Merge pull request #3731 from metalsp0rk/feature/min-packsize-flag

Feature: min packsize flag

changelog/unreleased/issue-2291

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Enhancement: Allow pack size customization
+
+Restic now uses a target pack size of 16 MiB by default. It can be customized
+using the `--pack-size size` option. Supported pack sizes range between 4 and
+128 MiB.
+
+It is possible to migrate an existing repository to _larger_ pack files using
+`prune --repack-small`. This will rewrite every pack file which is
+significantly smaller than the target size.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2291
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/3731

cmd/restic/cmd_init.go

@@ -86,7 +86,13 @@ func runInit(opts InitOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		return errors.Fatalf("create repository at %s failed: %v\n", location.StripPassword(gopts.Repo), err)
 	}
 
-	s := repository.New(be, repository.Options{Compression: gopts.Compression})
+	s, err := repository.New(be, repository.Options{
+		Compression: gopts.Compression,
+		PackSize:    gopts.PackSize * 1024 * 1024,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 
 	err = s.Init(gopts.ctx, version, gopts.password, chunkerPolynomial)
 	if err != nil {

cmd/restic/cmd_prune.go

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ type PruneOptions struct {
 	MaxRepackBytes uint64
 
 	RepackCachableOnly bool
+	RepackSmall        bool
 	RepackUncompressed bool
 }
 
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@ func addPruneOptions(c *cobra.Command) {
 	f.StringVar(&pruneOptions.MaxUnused, "max-unused", "5%", "tolerate given `limit` of unused data (absolute value in bytes with suffixes k/K, m/M, g/G, t/T, a value in % or the word 'unlimited')")
 	f.StringVar(&pruneOptions.MaxRepackSize, "max-repack-size", "", "maximum `size` to repack (allowed suffixes: k/K, m/M, g/G, t/T)")
 	f.BoolVar(&pruneOptions.RepackCachableOnly, "repack-cacheable-only", false, "only repack packs which are cacheable")
+	f.BoolVar(&pruneOptions.RepackSmall, "repack-small", false, "repack pack files below 80%% of target pack size")
 	f.BoolVar(&pruneOptions.RepackUncompressed, "repack-uncompressed", false, "repack all uncompressed data")
 }
 
@@ -422,7 +424,14 @@ func decidePackAction(ctx context.Context, opts PruneOptions, gopts GlobalOption
 	repackPacks := restic.NewIDSet()
 
 	var repackCandidates []packInfoWithID
+	var repackSmallCandidates []packInfoWithID
 	repoVersion := repo.Config().Version
+	// only repack very small files by default
+	targetPackSize := repo.PackSize() / 25
+	if opts.RepackSmall {
+		// consider files with at least 80% of the target size as large enough
+		targetPackSize = repo.PackSize() / 5 * 4
+	}
 
 	// loop over all packs and decide what to do
 	bar := newProgressMax(!gopts.Quiet, uint64(len(indexPack)), "packs processed")
@@ -477,8 +486,12 @@ func decidePackAction(ctx context.Context, opts PruneOptions, gopts GlobalOption
 			stats.packs.keep++
 
 		case p.unusedBlobs == 0 && p.tpe != restic.InvalidBlob && !mustCompress:
+			if packSize >= int64(targetPackSize) {
 				// All blobs in pack are used and not mixed => keep pack!
 				stats.packs.keep++
+			} else {
+				repackSmallCandidates = append(repackSmallCandidates, packInfoWithID{ID: id, packInfo: p})
+			}
 
 		default:
 			// all other packs are candidates for repacking
@@ -521,11 +534,19 @@ func decidePackAction(ctx context.Context, opts PruneOptions, gopts GlobalOption
 		}
 	}
 
