From 8e1e3844aa6a1559449c5a5b2369b522817eb109 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Eischer <michael.eischer@fau.de>
Date: Fri, 7 Apr 2023 23:02:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] backend: factor out connection limiting and parameter
 validation

The SemaphoreBackend now uniformly enforces the limit of concurrent
backend operations. In addition, it unifies the parameter validation.

The List() methods no longer uses a semaphore. Restic already never runs
multiple list operations in parallel.

By managing the semaphore in a wrapper backend, the sections that hold a
semaphore token grow slightly. However, the main bottleneck is IO, so
this shouldn't make much of a difference.

The key insight that enables the SemaphoreBackend is that all of the
complex semaphore handling in `openReader()` still happens within the
original call to `Load()`. Thus, getting and releasing the semaphore
tokens can be refactored to happen directly in `Load()`. This eliminates
the need for wrapping the reader in `openReader()` to release the token.
---
 cmd/restic/global.go                |  7 ++-
 internal/backend/azure/azure.go     | 26 +--------
 internal/backend/b2/b2.go           | 51 ++---------------
 internal/backend/gs/gs.go           | 35 ++----------
 internal/backend/local/local.go     | 34 +----------
 internal/backend/mem/mem_backend.go | 40 +------------
 internal/backend/rest/rest.go       | 44 ---------------
 internal/backend/s3/s3.go           | 31 ++--------
 internal/backend/sema/backend.go    | 87 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 internal/backend/sema/semaphore.go  | 58 ++++---------------
 internal/backend/sftp/sftp.go       | 57 +------------------
 internal/backend/swift/swift.go     | 29 +---------
 internal/backend/utils.go           | 11 +---
 13 files changed, 126 insertions(+), 384 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 internal/backend/sema/backend.go

diff --git a/cmd/restic/global.go b/cmd/restic/global.go
index 41f97b5df..8d34f8ddb 100644
--- a/cmd/restic/global.go
+++ b/cmd/restic/global.go
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/rest"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/retry"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/s3"
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/sema"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/sftp"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/swift"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/cache"
@@ -744,8 +745,8 @@ func open(ctx context.Context, s string, gopts GlobalOptions, opts options.Optio
 		return nil, errors.Fatalf("unable to open repository at %v: %v", location.StripPassword(s), err)
 	}
 
-	// wrap with debug logging
-	be = logger.New(be)
+	// wrap with debug logging and connection limiting
+	be = logger.New(sema.New(be))
 
 	// wrap backend if a test specified an inner hook
 	if gopts.backendInnerTestHook != nil {
@@ -820,5 +821,5 @@ func create(ctx context.Context, s string, opts options.Options) (restic.Backend
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	return logger.New(be), nil
+	return logger.New(sema.New(be)), nil
 }
diff --git a/internal/backend/azure/azure.go b/internal/backend/azure/azure.go
index 4d7a4a57b..82d55960f 100644
--- a/internal/backend/azure/azure.go
+++ b/internal/backend/azure/azure.go
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/layout"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/sema"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
@@ -26,7 +25,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/storage/azblob/bloberror"
 	"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/storage/azblob/blockblob"
 	azContainer "github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/storage/azblob/container"
-	"github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4"
 )
 
 // Backend stores data on an azure endpoint.
@@ -34,7 +32,6 @@ type Backend struct {
 	cfg          Config
 	container    *azContainer.Client
 	connections  uint
-	sem          sema.Semaphore
 	prefix       string
 	listMaxItems int
 	layout.Layout
@@ -96,16 +93,10 @@ func open(cfg Config, rt http.RoundTripper) (*Backend, error) {
 		return nil, errors.New("no azure authentication information found")
 	}
 
-	sem, err := sema.New(cfg.Connections)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
 	be := &Backend{
 		container:   client,
 		cfg:         cfg,
 		connections: cfg.Connections,
-		sem:         sem,
 		Layout: &layout.DefaultLayout{
 			Path: cfg.Prefix,
 			Join: path.Join,
@@ -186,14 +177,8 @@ func (be *Backend) Path() string {
 
 // Save stores data in the backend at the handle.
 func (be *Backend) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindReader) error {
-	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
-		return backoff.Permanent(err)
-	}
-
 	objName := be.Filename(h)
 
