + $td->EXIT_STATUS => 3}, + $td->NORMALIZE_NEWLINES); + + show_ntests(); # ---------- $td->notify("--- Numeric range parsing tests ---"); diff --git a/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/content-stream-errors.out b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/content-stream-errors.out index a375f5e6..d36d61b3 100644 --- a/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/content-stream-errors.out +++ b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/content-stream-errors.out @@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ checking content-stream-errors.pdf PDF Version: 1.3 File is not encrypted File is not linearized -page 1: content stream object 7 0 (content, file position 52): parse error while reading object -page 3: content stream object 15 0 (stream data, file position 117): EOF found while reading inline image -page 4: content stream object 19 0 (content, file position 53): parse error while reading object +page 1: content stream objects 7 0 (content, file position 52): parse error while reading object +page 3: content stream objects 15 0 (stream data, file position 117): EOF found while reading inline image +page 4: content stream objects 19 0 (content, file position 53): parse error while reading object diff --git a/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/eof-in-inline-image.out b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/eof-in-inline-image.out index d78c072b..cb2acf97 100644 --- a/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/eof-in-inline-image.out +++ b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/eof-in-inline-image.out @@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ name: /Fl name: /DP dictionary: << /Columns 1 /Predictor 15 >> operator: ID -content stream object 4 0 (stream data, file position 139): EOF found while reading inline image +content stream objects 4 0 (stream data, file position 139): EOF found while reading inline image diff --git a/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream-errors.out b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream-errors.out new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1b96e29d --- /dev/null +++ b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream-errors.out @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +WARNING: split-content-stream-errors.pdf: file is damaged +WARNING: split-content-stream-errors.pdf (file position 802): xref not found +WARNING: split-content-stream-errors.pdf: Attempting to reconstruct cross-reference table +checking split-content-stream-errors.pdf +PDF Version: 1.3 +File is not encrypted +File is not linearized +WARNING: split-content-stream-errors.pdf (file position 557): error decoding stream data for object 6 0: LZWDecoder: bad code received +WARNING: content stream: ignoring non-stream while parsing content streams +WARNING: split-content-stream-errors.pdf (file position 557): error decoding stream data for object 6 0: LZWDecoder: bad code received +WARNING: content stream (content stream object 6 0): errors while decoding content stream diff --git a/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream-errors.pdf b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream-errors.pdf new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2d18143c --- /dev/null +++ b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream-errors.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +%PDF-1.3 +% +%QDF-1.0 + +1 0 obj +<< + /Pages 2 0 R + /Type /Catalog +>> +endobj + +2 0 obj +<< + /Count 1 + /Kids [ + 3 0 R + ] + /Type /Pages +>> +endobj + +%% Page 1 +3 0 obj +<< + /Contents [ + 4 0 R + 6 0 R + ] + /MediaBox [ + 0 + 0 + 612 + 792 + ] + /Parent 2 0 R + /Resources << + /Font << + /F1 8 0 R + >> + /ProcSet 9 0 R + >> + /Type /Page +>> +endobj + +%% Contents for page 1 +4 0 obj +<< + /Length 5 0 R + /Oops (Not a stream) +>> +endobj + +5 0 obj +44 +endobj + +%% Contents for page 1 +6 0 obj +<< + /Length 7 0 R + /Filter /LZWDecode +>> +stream +BT + /F1 24 Tf + 72 720 Td + (Encoding errors) Tj +ET +endstream +endobj + +7 0 obj +53 +endobj + +8 0 obj +<< + /BaseFont /Helvetica + /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding + /Name /F1 + /Subtype /Type1 + /Type /Font +>> +endobj + +9 0 obj +[ + /PDF + /Text +] +endobj + +xref +0 10 +0000000000 65535 f +0000000025 00000 n +0000000079 00000 n +0000000161 00000 n +0000000396 00000 n +0000000457 00000 n +0000000499 00000 n +0000000630 00000 n +0000000649 00000 n +0000000767 00000 n +trailer << + /Root 1 0 R + /Size 10 + /ID [] +>> +startxref +802 +%%EOF diff --git a/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream.out b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream.out new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4941e63b --- /dev/null +++ b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream.out @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +checking split-content-stream.pdf +PDF Version: 1.4 +File is not encrypted +File is not linearized +No syntax or stream encoding errors found; the file may still contain +errors that qpdf cannot detect diff --git a/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream.pdf b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream.pdf new file mode 100644 index 00000000..92cbfc02 --- /dev/null +++ b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/split-content-stream.