+	if len(repackSmallCandidates) < 10 {
+		// too few small files to be worth the trouble, this also prevents endlessly repacking
+		// if there is just a single pack file below the target size
+		stats.packs.keep += uint(len(repackSmallCandidates))
+	} else {
+		repackCandidates = append(repackCandidates, repackSmallCandidates...)
+	}
+
 	// Sort repackCandidates such that packs with highest ratio unused/used space are picked first.
 	// This is equivalent to sorting by unused / total space.
 	// Instead of unused[i] / used[i] > unused[j] / used[j] we use
 	// unused[i] * used[j] > unused[j] * used[i] as uint32*uint32 < uint64
-	// Morover packs containing trees are sorted to the beginning
+	// Moreover packs containing trees and too small packs are sorted to the beginning
 	sort.Slice(repackCandidates, func(i, j int) bool {
 		pi := repackCandidates[i].packInfo
 		pj := repackCandidates[j].packInfo
@@ -534,6 +555,10 @@ func decidePackAction(ctx context.Context, opts PruneOptions, gopts GlobalOption
 			return true
 		case pj.tpe != restic.DataBlob && pi.tpe == restic.DataBlob:
 			return false
+		case pi.unusedSize+pi.usedSize < uint64(targetPackSize) && pj.unusedSize+pj.usedSize >= uint64(targetPackSize):
+			return true
+		case pj.unusedSize+pj.usedSize < uint64(targetPackSize) && pi.unusedSize+pi.usedSize >= uint64(targetPackSize):
+			return false
 		}
 		return pi.unusedSize*pj.usedSize > pj.unusedSize*pi.usedSize
 	})
@@ -552,6 +577,7 @@ func decidePackAction(ctx context.Context, opts PruneOptions, gopts GlobalOption
 	for _, p := range repackCandidates {
 		reachedUnusedSizeAfter := (stats.size.unused-stats.size.remove-stats.size.repackrm < maxUnusedSizeAfter)
 		reachedRepackSize := stats.size.repack+p.unusedSize+p.usedSize >= opts.MaxRepackBytes
+		packIsLargeEnough := p.unusedSize+p.usedSize >= uint64(targetPackSize)
 
 		switch {
 		case reachedRepackSize:
@@ -561,7 +587,7 @@ func decidePackAction(ctx context.Context, opts PruneOptions, gopts GlobalOption
 			// repacking non-data packs / uncompressed-trees is only limited by repackSize
 			repack(p.ID, p.packInfo)
 
-		case reachedUnusedSizeAfter:
+		case reachedUnusedSizeAfter && packIsLargeEnough:
 			// for all other packs stop repacking if tolerated unused size is reached.
 			stats.packs.keep++
 

cmd/restic/global.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@ type GlobalOptions struct {
 	NoCache         bool
 	CleanupCache    bool
 	Compression     repository.CompressionMode
+	PackSize        uint
 
 	backend.TransportOptions
 	limiter.Limits
@@ -102,6 +104,9 @@ func init() {
 		return nil
 	})
 
+	// parse target pack size from env, on error the default value will be used
+	targetPackSize, _ := strconv.ParseUint(os.Getenv("RESTIC_PACK_SIZE"), 10, 32)
+
 	f := cmdRoot.PersistentFlags()
 	f.StringVarP(&globalOptions.Repo, "repo", "r", os.Getenv("RESTIC_REPOSITORY"), "`repository` to backup to or restore from (default: $RESTIC_REPOSITORY)")
 	f.StringVarP(&globalOptions.RepositoryFile, "repository-file", "", os.Getenv("RESTIC_REPOSITORY_FILE"), "`file` to read the repository location from (default: $RESTIC_REPOSITORY_FILE)")
@@ -121,6 +126,7 @@ func init() {
 	f.Var(&globalOptions.Compression, "compression", "compression mode (only available for repository format version 2), one of (auto|off|max)")
 	f.IntVar(&globalOptions.Limits.UploadKb, "limit-upload", 0, "limits uploads to a maximum rate in KiB/s. (default: unlimited)")
 	f.IntVar(&globalOptions.Limits.DownloadKb, "limit-download", 0, "limits downloads to a maximum rate in KiB/s. (default: unlimited)")
+	f.UintVar(&globalOptions.PackSize, "pack-size", uint(targetPackSize), "set target pack size in MiB, created pack files may be larger (default: $RESTIC_PACK_SIZE)")
 	f.StringSliceVarP(&globalOptions.Options, "option", "o", []string{}, "set extended option (`key=value`, can be specified multiple times)")
 	// Use our "generate" command instead of the cobra provided "completion" command
 	cmdRoot.CompletionOptions.DisableDefaultCmd = true
@@ -440,7 +446,13 @@ func OpenRepository(opts GlobalOptions) (*repository.Repository, error) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	s := repository.New(be, repository.Options{Compression: opts.Compression})
+	s, err := repository.New(be, repository.Options{
+		Compression: opts.Compression,
+		PackSize:    opts.PackSize * 1024 * 1024,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 
 	passwordTriesLeft := 1
 	if stdinIsTerminal() && opts.password == "" {