-	be.sem.GetToken()
-
 	debug.Log("InsertObject(%v, %v)", be.cfg.AccountName, objName)
 
 	var err error
@@ -205,7 +190,6 @@ func (be *Backend) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindRe
 		err = be.saveLarge(ctx, objName, rd)
 	}
 
-	be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 	return err
 }
 
@@ -297,7 +281,6 @@ func (be *Backend) openReader(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int,
 	objName := be.Filename(h)
 	blockBlobClient := be.container.NewBlobClient(objName)
 
-	be.sem.GetToken()
 	resp, err := blockBlobClient.DownloadStream(ctx, &blob.DownloadStreamOptions{
 		Range: azblob.HTTPRange{
 			Offset: offset,
@@ -306,11 +289,10 @@ func (be *Backend) openReader(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int,
 	})
 
 	if err != nil {
-		be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	return be.sem.ReleaseTokenOnClose(resp.Body, nil), err
+	return resp.Body, err
 }
 
 // Stat returns information about a blob.
@@ -318,9 +300,7 @@ func (be *Backend) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (restic.FileInfo,
 	objName := be.Filename(h)
 	blobClient := be.container.NewBlobClient(objName)
 
-	be.sem.GetToken()
 	props, err := blobClient.GetProperties(ctx, nil)
-	be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 
 	if err != nil {
 		return restic.FileInfo{}, errors.Wrap(err, "blob.GetProperties")
@@ -338,9 +318,7 @@ func (be *Backend) Remove(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) error {
 	objName := be.Filename(h)
 	blob := be.container.NewBlobClient(objName)
 
-	be.sem.GetToken()
 	_, err := blob.Delete(ctx, &azblob.DeleteBlobOptions{})
-	be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 
 	if be.IsNotExist(err) {
 		return nil
@@ -368,9 +346,7 @@ func (be *Backend) List(ctx context.Context, t restic.FileType, fn func(restic.F
 	lister := be.container.NewListBlobsFlatPager(opts)
 
 	for lister.More() {
-		be.sem.GetToken()
 		resp, err := lister.NextPage(ctx)
-		be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
diff --git a/internal/backend/b2/b2.go b/internal/backend/b2/b2.go
index 10f1a715b..0827f727b 100644
--- a/internal/backend/b2/b2.go
+++ b/internal/backend/b2/b2.go
@@ -11,12 +11,10 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/layout"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/sema"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 
-	"github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4"
 	"github.com/kurin/blazer/b2"
 	"github.com/kurin/blazer/base"
 )
@@ -28,7 +26,6 @@ type b2Backend struct {
 	cfg          Config
 	listMaxItems int
 	layout.Layout
-	sem sema.Semaphore
 
 	canDelete bool
 }
@@ -92,11 +89,6 @@ func Open(ctx context.Context, cfg Config, rt http.RoundTripper) (restic.Backend
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "Bucket")
 	}
 
-	sem, err := sema.New(cfg.Connections)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
 	be := &b2Backend{
 		client: client,
 		bucket: bucket,
@@ -106,7 +98,6 @@ func Open(ctx context.Context, cfg Config, rt http.RoundTripper) (restic.Backend
 			Path: cfg.Prefix,
 		},
 		listMaxItems: defaultListMaxItems,
-		sem:          sem,
 		canDelete:    true,
 	}
 
@@ -134,11 +125,6 @@ func Create(ctx context.Context, cfg Config, rt http.RoundTripper) (restic.Backe
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "NewBucket")
 	}
 
-	sem, err := sema.New(cfg.Connections)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
 	be := &b2Backend{
 		client: client,
 		bucket: bucket,
@@ -148,7 +134,6 @@ func Create(ctx context.Context, cfg Config, rt http.RoundTripper) (restic.Backe
 			Path: cfg.Prefix,
 		},
 		listMaxItems: defaultListMaxItems,
-		sem:          sem,
 	}
 