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,8593 @@ +%PDF-1.4 +% +%QDF-1.0 + +%% Original object ID: 154 0 +1 0 obj +<< + /Metadata 3 0 R + /Names 5 0 R + /OpenAction [ + 6 0 R + /FitH + 810 + ] + /Outlines 7 0 R + /PageLabels 8 0 R + /PageLayout /SinglePage + /PageMode /UseOutlines + /Pages 9 0 R + /Threads [ + 10 0 R + ] + /Type /Catalog +>> +endobj + +%% Original object ID: 152 0 +2 0 obj +<< + /Author (Bruce Hobbs; Klaus Regenauer-lieb; Alison Ord) + /AuthoritativeDomain#5b1#5d (elsevier.com) + /AuthoritativeDomain#5b2#5d (sciencedirect.com) + /CreationDate (D:20100108085926+05'30') + /Creator (Elsevier) + /ModDate (D:20100108115945+05'30') + /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 8.0.0 \(Windows\)) + /Title (Folding with thermal mechanical feedback: Another reply) + /Trapped /False +>> +endobj + +%% Original object ID: 151 0 +3 0 obj +<< + /Subtype /XML + /Type /Metadata + /Length 4 0 R +>> +stream + + + + + application/pdf + doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2009.10.005 + + + Folding with thermal mechanical feedback: Another reply + + + + + Bruce Hobbs; 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+[(e)21(xpre)12(ssed)-208(as)-202(diffusion)-205(eq)22(uations.)-206(Thus)-208(diffusion)-205(of)-203(heat,)-201(of)-210(chemical)]TJ +0 -1.309 TD +[(components)-320(and)-317(of)-320<94756964>-316(pressu)11(re)-312(is)-318(go)22(verned)-311(by)-289(eq)22(uations)-319(of)-333(the)]TJ +0 -1.316 TD +(form:)Tj +/T1_2 1 Tf +2.955 0 Td +(v)Tj +/T1_3 1 Tf +0.492 0 Td +(c)Tj +/T1_4 1 Tf +0.445 0 Td +(=)Tj +/T1_2 1 Tf +0.499 0 Td +(v)Tj +/T1_3 1 Tf +0.486 0 Td +(t)Tj +/T1_5 1 Tf +0.834 0 Td +Tj +/T1_6 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 9.1657 99.8929 208.6299 Tm +(k)Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +6.2164 0 0 5.9774 103.8614 211.4079 Tm +(process)Tj +/T1_5 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 7.9702 125.6315 208.5165 Tm +Tj +/T1_2 1 Tf +0.383 0 Td +(v)Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +6.2164 0 0 5.9774 132.8882 211.6913 Tm +(2)Tj +/T1_3 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 7.9702 136.9133 208.5165 Tm +(c)Tj +/T1_4 1 Tf +0.451 0 Td +(=)Tj +/T1_2 1 Tf +0.499 0 Td +(v)Tj +/T1_3 1 Tf +0.486 0 Td +(x)Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +6.2164 0 0 5.9774 152.9007 211.4079 Tm +(2)Tj +/T1_5 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 7.9702 156.9259 208.5165 Tm +Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +0.793 0 Td +[(inv)20(olv)12(ing)-404(a)-406(diffusivi)8(ty)43(,)]TJ +/T1_6 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 9.1655 252.3968 208.5165 Tm +(k)Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +6.2164 0 0 5.978 256.3653 212.0882 Tm +(process)Tj +8.2888 0 0 7.9702 277.6251 208.5165 Tm +[(,)-407(for)]TJ +-28.364 -1.309 Td +[(the)-379(proce)12(ss.)]TJ +/T1_3 1 Tf +5.889 0 Td +(c)Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +0.834 0 Td +[(r)16(epresent)11(s)-384(tem)15(peratu)11(re,)-377(chemical)-378(concentr)16(ation)-384(or)]TJ +-6.723 -1.316 Td +[<94756964>-460(pr)14(essure.)