cmd/restic/integration_test.go

@@ -1611,6 +1611,11 @@ func testPruneVariants(t *testing.T, unsafeNoSpaceRecovery bool) {
 		checkOpts := CheckOptions{ReadData: true}
 		testPrune(t, opts, checkOpts)
 	})
+	t.Run("Small", func(t *testing.T) {
+		opts := PruneOptions{MaxUnused: "unlimited", RepackSmall: true}
+		checkOpts := CheckOptions{ReadData: true, CheckUnused: true}
+		testPrune(t, opts, checkOpts)
+	})
 }
 
 func testPrune(t *testing.T, pruneOpts PruneOptions, checkOpts CheckOptions) {

doc/040_backup.rst

@@ -554,6 +554,7 @@ environment variables. The following lists these environment variables:
     RESTIC_CACHE_DIR                    Location of the cache directory
     RESTIC_COMPRESSION                  Compression mode (only available for repository format version 2)
     RESTIC_PROGRESS_FPS                 Frames per second by which the progress bar is updated
+    RESTIC_PACK_SIZE                    Target size for pack files
 
     TMPDIR                              Location for temporary files
 

doc/047_tuning_backup_parameters.rst

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
   - for subsections
   ^ for subsubsections
   " for paragraphs
+
 ########################
 Tuning Backup Parameters
 ########################
@@ -48,3 +49,26 @@ which will compress very fast), ``max`` (which will trade backup speed and CPU u
 slightly better compression), or ``off`` (which disables compression). Each setting is
 only applied for the single run of restic. The option can also be set via the environment
 variable ``RESTIC_COMPRESSION``.
+
+
+Pack Size
+=========
+
+In certain instances, such as very large repositories (in the TiB range) or very fast
+upload connections, it is desirable to use larger pack sizes to reduce the number of
+files in the repository and improve upload performance.  Notable examples are OpenStack
+Swift and some Google Drive Team accounts, where there are hard limits on the total
+number of files.  Larger pack sizes can also improve the backup speed for a repository
+stored on a local HDD.  This can be achieved by either using the ``--pack-size`` option
+or defining the ``$RESTIC_PACK_SIZE`` environment variable.  Restic currently defaults
+to a 16 MiB pack size.
+
+The side effect of increasing the pack size is requiring more disk space for temporary pack
+files created before uploading.  The space must be available in the system default temp
+directory, unless overwritten by setting the ``$TMPDIR`` environment variable.  In addition,
+depending on the backend the memory usage can also increase by a similar amount. Restic
+requires temporary space according to the pack size, multiplied by the number
+of backend connections plus one. For example, if the backend uses 5 connections (the default
+for most backends), with a target pack size of 64 MiB, you'll need a *minimum* of 384 MiB
+of space in the temp directory. A bit of tuning may be required to strike a balance between
+resource usage at the backup client and the number of pack files in the repository.

doc/manual_rest.rst

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ Usage help is available:
           --key-hint key               key ID of key to try decrypting first (default: $RESTIC_KEY_HINT)
           --limit-download int         limits downloads to a maximum rate in KiB/s. (default: unlimited)
           --limit-upload int           limits uploads to a maximum rate in KiB/s. (default: unlimited)
+          --pack-size uint             set target pack size in MiB. (default: $RESTIC_PACK_SIZE)
           --no-cache                   do not use a local cache
           --no-lock                    do not lock the repository, this allows some operations on read-only repositories
       -o, --option key=value           set extended option (key=value, can be specified multiple times)
@@ -128,6 +129,7 @@ command:
           --key-hint key               key ID of key to try decrypting first (default: $RESTIC_KEY_HINT)
           --limit-download int         limits downloads to a maximum rate in KiB/s. (default: unlimited)
           --limit-upload int           limits uploads to a maximum rate in KiB/s. (default: unlimited)
+          --pack-size uint             set target pack size in MiB. (default: $RESTIC_PACK_SIZE)
           --no-cache                   do not use a local cache
           --no-lock                    do not lock the repository, this allows some operations on read-only repositories
       -o, --option key=value           set extended option (key=value, can be specified multiple times)