 	_, err = be.Stat(ctx, restic.Handle{Type: restic.ConfigFile})
@@ -202,20 +187,18 @@ func (be *b2Backend) IsNotExist(err error) bool {
 // Load runs fn with a reader that yields the contents of the file at h at the
 // given offset.
 func (be *b2Backend) Load(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64, fn func(rd io.Reader) error) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	defer cancel()
+
 	return backend.DefaultLoad(ctx, h, length, offset, be.openReader, fn)
 }
 
 func (be *b2Backend) openReader(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
-
-	be.sem.GetToken()
-
 	name := be.Layout.Filename(h)
 	obj := be.bucket.Object(name)
 
 	if offset == 0 && length == 0 {
-		rd := obj.NewReader(ctx)
-		return be.sem.ReleaseTokenOnClose(rd, cancel), nil
+		return obj.NewReader(ctx), nil
 	}
 
 	// pass a negative length to NewRangeReader so that the remainder of the
@@ -224,8 +207,7 @@ func (be *b2Backend) openReader(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int
 		length = -1
 	}
 
-	rd := obj.NewRangeReader(ctx, offset, int64(length))
-	return be.sem.ReleaseTokenOnClose(rd, cancel), nil
+	return obj.NewRangeReader(ctx, offset, int64(length)), nil
 }
 
 // Save stores data in the backend at the handle.
@@ -233,15 +215,7 @@ func (be *b2Backend) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.Rewind
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 	defer cancel()
 
-	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
-		return backoff.Permanent(err)
-	}
-
-	be.sem.GetToken()
-	defer be.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	name := be.Filename(h)
-	debug.Log("Save %v, name %v", h, name)
 	obj := be.bucket.Object(name)
 
 	// b2 always requires sha1 checksums for uploaded file parts
@@ -262,9 +236,6 @@ func (be *b2Backend) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.Rewind
 
 // Stat returns information about a blob.
 func (be *b2Backend) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (bi restic.FileInfo, err error) {
-	be.sem.GetToken()
-	defer be.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	name := be.Filename(h)
 	obj := be.bucket.Object(name)
 	info, err := obj.Attrs(ctx)
@@ -276,9 +247,6 @@ func (be *b2Backend) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (bi restic.FileI
 
 // Remove removes the blob with the given name and type.
 func (be *b2Backend) Remove(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) error {
-	be.sem.GetToken()
-	defer be.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	// the retry backend will also repeat the remove method up to 10 times
 	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
 		obj := be.bucket.Object(be.Filename(h))
@@ -313,20 +281,13 @@ func (be *b2Backend) Remove(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) error {
 	return errors.New("failed to delete all file versions")
 }
 
-type semLocker struct {
-	sema.Semaphore
-}
-
-func (sm *semLocker) Lock()   { sm.GetToken() }
-func (sm *semLocker) Unlock() { sm.ReleaseToken() }
-
 // List returns a channel that yields all names of blobs of type t.
 func (be *b2Backend) List(ctx context.Context, t restic.FileType, fn func(restic.FileInfo) error) error {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 	defer cancel()
 
 	prefix, _ := be.Basedir(t)
-	iter := be.bucket.List(ctx, b2.ListPrefix(prefix), b2.ListPageSize(be.listMaxItems), b2.ListLocker(&semLocker{be.sem}))
+	iter := be.bucket.List(ctx, b2.ListPrefix(prefix), b2.ListPageSize(be.listMaxItems))
 
 	for iter.Next() {
 		obj := iter.Object()
diff --git a/internal/backend/gs/gs.go b/internal/backend/gs/gs.go
index faf8b9858..12458a79c 100644
--- a/internal/backend/gs/gs.go
+++ b/internal/backend/gs/gs.go
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/layout"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/sema"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 
@@ -37,7 +36,6 @@ type Backend struct {
 	gcsClient    *storage.Client
 	projectID    string
 	connections  uint
-	sem          sema.Semaphore
 	bucketName   string
 	bucket       *storage.BucketHandle
 	prefix       string
@@ -99,16 +97,10 @@ func open(cfg Config, rt http.RoundTripper) (*Backend, error) {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "getStorageClient")
 	}
 
-	sem, err := sema.New(cfg.Connections)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
 	be := &Backend{
 		gcsClient:   gcsClient,
 		projectID:   cfg.ProjectID,
 		connections: cfg.Connections,
-		sem:         sem,
 		bucketName:  cfg.Bucket,
 		bucket:      gcsClient.Bucket(cfg.Bucket),
 		prefix:      cfg.Prefix,
@@ -203,16 +195,8 @@ func (be *Backend) Path() string {
 