-449(If)-470(this)-458(proces)11(s)-466(is)-455(coupled)-463(with)-459(deformation)-458(then)]TJ +0 -1.309 TD +[(the)-297(length)-291(scale,)]TJ +/T1_3 1 Tf +7.749 0 Td +(l)Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +6.2164 0 0 5.978 109.0204 180.6803 Tm +(process)Tj +8.2888 0 0 7.9702 130.2236 177.1653 Tm +[(,)-298(o)15(ver)-284(which)-298(feedbac)10(k)-289(is)-298(important)-294(is)-291(giv)19(en)]TJ +-10.581 -1.316 Td +[(by)-241(the)-242(standar)11(d)-248(diffusion)-253(r)16(elationship,)]TJ +/T1_3 1 Tf +17.544 0 Td +(l)Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +6.2164 0 0 5.9774 190.148 169.5685 Tm +(process)Tj +/T1_5 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 7.9702 215.6031 166.6771 Tm +Tj +/T1_7 1 Tf +2.038 0.846 Td +[<0202020202020202020202020202020202>198<02>]TJ +/T1_6 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 9.1657 232.4976 166.7905 Tm +(k)Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +6.2164 0 0 5.9774 236.4661 169.0016 Tm +(process)Tj +/T1_8 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 9.1657 258.2361 166.7905 Tm +(s)Tj +/T1_5 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 7.9702 225.6944 173.4236 Tm +(p)Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +4.61 -0.846 Td +(where)Tj +/T1_8 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 9.1655 289.9842 166.6771 Tm +(s)Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 7.9702 42.5197 156.189 Tm +[(is)-312(a)-304(timescale)-306(associate)9(d)-310(with)-308(the)-304(deformation.)-304(W)42(e)-314(take)]TJ +/T1_8 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 9.1657 257.6125 156.359 Tm +(s)Tj +/T1_5 1 Tf +0.4406 Tc 8.2888 0 0 7.9702 264.9259 156.189 Tm +Tj +/T1_9 1 Tf +0 Tc 1.669 0.085 Td +(_)Tj +/T1_6 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 9.1657 278.192 156.359 Tm +(3)Tj +/T1_5 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 7.9702 281.5369 156.189 Tm +Tj +6.2164 0 0 5.9774 284.7117 159.874 Tm +<02>Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +0.775 0 Td +(1)Tj +8.2888 0 0 7.9702 42.5197 145.7575 Tm +(where)Tj +/T1_9 1 Tf +3.639 0.085 Td +(_)Tj +/T1_6 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 9.1657 72.1134 145.8708 Tm +(3)Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 7.9702 81.1275 145.7575 Tm +[(is)-681(the)-673(strain-r)18(ate)12(;)-683(then)]TJ +/T1_3 1 Tf +12.154 0 Td +(l)Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +6.2164 0 0 5.9774 184.0818 148.6488 Tm +(process)Tj +/T1_5 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 7.9702 209.537 145.7575 Tm +Tj +/T1_7 1 Tf +2.216 0.854 Td +[<02020202020202020202020202020202020202> +149<02>]TJ +/T1_6 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 9.1657 227.9055 145.8708 Tm +(k)Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +6.2164 0 0 5.9774 231.874 148.0819 Tm +(process)Tj +/T1_4 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 7.9702 253.644 145.7575 Tm +(=)Tj +/T1_9 1 Tf +0.568 0.085 Td +(_)Tj +/T1_6 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 9.1657 257.7826 145.8708 Tm +(3)Tj +/T1_7 1 Tf +8.2888 0 0 7.9702 219.6283 152.5606 Tm +(p)Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +5.007 -0.854 Td +[(.)