internal/backend/s3/s3.go

@@ -291,6 +291,8 @@ func (be *Backend) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindRe
 	opts.ContentType = "application/octet-stream"
 	// the only option with the high-level api is to let the library handle the checksum computation
 	opts.SendContentMd5 = true
+	// only use multipart uploads for very large files
+	opts.PartSize = 200 * 1024 * 1024
 
 	debug.Log("PutObject(%v, %v, %v)", be.cfg.Bucket, objName, rd.Length())
 	info, err := be.client.PutObject(ctx, be.cfg.Bucket, objName, ioutil.NopCloser(rd), int64(rd.Length()), opts)

internal/checker/checker_test.go

@@ -348,7 +348,8 @@ func TestCheckerModifiedData(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Logf("archived as %v", sn.ID().Str())
 
 	beError := &errorBackend{Backend: repo.Backend()}
-	checkRepo := repository.New(beError, repository.Options{})
+	checkRepo, err := repository.New(beError, repository.Options{})
+	test.OK(t, err)
 	test.OK(t, checkRepo.SearchKey(context.TODO(), test.TestPassword, 5, ""))
 
 	chkr := checker.New(checkRepo, false)

internal/pack/pack.go

@@ -157,6 +157,13 @@ func (p *Packer) Count() int {
 	return len(p.blobs)
 }
 
+// HeaderFull returns true if the pack header is full.
+func (p *Packer) HeaderFull() bool {
+	p.m.Lock()
+	defer p.m.Unlock()
+	return headerSize+uint(len(p.blobs)+1)*entrySize > MaxHeaderSize
+}
+
 // Blobs returns the slice of blobs that have been written.
 func (p *Packer) Blobs() []restic.Blob {
 	p.m.Lock()

internal/repository/packer_manager.go

@@ -36,17 +36,17 @@ type packerManager struct {
 
 	pm       sync.Mutex
 	packer   *Packer
+	packSize uint
 }
 
-const minPackSize = 4 * 1024 * 1024
-
 // newPackerManager returns an new packer manager which writes temporary files
 // to a temporary directory
-func newPackerManager(key *crypto.Key, tpe restic.BlobType, queueFn func(ctx context.Context, t restic.BlobType, p *Packer) error) *packerManager {
+func newPackerManager(key *crypto.Key, tpe restic.BlobType, packSize uint, queueFn func(ctx context.Context, t restic.BlobType, p *Packer) error) *packerManager {
 	return &packerManager{
 		tpe:      tpe,
 		key:      key,
 		queueFn:  queueFn,
+		packSize: packSize,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ func (r *packerManager) SaveBlob(ctx context.Context, t restic.BlobType, id rest
 		return 0, err
 	}
 
-	// if the pack is not full enough, put back to the list
-	if packer.Size() < minPackSize {
+	// if the pack and header is not full enough, put back to the list
+	if packer.Size() < r.packSize && !packer.HeaderFull() {
 		debug.Log("pack is not full enough (%d bytes)", packer.Size())
 		return size, nil
 	}

internal/repository/packer_manager_test.go

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func min(a, b int) int {
 }
 
 func fillPacks(t testing.TB, rnd *rand.Rand, pm *packerManager, buf []byte) (bytes int) {
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for i := 0; i < 102; i++ {
 		l := rnd.Intn(maxBlobSize)
 		id := randomID(rnd)
 		buf = buf[:l]
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func testPackerManager(t testing.TB) int64 {
 	rnd := rand.New(rand.NewSource(randomSeed))
 
 	savedBytes := int(0)
-	pm := newPackerManager(crypto.NewRandomKey(), restic.DataBlob, func(ctx context.Context, tp restic.BlobType, p *Packer) error {
+	pm := newPackerManager(crypto.NewRandomKey(), restic.DataBlob, DefaultPackSize, func(ctx context.Context, tp restic.BlobType, p *Packer) error {
 		err := p.Finalize()
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ func BenchmarkPackerManager(t *testing.B) {
 
 	for i := 0; i < t.N; i++ {
 		rnd.Seed(randomSeed)
-		pm := newPackerManager(crypto.NewRandomKey(), restic.DataBlob, func(ctx context.Context, t restic.BlobType, p *Packer) error {
+		pm := newPackerManager(crypto.NewRandomKey(), restic.DataBlob, DefaultPackSize, func(ctx context.Context, t restic.BlobType, p *Packer) error {
 			return nil
 		})
 		fillPacks(t, rnd, pm, blobBuf)