 // Save stores data in the backend at the handle.
 func (be *Backend) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindReader) error {
-	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	objName := be.Filename(h)
 
-	be.sem.GetToken()
-
-	debug.Log("InsertObject(%v, %v)", be.bucketName, objName)
-
 	// Set chunk size to zero to disable resumable uploads.
 	//
 	// With a non-zero chunk size (the default is
@@ -247,8 +231,6 @@ func (be *Backend) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindRe
 		err = cerr
 	}
 
-	be.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "service.Objects.Insert")
 	}
@@ -263,6 +245,9 @@ func (be *Backend) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindRe
 // Load runs fn with a reader that yields the contents of the file at h at the
 // given offset.
 func (be *Backend) Load(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64, fn func(rd io.Reader) error) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	defer cancel()
+
 	return backend.DefaultLoad(ctx, h, length, offset, be.openReader, fn)
 }
 
@@ -274,27 +259,19 @@ func (be *Backend) openReader(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int,
 
 	objName := be.Filename(h)
 
-	be.sem.GetToken()
-
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
-
 	r, err := be.bucket.Object(objName).NewRangeReader(ctx, offset, int64(length))
 	if err != nil {
-		cancel()
-		be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	return be.sem.ReleaseTokenOnClose(r, cancel), err
+	return r, err
 }
 
 // Stat returns information about a blob.
 func (be *Backend) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (bi restic.FileInfo, err error) {
 	objName := be.Filename(h)
 
-	be.sem.GetToken()
 	attr, err := be.bucket.Object(objName).Attrs(ctx)
-	be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 
 	if err != nil {
 		return restic.FileInfo{}, errors.Wrap(err, "service.Objects.Get")
@@ -307,9 +284,7 @@ func (be *Backend) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (bi restic.FileInf
 func (be *Backend) Remove(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) error {
 	objName := be.Filename(h)
 
-	be.sem.GetToken()
 	err := be.bucket.Object(objName).Delete(ctx)
-	be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 
 	if err == storage.ErrObjectNotExist {
 		err = nil
@@ -334,9 +309,7 @@ func (be *Backend) List(ctx context.Context, t restic.FileType, fn func(restic.F
 	itr := be.bucket.Objects(ctx, &storage.Query{Prefix: prefix})
 
 	for {
-		be.sem.GetToken()
 		attrs, err := itr.Next()
-		be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 		if err == iterator.Done {
 			break
 		}
diff --git a/internal/backend/local/local.go b/internal/backend/local/local.go
index a1f3c6091..ca806f754 100644
--- a/internal/backend/local/local.go
+++ b/internal/backend/local/local.go
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/layout"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/sema"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/fs"
@@ -22,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 // Local is a backend in a local directory.
 type Local struct {
 	Config
-	sem sema.Semaphore
 	layout.Layout
 	backend.Modes
 }
@@ -38,11 +36,6 @@ func open(ctx context.Context, cfg Config) (*Local, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	sem, err := sema.New(cfg.Connections)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
 	fi, err := fs.Stat(l.Filename(restic.Handle{Type: restic.ConfigFile}))
 	m := backend.DeriveModesFromFileInfo(fi, err)
 	debug.Log("using (%03O file, %03O dir) permissions", m.File, m.Dir)
@@ -50,7 +43,6 @@ func open(ctx context.Context, cfg Config) (*Local, error) {
 	return &Local{
 		Config: cfg,
 		Layout: l,
-		sem:    sem,
 		Modes:  m,
 	}, nil
 }
@@ -114,10 +106,6 @@ func (b *Local) IsNotExist(err error) bool {
 
 // Save stores data in the backend at the handle.
 func (b *Local) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindReader) (err error) {
-	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
-		return backoff.Permanent(err)
-	}
-
 	finalname := b.Filename(h)
 	dir := filepath.Dir(finalname)
 
@@ -128,9 +116,6 @@ func (b *Local) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindReade
 		}
 	}()
 