-681(Values)]TJ +-26.374 -1.316 Td +(of)Tj +/T1_3 1 Tf +1.272 0 Td +(l)Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +6.2164 0 0 5.978 55.3323 138.8409 Tm +(process)Tj +8.2888 0 0 7.9702 79.7669 135.2693 Tm +[(are)-383(giv)26(en)-394(in)]TJ +0 0 0.4 scn +5.937 0 Td +[(T)53(able)-385(1)]TJ +0 0 0 scn +3.741 0 Td +[(which)-387(show)22(s)-391(that)-388(the)-393(length)-386(scale)]TJ +-14.172 -1.309 Td +[(likely)-263(to)-264(charac)11(terise)-266(a)-277(particular)-260(coupled)-278(pr)14(ocess)-278(v)21(aries)-271(from)-263(kilo-)]TJ +0 -1.316 TD +[(metre)11(s)-274(to)-264(micron)12(s)-274(depending)-264(on)-277(the)-270(proce)12(ss)-275(and)-276(the)-277(r)16(ate)-268(of)-272(defor)50(-)]TJ +-0.0001 Tc 0 -1.309 TD +[(mation.)-299(W)42(e)-301(chose)-295(thermal\205mechanical)-304(coupling)-298(as)-305(a)-297<93727374>-299(study)-297(in)]TJ +0 Tc 0 -1.316 TD +[(this)-328(spectrum)-326(of)-327(coupled)-326(beha)24(viour)-329(because)-326(it)-323(is)-325(conceptua)11(lly)-320(the)]TJ +0 -1.309 TD +[(easiest)-327(form)-325(of)-327(coupling)-325(to)-319(gr)17(asp)-327(and)-324(the)-331(comput)15(er)-319(codes)-320(needed)]TJ +0 -1.316 TD +[(to)-483(perform)-495(the)-495(analy)21(sis)-497(ar)13(e)-499(full)13(y)-499(benchmar)11(ked)-489(\()]TJ +0 0 0.4 scn +23.269 0 Td +[(R)26(egenau)12(er)51(-Lieb)]TJ +-23.269 -1.309 Td +[(and)-215(Y)33(uen,)-215(20)-32(0)-9(4)]TJ +0 0 0 scn +-0.0001 Tc 6.997 0 Td +[(\).)-214(For)-208(thermal\205mechanical)-222(coupling)-215(the)-215(length)-215(scale)]TJ +0 Tc -6.997 -1.316 Td +[(is)-277(the)-283(kilometr)17(e)-280(scale.)-281(The)-273(only)-273(point)-274(we)-261(w)20(ant)14(ed)-275(to)-271(make)-265(w)20(as)-277(that)]TJ +-0.0001 Tc 32.454 61.031 Td +[(r)16(egional-scale)-984(folds)-989(can)-983(form)-988(thr)13(ough)-983(thermal\205mechanical)]TJ +0 Tc 0 -1.309 TD +[(coupling.)-513(Other)-510(scales)-510(ha)20(ve)-505(been)-513(consider)10(ed)-508(in)]TJ +0 0 0.4 scn +23.262 0 Td +[(R)19(egena)14(uer)49(-Lieb)]TJ +-23.262 -1.316 Td +[(et)-436(al.)-434(\(20)-31(09\))]TJ +0 0 0 scn +6.272 0 Td +(and)Tj +0 0 0.4 scn +2.141 0 Td +[(Hobbs)-435(et)-436(al.)-440(\(in)-410(press\))]TJ +0 0 0 scn +10.964 0 Td +[(where)-420(it)-439(is)-435(shown)-427(that)]TJ +-19.377 -1.309 Td +[(the)-311(same)-312(fold)-311(mechanism)-308(\(namel)11(y)42(,)-311(stra)14(in-rat)23(e)-314(sof)-13(t)15(ening\))-311(opera)13(tes)]TJ +0 -1.316 TD +[(at)-617(outcrop)-624(and)-632(thin-section)-634(scales)-634(as)-633(does)-631(at)-631(regional)-625(scales)]TJ +0 -1.309 TD +[(although)-445(differ)12(ent)-448(ph)34(ysical)-437(and)-447(chemical)-446(pr)14(ocesses)-449(ar)13(e)-451(inv)20(olv)26(ed)]TJ +0 -1.316 TD +[(at)-296(the)-304(differ)12(ent)-297(scales.)]TJ +1.443 -1.309 Td +[(An)-539(issue)-540(also)-539(inv)20(olvin)12(g)-546(scale)-537(is)-544(ra)13(ised)-546(by)-528(the)-543<8f8f746872>13(ow)-513(a)24(w)20(ay)]TJ +-1.443 -1.316 Td +[(comment\220\220)-267(of)]TJ +0 0 0.4 scn +6.238 0 Td +[(Schmid)-274(et)-272(al.)