internal/repository/repository.go

@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ import (
 
 const MaxStreamBufferSize = 4 * 1024 * 1024
 
+const MinPackSize = 4 * 1024 * 1024
+const DefaultPackSize = 16 * 1024 * 1024
+const MaxPackSize = 128 * 1024 * 1024
+
 // Repository is used to access a repository in a backend.
 type Repository struct {
 	be      restic.Backend
@@ -54,6 +58,7 @@ type Repository struct {
 
 type Options struct {
 	Compression CompressionMode
+	PackSize    uint
 }
 
 // CompressionMode configures if data should be compressed.
@@ -100,14 +105,23 @@ func (c *CompressionMode) Type() string {
 }
 
 // New returns a new repository with backend be.
-func New(be restic.Backend, opts Options) *Repository {
+func New(be restic.Backend, opts Options) (*Repository, error) {
+	if opts.PackSize == 0 {
+		opts.PackSize = DefaultPackSize
+	}
+	if opts.PackSize > MaxPackSize {
+		return nil, errors.Fatalf("pack size larger than limit of %v MiB", MaxPackSize/1024/1024)
+	} else if opts.PackSize < MinPackSize {
+		return nil, errors.Fatalf("pack size smaller than minimum of %v MiB", MinPackSize/1024/1024)
+	}
+
 	repo := &Repository{
 		be:   be,
 		opts: opts,
 		idx:  NewMasterIndex(),
 	}
 
-	return repo
+	return repo, nil
 }
 
 // DisableAutoIndexUpdate deactives the automatic finalization and upload of new
@@ -129,6 +143,11 @@ func (r *Repository) Config() restic.Config {
 	return r.cfg
 }
 
+// PackSize return the target size of a pack file when uploading
+func (r *Repository) PackSize() uint {
+	return r.opts.PackSize
+}
+
 // UseCache replaces the backend with the wrapped cache.
 func (r *Repository) UseCache(c *cache.Cache) {
 	if c == nil {
@@ -497,8 +516,8 @@ func (r *Repository) StartPackUploader(ctx context.Context, wg *errgroup.Group)
 	innerWg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
 	r.packerWg = innerWg
 	r.uploader = newPackerUploader(ctx, innerWg, r, r.be.Connections())
-	r.treePM = newPackerManager(r.key, restic.TreeBlob, r.uploader.QueuePacker)
-	r.dataPM = newPackerManager(r.key, restic.DataBlob, r.uploader.QueuePacker)
+	r.treePM = newPackerManager(r.key, restic.TreeBlob, r.PackSize(), r.uploader.QueuePacker)
+	r.dataPM = newPackerManager(r.key, restic.DataBlob, r.PackSize(), r.uploader.QueuePacker)
 
 	wg.Go(func() error {
 		return innerWg.Wait()
@@ -812,6 +831,9 @@ func (r *Repository) SaveBlob(ctx context.Context, t restic.BlobType, buf []byte
 
 type BackendLoadFn func(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64, fn func(rd io.Reader) error) error
 
+// Skip sections with more than 4MB unused blobs
+const maxUnusedRange = 4 * 1024 * 1024
+
 // StreamPack loads the listed blobs from the specified pack file. The plaintext blob is passed to
 // the handleBlobFn callback or an error if decryption failed or the blob hash does not match. In
 // case of download errors handleBlobFn might be called multiple times for the same blob. If the
@@ -825,6 +847,29 @@ func StreamPack(ctx context.Context, beLoad BackendLoadFn, key *crypto.Key, pack
 	sort.Slice(blobs, func(i, j int) bool {
 		return blobs[i].Offset < blobs[j].Offset
 	})
+
+	lowerIdx := 0
+	lastPos := blobs[0].Offset
+	for i := 0; i < len(blobs); i++ {
+		if blobs[i].Offset < lastPos {
+			// don't wait for streamPackPart to fail
+			return errors.Errorf("overlapping blobs in pack %v", packID)
+		}
+		if blobs[i].Offset-lastPos > maxUnusedRange {
+			// load everything up to the skipped file section
+			err := streamPackPart(ctx, beLoad, key, packID, blobs[lowerIdx:i], handleBlobFn)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			lowerIdx = i
+		}
+		lastPos = blobs[i].Offset + blobs[i].Length
+	}
+	// load remainder
+	return streamPackPart(ctx, beLoad, key, packID, blobs[lowerIdx:], handleBlobFn)
+}
+
+func streamPackPart(ctx context.Context, beLoad BackendLoadFn, key *crypto.Key, packID restic.ID, blobs []restic.Blob, handleBlobFn func(blob restic.BlobHandle, buf []byte, err error) error) error {
 	h := restic.Handle{Type: restic.PackFile, Name: packID.String(), ContainedBlobType: restic.DataBlob}
 