-	b.sem.GetToken()
-	defer b.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	// Create new file with a temporary name.
 	tmpname := filepath.Base(finalname) + "-tmp-"
 	f, err := tempFile(dir, tmpname)
@@ -216,40 +201,28 @@ func (b *Local) Load(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset in
 }
 
 func (b *Local) openReader(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
-	b.sem.GetToken()
 	f, err := fs.Open(b.Filename(h))
 	if err != nil {
-		b.sem.ReleaseToken()
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	if offset > 0 {
 		_, err = f.Seek(offset, 0)
 		if err != nil {
-			b.sem.ReleaseToken()
 			_ = f.Close()
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
 
-	r := b.sem.ReleaseTokenOnClose(f, nil)
-
 	if length > 0 {
-		return backend.LimitReadCloser(r, int64(length)), nil
+		return backend.LimitReadCloser(f, int64(length)), nil
 	}
 
-	return r, nil
+	return f, nil
 }
 
 // Stat returns information about a blob.
 func (b *Local) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (restic.FileInfo, error) {
-	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
-		return restic.FileInfo{}, backoff.Permanent(err)
-	}
-
-	b.sem.GetToken()
-	defer b.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	fi, err := fs.Stat(b.Filename(h))
 	if err != nil {
 		return restic.FileInfo{}, errors.WithStack(err)
@@ -262,9 +235,6 @@ func (b *Local) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (restic.FileInfo, err
 func (b *Local) Remove(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) error {
 	fn := b.Filename(h)
 
-	b.sem.GetToken()
-	defer b.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	// reset read-only flag
 	err := fs.Chmod(fn, 0666)
 	if err != nil && !os.IsPermission(err) {
diff --git a/internal/backend/mem/mem_backend.go b/internal/backend/mem/mem_backend.go
index 59e89286e..4db4c9821 100644
--- a/internal/backend/mem/mem_backend.go
+++ b/internal/backend/mem/mem_backend.go
@@ -10,12 +10,9 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/sema"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
-
-	"github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4"
 )
 
 type memMap map[restic.Handle][]byte
@@ -32,19 +29,12 @@ const connectionCount = 2
 type MemoryBackend struct {
 	data memMap
 	m    sync.Mutex
-	sem  sema.Semaphore
 }
 
 // New returns a new backend that saves all data in a map in memory.
 func New() *MemoryBackend {
-	sem, err := sema.New(connectionCount)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
 	be := &MemoryBackend{
 		data: make(memMap),
-		sem:  sem,
 	}
 
 	debug.Log("created new memory backend")
@@ -59,13 +49,6 @@ func (be *MemoryBackend) IsNotExist(err error) bool {
 
 // Save adds new Data to the backend.
 func (be *MemoryBackend) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindReader) error {
-	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
-		return backoff.Permanent(err)
-	}
-
-	be.sem.GetToken()
-	defer be.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	be.m.Lock()
 	defer be.m.Unlock()
 
@@ -113,8 +96,6 @@ func (be *MemoryBackend) Load(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int,
 }
 
 func (be *MemoryBackend) openReader(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
-
-	be.sem.GetToken()
 	be.m.Lock()
 	defer be.m.Unlock()
 
@@ -123,21 +104,12 @@ func (be *MemoryBackend) openReader(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length
 		h.Name = ""
 	}
 
-	debug.Log("Load %v offset %v len %v", h, offset, length)
-
-	if offset < 0 {
-		be.sem.ReleaseToken()
-		return nil, errors.New("offset is negative")
-	}
-
 	if _, ok := be.data[h]; !ok {
-		be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 		return nil, errNotFound
 	}
 
 	buf := be.data[h]
 	if offset > int64(len(buf)) {
-		be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 		return nil, errors.New("offset beyond end of file")
 	}
 
@@ -146,18 +118,11 @@ func (be *MemoryBackend) openReader(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length
 		buf = buf[:length]
 	}
 
-	return be.sem.ReleaseTokenOnClose(io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(buf)), nil), ctx.Err()
+	return io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(buf)), ctx.Err()
 }
 
 // Stat returns information about a file in the backend.
 func (be *MemoryBackend) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (restic.FileInfo, error) {
-	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
-		return restic.FileInfo{}, backoff.Permanent(err)
-	}
-
-	be.sem.GetToken()
-	defer be.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	be.m.Lock()
 	defer be.m.Unlock()
 
@@ -176,9 +141,6 @@ func (be *MemoryBackend) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (restic.File
 