-276(\(20)31(1)66(0\))]TJ +0 0 0 scn +9.323 0 Td +[(that)-271(the)-277(second)-270(order)-262(folds)-278(arise)]TJ +-15.56 -1.309 Td +[(from)-201<8f8f6d657368>-211(dependency\220\220.)-213(Mesh)-207(dependency)-196(associat)16(ed)-214(with)-212(insta-)]TJ +T* +[(bility)-352(of)-361(deformation)-362(is)-359(commonl)10(y)-341(e)21(xhibit)14(ed)-364(by)-351(ra)13(te)-354(independent)]TJ +0 -1.309 TD +[(mate)12(rials)-322(and)-317(has)-316(been)-321(studied)-323(for)-310(at)-316(least)-320(30)-320(y)14(ears.)]TJ +0 0 0.4 scn +24.342 0 Td +[(Schmid)-315(et)-320(al.)]TJ +-24.342 -1.316 Td +[(\(20)31(1)66(0\))]TJ +0 0 0 scn +3.256 0 Td +[(appar)13(entl)14(y)-314(ar)13(e)-335(confusing)-331(this)-335(kind)-326(of)-333(beha)17(viour)-329(with)-329(what)]TJ +-3.256 -1.309 Td +[(occurs)-622(in)-630(ra)13(te)-621(dependent)-629(mate)12(rials)-623(with)-630(stra)14(in-rat)23(e)-629(sof)-13(tening)]TJ +0 -1.316 TD +[(wher)18(e)-513(localisation)-503(is)-510(no)17(t)-498(e)21(xpected)-494(to)-497(be)-508(beset)-507(by)-494(issues)-506(to)-497(do)]TJ +0 -1.309 TD +[(with)-589(mesh)-587(dependency)-586(\()]TJ +0 0 0.4 scn +12.27 0 Td +[(Needl)13(eman,)-518(1)66(988)]TJ +0 0 0 scn +8.16 0 Td +[(\).)-590(In)-585(our)-593(models,)-583(in)]TJ +-20.43 -1.316 Td +[(common)-342(with)-370(othe)12(r)-374(rat)22(e)-376(sensiti)10(ve)-368(mate)12(rials,)-373(the)-372(thickne)11(ss)-378(of)-381(the)]TJ +T* +[(localised)-496(zone)-492(is)-496(scaled)-498(by)-481(the)-495(size)-499(of)-504(the)-495(initial)-497(imperfections)]TJ +0 -1.316 TD +[(and)-324(not)-323(by)-316(the)-331(mesh.)-331(Mor)14(eov)23(er)-332(mesh)-327(dependency)-333(for)-331(this)-328(partic-)]TJ +0 -1.309 TD +[(ular)-539(pr)14(oblem)-511(w)26(as)-544(studied)-535(by)]TJ +0 0 0.4 scn +14.582 0 Td +[(R)19(egena)14(uer)49(-Lieb)-540(and)-536(Y)33(uen)-540(\(20)-31(0)-9(4\))]TJ +0 0 0 scn +-14.582 -1.316 Td +[(t)15(ogether)-204(with)-212(the)-215(precau)12(tions)-218(needed)-213(t)15(o)-218(ensur)16(e)-219(numerical)-209(stability)36(.)]TJ +0 -1.316 TD +[(The)-424(second)-434(ord)15(er)-435(folds)-428(in)]TJ +0 0 0.4 scn +12.585 0 Td +[(Hobbs)-428(et)-429(al.)-434(\(20)-31(08\))]TJ +0 0 0 scn +9.562 0 Td +[(arise)-435(from)-414(a)-434(self-)]TJ +-22.147 -1.309 Td +[(enhancing)-274(feedbac)10(k)-276(loop)-276(initiated)-269(from)-263(heter)20(ogene)11(ities)-279(in)-275(thermal)]TJ +T* +[(e)21(xpansion,)-296(not)-289(from)-290(mesh)-293(sensiti)10(vity)41(.)]TJ +/T1_1 1 Tf +0 -4.588 TD +[(4.)-601(Concluding)-328(remar)20(k)-11(s)]TJ +/T1_0 1 Tf +1.443 -2.625 Td +[(Our)-222(paper)-223(pr)14(esents)-223(just)-212(one)-222(of)-224(man)33(y)-225(different)-216(theories)-222(that)-223(ha)27(ve)]TJ +-1.443 -1.316 Td +[(been)-376(or)-386(might)-375(be)-385(dev)13(eloped)-382(for)-386(folding)-380(that)-381(is)-380(different)-374(to)-373(Biot\220)15(s)]TJ +0 -1.309 TD +[(appr)16(oach.)