 	dataStart := blobs[0].Offset

internal/repository/repository_test.go

@@ -455,17 +455,19 @@ func testStreamPack(t *testing.T, version uint) {
 	}
 
 	blobSizes := []int{
+		5522811,
 		10,
 		5231,
 		18812,
 		123123,
+		13522811,
 		12301,
 		892242,
 		28616,
 		13351,
 		252287,
 		188883,
-		2522811,
+		3522811,
 		18883,
 	}
 
@@ -481,6 +483,7 @@ func testStreamPack(t *testing.T, version uint) {
 
 	packfileBlobs, packfile := buildPackfileWithoutHeader(t, blobSizes, &key, compress)
 
+	loadCalls := 0
 	load := func(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64, fn func(rd io.Reader) error) error {
 		data := packfile
 
@@ -495,6 +498,7 @@ func testStreamPack(t *testing.T, version uint) {
 		}
 
 		data = data[:length]
+		loadCalls++
 
 		return fn(bytes.NewReader(data))
 
@@ -504,19 +508,20 @@ func testStreamPack(t *testing.T, version uint) {
 	t.Run("regular", func(t *testing.T) {
 		tests := []struct {
 			blobs []restic.Blob
+			calls int
 		}{
-			{packfileBlobs[1:2]},
-			{packfileBlobs[2:5]},
-			{packfileBlobs[2:8]},
+			{packfileBlobs[1:2], 1},
+			{packfileBlobs[2:5], 1},
+			{packfileBlobs[2:8], 1},
 			{[]restic.Blob{
 				packfileBlobs[0],
-				packfileBlobs[8],
 				packfileBlobs[4],
-			}},
+				packfileBlobs[2],
+			}, 1},
 			{[]restic.Blob{
 				packfileBlobs[0],
 				packfileBlobs[len(packfileBlobs)-1],
-			}},
+			}, 2},
 		}
 
 		for _, test := range tests {
@@ -542,6 +547,7 @@ func testStreamPack(t *testing.T, version uint) {
 					wantBlobs[blob.ID] = 1
 				}
 
+				loadCalls = 0
 				err = repository.StreamPack(ctx, load, &key, restic.ID{}, test.blobs, handleBlob)
 				if err != nil {
 					t.Fatal(err)
@@ -550,6 +556,7 @@ func testStreamPack(t *testing.T, version uint) {
 				if !cmp.Equal(wantBlobs, gotBlobs) {
 					t.Fatal(cmp.Diff(wantBlobs, gotBlobs))
 				}
+				rtest.Equals(t, test.calls, loadCalls)
 			})
 		}
 	})

internal/repository/testing.go

@@ -52,10 +52,13 @@ func TestRepositoryWithBackend(t testing.TB, be restic.Backend, version uint) (r
 		be, beCleanup = TestBackend(t)
 	}
 
-	repo := New(be, Options{})
+	repo, err := New(be, Options{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("TestRepository(): new repo failed: %v", err)
+	}
 
 	cfg := restic.TestCreateConfig(t, TestChunkerPol, version)
-	err := repo.init(context.TODO(), test.TestPassword, cfg)
+	err = repo.init(context.TODO(), test.TestPassword, cfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("TestRepository(): initialize repo failed: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -104,7 +107,10 @@ func TestOpenLocal(t testing.TB, dir string) (r restic.Repository) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	repo := New(be, Options{})
+	repo, err := New(be, Options{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
 	err = repo.SearchKey(context.TODO(), test.TestPassword, 10, "")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)

internal/restic/repository.go

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ type Repository interface {
 	LookupBlobSize(ID, BlobType) (uint, bool)
 
 	Config() Config
+	PackSize() uint
 
 	// List calls the function fn for each file of type t in the repository.
 	// When an error is returned by fn, processing stops and List() returns the