 // Remove deletes a file from the backend.
 func (be *MemoryBackend) Remove(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) error {
-	be.sem.GetToken()
-	defer be.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	be.m.Lock()
 	defer be.m.Unlock()
 
diff --git a/internal/backend/rest/rest.go b/internal/backend/rest/rest.go
index ad5af1629..a88e26daa 100644
--- a/internal/backend/rest/rest.go
+++ b/internal/backend/rest/rest.go
@@ -12,12 +12,9 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/layout"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/sema"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
-
-	"github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4"
 )
 
 // make sure the rest backend implements restic.Backend
@@ -27,7 +24,6 @@ var _ restic.Backend = &Backend{}
 type Backend struct {
 	url         *url.URL
 	connections uint
-	sem         sema.Semaphore
 	client      http.Client
 	layout.Layout
 }
@@ -40,11 +36,6 @@ const (
 
 // Open opens the REST backend with the given config.
 func Open(cfg Config, rt http.RoundTripper) (*Backend, error) {
-	sem, err := sema.New(cfg.Connections)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
 	// use url without trailing slash for layout
 	url := cfg.URL.String()
 	if url[len(url)-1] == '/' {
@@ -56,7 +47,6 @@ func Open(cfg Config, rt http.RoundTripper) (*Backend, error) {
 		client:      http.Client{Transport: rt},
 		Layout:      &layout.RESTLayout{URL: url, Join: path.Join},
 		connections: cfg.Connections,
-		sem:         sem,
 	}
 
 	return be, nil
@@ -123,10 +113,6 @@ func (b *Backend) HasAtomicReplace() bool {
 
 // Save stores data in the backend at the handle.
 func (b *Backend) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindReader) error {
-	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
-		return backoff.Permanent(err)
-	}
-
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 	defer cancel()
 
@@ -143,9 +129,7 @@ func (b *Backend) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindRea
 	// let's the server know what's coming.
 	req.ContentLength = rd.Length()
 
-	b.sem.GetToken()
 	resp, err := b.client.Do(req)
-	b.sem.ReleaseToken()
 
 	var cerr error
 	if resp != nil {
@@ -212,18 +196,6 @@ func (b *Backend) Load(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) openReader(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
-	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
-		return nil, backoff.Permanent(err)
-	}
-
-	if offset < 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("offset is negative")
-	}
-
-	if length < 0 {
-		return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid length %d", length)
-	}
-
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", b.Filename(h), nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.WithStack(err)
@@ -237,9 +209,7 @@ func (b *Backend) openReader(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, o
 	req.Header.Set("Accept", ContentTypeV2)
 	debug.Log("Load(%v) send range %v", h, byteRange)
 
-	b.sem.GetToken()
 	resp, err := b.client.Do(req)
-	b.sem.ReleaseToken()
 
 	if err != nil {
 		if resp != nil {
@@ -264,19 +234,13 @@ func (b *Backend) openReader(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, o
 
 // Stat returns information about a blob.
 func (b *Backend) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (restic.FileInfo, error) {
-	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
-		return restic.FileInfo{}, backoff.Permanent(err)
-	}
-
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodHead, b.Filename(h), nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return restic.FileInfo{}, errors.WithStack(err)
 	}
 	req.Header.Set("Accept", ContentTypeV2)
 
-	b.sem.GetToken()
 	resp, err := b.client.Do(req)
-	b.sem.ReleaseToken()
 	if err != nil {
 		return restic.FileInfo{}, errors.WithStack(err)
 	}
@@ -309,19 +273,13 @@ func (b *Backend) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (restic.FileInfo, e
 
 // Remove removes the blob with the given name and type.
 func (b *Backend) Remove(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) error {
-	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
-		return backoff.Permanent(err)
-	}
-
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "DELETE", b.Filename(h), nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.WithStack(err)
 	}
 	req.Header.Set("Accept", ContentTypeV2)
 
-	b.sem.GetToken()
 	resp, err := b.client.Do(req)
-	b.sem.ReleaseToken()
 
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "client.Do")
@@ -358,9 +316,7 @@ func (b *Backend) List(ctx context.Context, t restic.FileType, fn func(restic.Fi
 	}
 	req.Header.Set("Accept", ContentTypeV2)
 