-527(W)42(e)-520(do)-521(not)-515(disagree)-504(with)-520(the)-523(pr)14(oposition)-522(that)-524(some)]TJ +0 -1.316 TD +[(natur)15(al)-334(folds)-332(form)-331(by)-303(a)-331(Biot)-324(pr)14(ocess.)-336(W)42(e)-328(do)-336(no)17(t)-334(disagree)-313(with)-329(the)]TJ +0 -1.309 TD +[(pr)14(oposition)-693(that)-695(large)-680(\()]TJ +/T1_4 1 Tf +11.799 0 Td +(>)Tj +/T1_0 1 Tf +0.766 0 Td +[(20\))-694(viscosity)-691(ratios)-686(e)21(xist)-695(in)-692(natur)15(e,)]TJ +-12.565 -1.316 Td +[(although)-336(in)-336(the)-338(mid-)-338(to)-326(low)25(er)51(-crust)-342(we)-322(think)-334(this)-342(is)-339(unlikel)16(y)42(.)-339(Our)]TJ +T* +[(point)-383(is)-380(that)-381(there)-376(is)-380(a)-365(w)20(ay)-358(of)-388(coupling)-379(the)-386(int)14(eresting)-373(proce)12(sses)]TJ +0 -1.316 TD +[(observ)15(ed)-241(in)-233(deformed)-232(metamorphic)-238(roc)20(k)-9(s)-233(within)-234(a)-235(unifying)-235(frame-)]TJ +T* +[(wo)14(rk)-253(that)-265(is)-271(not)]TJ +/T1_3 1 Tf +7.503 0 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Produced by Novatype, a division of Visualogik Technology & Design bv, 2006. +This software is licensed, not sold. Unauthorised use strictly prohibited. +Gulliver is a trademark of Gerard Unger that may be registered in some jurisdictions. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.AdvOT863180fb  3:AmP'U#;L:8I%c]  } +C + + C . 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Produced by Novatype, a division of Visualogik Technology & Design bv, 2006. +This software is licensed, not sold. Unauthorised use strictly prohibited. +Gulliver is a trademark of Gerard Unger that may be registered in some jurisdictions. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.AdvOTb92eb7df.I  "&*.038BDMSn5B{5L, W<[E Z +^ + + w i("WbGWkq 9b?5Y"UgA$@X!pagz}sw|xh? @iRp|ܱg=4g?<;QP !2 E AhSp|ׯf? PQ|Yæ~yiVFNPNWyYm6[$UHL|oh|vmj4u?7RQ9nvpT#.'?/Zp5|).57 %1HF]x]`u^/K03n% +\#P֘ˍYvz}zt{uqp4CB ctH^^vz}ytB}Jr}mzv^q}ˎHsvz}yt,T}ypx{t~}~cqvkiz̧ Ȓ#Hrvxv(|{`v~urz^vz}ytB}N~q}q}v^q}Ȓ2 +svz}ytB}N~q}q}vAqьjuo5тN~q}q}vYq}ȒQ~r~lb̂bMO.9bLO":W/ B/ jR@]i\tRz $Y.ml\]vz}ytB}N~q}q}vjii/PJzzg~*Rupxaih舓 ~sfjhvz}ytB}N~q}q}v^qͰqyskJtVdqwllShXVR.IvZaniz^YC\T][gR2P[Joqzww{ŃřeD<Nzٿv~osGv{z{`T|5v{_g~mlÉ?KÁu~eX`djyǴtuw81qnkg/0s +L¸R^Lo{nYv sgU`|c?k? }j~Y4;"gEѺjkyǴ~wrz$)my}||xxini1 .yMó RaGqxmWvgU`|b>jf +Y14&cFոjt_Icf5{pfsH|E!}sm~krtnjxУ7 $v|mP-LgBk~moH}ZVTXwyBtjja:9AXrPfqicux/kXdO@]>b j~çiG!fOJUorvˁ`J>^/ZĮ_>)my}||x$&Ͷ|p~|yWfwʷ~ws{hNMJa8HR~wsz~vf_eqM`~~zrTfwʶ.lzwkeso`]y}||x1~gwȶ~wrz$)mf>xi`bnPb~ysJ-&͸|p{yK&Ļ|q|wVfwʶtrz~gMK?XKUgPJE_:K~wrzgLODc6Ixi`bnPb~ysJ-&͸|p~|yWfwʷz!I( "[#?)"]T7Ψ\AK0Hn.!KRiz2/x]6Rcr?Jxi`bnPb~zrr~hzHzjdirOc~jL=|{smFV~ʵ}or}{}=N´xjgqwntlgOFK,tkbjhUi~zr3?JZV_Yqlvwq{Q{iSTjspm~}~istlhxï±ϻlxjhqtm}jg=݁Ću|idjsKa}|s~wrz$SjicEh>cyhpJZVE!