-	b.sem.GetToken()
 	resp, err := b.client.Do(req)
-	b.sem.ReleaseToken()
 
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "List")
diff --git a/internal/backend/s3/s3.go b/internal/backend/s3/s3.go
index 872fb0441..79c6453b9 100644
--- a/internal/backend/s3/s3.go
+++ b/internal/backend/s3/s3.go
@@ -13,12 +13,10 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/layout"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/sema"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 
-	"github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4"
 	"github.com/minio/minio-go/v7"
 	"github.com/minio/minio-go/v7/pkg/credentials"
 )
@@ -26,7 +24,6 @@ import (
 // Backend stores data on an S3 endpoint.
 type Backend struct {
 	client *minio.Client
-	sem    sema.Semaphore
 	cfg    Config
 	layout.Layout
 }
@@ -102,14 +99,8 @@ func open(ctx context.Context, cfg Config, rt http.RoundTripper) (*Backend, erro
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "minio.New")
 	}
 
-	sem, err := sema.New(cfg.Connections)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
 	be := &Backend{
 		client: client,
-		sem:    sem,
 		cfg:    cfg,
 	}
 
@@ -271,15 +262,8 @@ func (be *Backend) Path() string {
 
 // Save stores data in the backend at the handle.
 func (be *Backend) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindReader) error {
-	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
-		return backoff.Permanent(err)
-	}
-
 	objName := be.Filename(h)
 
-	be.sem.GetToken()
-	defer be.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	opts := minio.PutObjectOptions{StorageClass: be.cfg.StorageClass}
 	opts.ContentType = "application/octet-stream"
 	// the only option with the high-level api is to let the library handle the checksum computation
@@ -301,6 +285,9 @@ func (be *Backend) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindRe
 // Load runs fn with a reader that yields the contents of the file at h at the
 // given offset.
 func (be *Backend) Load(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64, fn func(rd io.Reader) error) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	defer cancel()
+
 	return backend.DefaultLoad(ctx, h, length, offset, be.openReader, fn)
 }
 
@@ -321,18 +308,13 @@ func (be *Backend) openReader(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int,
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "SetRange")
 	}
 
-	be.sem.GetToken()
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
-
 	coreClient := minio.Core{Client: be.client}
 	rd, _, _, err := coreClient.GetObject(ctx, be.cfg.Bucket, objName, opts)
 	if err != nil {
-		cancel()
-		be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	return be.sem.ReleaseTokenOnClose(rd, cancel), err
+	return rd, err
 }
 
 // Stat returns information about a blob.
@@ -342,17 +324,14 @@ func (be *Backend) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (bi restic.FileInf
 
 	opts := minio.GetObjectOptions{}
 
-	be.sem.GetToken()
 	obj, err = be.client.GetObject(ctx, be.cfg.Bucket, objName, opts)
 	if err != nil {
-		be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 		return restic.FileInfo{}, errors.Wrap(err, "client.GetObject")
 	}
 
 	// make sure that the object is closed properly.
 	defer func() {
 		e := obj.Close()
-		be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 		if err == nil {
 			err = errors.Wrap(e, "Close")
 		}
@@ -370,9 +349,7 @@ func (be *Backend) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (bi restic.FileInf
 func (be *Backend) Remove(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) error {
 	objName := be.Filename(h)
 