}sm~krtnjxУ7   ˓)~gwȶ~hFk +endstream +endobj + +%QDF: ignore_newline +234 0 obj +5759 +endobj + +%% Original object ID: 226 0 +235 0 obj +<< + /Subtype /Type1C + /Length 236 0 R +>> +stream +IKFFDG+AdvOTc4d0b532 ~=(5 Copyright Gerard Unger, 1994. Produced by Novatype, a division of Visualogik Technology & Design bv, 2006. +This software is licensed, not sold. Unauthorised use strictly prohibited. +Gulliver is a trademark of Gerard Unger that may be registered in some jurisdictions. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.AdvOTc4d0b532BSe([sv|y.[t7Mz^u~wzv7rN|tzvt-~i5wjql_dKpwVjv}}{QQ{r}q}vV̌Bdj9]WҼyA3Yr6sxqzk[^|ada.J8/koeRcW !UK);ʠ~lpykbvh㗽eIoPwv}}{QQzr~q}vbrr&2^j>=fj6V]ջ|= 2.|iyvmOV|˴kg_dS =Y'DefapsNbn@oty|mt +ʃֻ*iJ_K}ni|vzioϓtW +endstream +endobj + +%QDF: ignore_newline +236 0 obj +1016 +endobj + +%% Original object ID: 230 0 +237 0 obj +<< + /Subtype /Type1C + /Length 238 0 R +>> +stream +IKFFDH+AdvPSSym E C211AdvPSSym }|yd>5M 4q)djЧ^fnM lI鮸ÙtxYsPS.-SS.-SS..SS..S<<<<<<<< +endstream +endobj + +%QDF: ignore_newline +238 0 obj +240 +endobj + +%% Original object ID: 211 0 +239 0 obj +<< + /Subtype /Type1C + /Length 240 0 R +>> +stream +IKFFDI+AdvOTb83ee1dd.B %GE(7 Copyright Gerard Unger, 1994. Produced by Novatype, a division of Visualogik Technology & Design bv, 2006. +This software is licensed, not sold. Unauthorised use strictly prohibited. +Gulliver is a trademark of Gerard Unger that may be registered in some jurisdictions. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.AdvOTb83ee1dd.B "'*358BLSXZn&W&mEr(h!*> " +Y + + T  x  (JjoUVoάkL2sɣio%PdLo \UzNK}o)oZggh||tx{vT̩6?$6bF`sçb7%g>/*sqnnjk^agjoM=0#5aF`si;`j{wouqQp:k;+R^ +PYSnKiB"E[K}oi|sho@H6A@nJtF֝^>e]SLCxR,ŧjEZdtaR"s_w~z_bKiqYYq̭kLRtE]Itzs}wHanSl}pzw}zs 3eY/woY7gqFs}}~NvM~r}r}s"ʙ^2fc<`ڭf<'d_1vwucPzVe]@F\Y Ye,XPPcګ~£`sbsg\ifgss[HL:s}}~NvM~r}r}g[s}}~NvM~r}r}srrvȐ<tqtrxurltV5f|=s}}~NvM~r}r}srrd Tl)ea6T߰g5Z/K}oh|sɣiorH::qss{w_/Nb{o M2Osz,Jj}e9q{`'O~qoD͉{sk^T1CmOZqʰzf|z^mfAWd~Pvl\E-Rȸ^sëE|zxς:t" P=E O\sT\sWp~T= +ܮT bI5z{JyqVM"TB+0ϧkchY)ÚQ| +kf`%3R>*ɹû<psr +sWp~T' +y{v:ht|k`c SϠ̄{mG(:)QC+3Өľ¾j)GHcg>:Lu_bfcxTATBM~r}r}s`s~Z~cHmbdZ!0@8LvQkri\jr{6zbfR@_%TmUrsVZ}!}o8vjYYy៬j+:WIj$:eY}k rrkӊ}xrd]GQpWasWp~TM~r}r}sxq܌yf{tZXNpwx}s|sXo~TM~r}r}sxpAXmŭiUSikWsWp~TM~r}r}sxq;hvowys}ul 9|sWp~TM~r}r}sxq2UrrkӉ}xqdXGWxa`s\BEXsT[pXo~TM~r}r}sxpyf{tZXNpwx}sqrk̊§ze{tZXNpxw}sqrk dqc\EXsT[pXo~TM~r}r}sxpyf{tZXNpwx}sCNG+BE& NH(C3sUDGs24ТU3O`su%Q>EL]tS[pXo~TsM~r}r}sB +ܭTbH7z}| [pmVY^pRgmXo~TM~r}r}s`s|o{ĭ ?Bzk|vp6g}isQea!;O?`Xhy~anwKbjess0 3uwugq)),vK|nluyr}s^>nqgw¢rr(sXo}TxttXnsXo~TJBxnptzuпº<B}}}Tl|e2:2s~XT}vy}tM=钧d|k5MJ~{bP\{wtpx}v^lm_Umʲ Ms}Ihz^@ qr*@|S^^:kLbwkc\vTBM~r}r}sxpטhNpwx}s +endstream +endobj + +%QDF: ignore_newline +240 0 obj +4118 +endobj + +%% Original object ID: 233 0 +241 0 obj +<< + /Subtype /Type1C + /Length 242 0 R +>> +stream +IKFFHH+AdvP2A83 0y|. 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