-	be.sem.GetToken()
 	err := be.client.RemoveObject(ctx, be.cfg.Bucket, objName, minio.RemoveObjectOptions{})
-	be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 
 	if be.IsNotExist(err) {
 		err = nil
diff --git a/internal/backend/sema/backend.go b/internal/backend/sema/backend.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b6f55b50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/backend/sema/backend.go
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package sema
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+
+	"github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4"
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
+)
+
+// make sure that SemaphoreBackend implements restic.Backend
+var _ restic.Backend = &SemaphoreBackend{}
+
+// SemaphoreBackend limits the number of concurrent operations.
+type SemaphoreBackend struct {
+	restic.Backend
+	sem semaphore
+}
+
+// New creates a backend that limits the concurrent operations on the underlying backend
+func New(be restic.Backend) *SemaphoreBackend {
+	sem, err := newSemaphore(be.Connections())
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return &SemaphoreBackend{
+		Backend: be,
+		sem:     sem,
+	}
+}
+
+// Save adds new Data to the backend.
+func (be *SemaphoreBackend) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindReader) error {
+	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
+		return backoff.Permanent(err)
+	}
+
+	be.sem.GetToken()
+	defer be.sem.ReleaseToken()
+
+	return be.Backend.Save(ctx, h, rd)
+}
+
+// Load runs fn with a reader that yields the contents of the file at h at the
+// given offset.
+func (be *SemaphoreBackend) Load(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64, fn func(rd io.Reader) error) error {
+	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
+		return backoff.Permanent(err)
+	}
+	if offset < 0 {
+		return backoff.Permanent(errors.New("offset is negative"))
+	}
+	if length < 0 {
+		return backoff.Permanent(errors.Errorf("invalid length %d", length))
+	}
+
+	be.sem.GetToken()
+	defer be.sem.ReleaseToken()
+
+	return be.Backend.Load(ctx, h, length, offset, fn)
+}
+
+// Stat returns information about a file in the backend.
+func (be *SemaphoreBackend) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (restic.FileInfo, error) {
+	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
+		return restic.FileInfo{}, backoff.Permanent(err)
+	}
+
+	be.sem.GetToken()
+	defer be.sem.ReleaseToken()
+
+	return be.Backend.Stat(ctx, h)
+}
+
+// Remove deletes a file from the backend.
+func (be *SemaphoreBackend) Remove(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) error {
+	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
+		return backoff.Permanent(err)
+	}
+
+	be.sem.GetToken()
+	defer be.sem.ReleaseToken()
+
+	return be.Backend.Remove(ctx, h)
+}
diff --git a/internal/backend/sema/semaphore.go b/internal/backend/sema/semaphore.go
index 7ee912979..c664eef7c 100644
--- a/internal/backend/sema/semaphore.go
+++ b/internal/backend/sema/semaphore.go
@@ -2,64 +2,30 @@
 package sema
 
 import (
-	"context"
-	"io"
-
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 )
 
-// A Semaphore limits access to a restricted resource.
-type Semaphore struct {
+// A semaphore limits access to a restricted resource.
+type semaphore struct {
 	ch chan struct{}
 }
 
-// New returns a new semaphore with capacity n.
-func New(n uint) (Semaphore, error) {
+// newSemaphore returns a new semaphore with capacity n.
+func newSemaphore(n uint) (semaphore, error) {
 	if n == 0 {
-		return Semaphore{}, errors.New("capacity must be a positive number")
+		return semaphore{}, errors.New("capacity must be a positive number")
 	}
-	return Semaphore{
+	return semaphore{
 		ch: make(chan struct{}, n),
 	}, nil
 }
 
 // GetToken blocks until a Token is available.
-func (s Semaphore) GetToken() { s.ch <- struct{}{} }
+func (s semaphore) GetToken() {
+	s.ch <- struct{}{}
+	debug.Log("acquired token")
+}
 
 // ReleaseToken returns a token.
-func (s Semaphore) ReleaseToken() { <-s.ch }
-
-// ReleaseTokenOnClose wraps an io.ReadCloser to return a token on Close.
-// Before returning the token, cancel, if not nil, will be run
-// to free up context resources.
-func (s Semaphore) ReleaseTokenOnClose(rc io.ReadCloser, cancel context.CancelFunc) io.ReadCloser {
-	return &wrapReader{ReadCloser: rc, sem: s, cancel: cancel}
-}
-
-type wrapReader struct {
-	io.ReadCloser
-	eofSeen bool
-	sem     Semaphore
-	cancel  context.CancelFunc
-}
-
-func (wr *wrapReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
-	if wr.eofSeen { // XXX Why do we do this?
-		return 0, io.EOF
-	}
-
-	n, err := wr.ReadCloser.Read(p)
-	if err == io.EOF {
-		wr.eofSeen = true
-	}
-	return n, err
-}
-
-func (wr *wrapReader) Close() error {
-	err := wr.ReadCloser.Close()
-	if wr.cancel != nil {
-		wr.cancel()
-	}
-	wr.sem.ReleaseToken()
-	return err
-}
+func (s semaphore) ReleaseToken() { <-s.ch }
diff --git a/internal/backend/sftp/sftp.go b/internal/backend/sftp/sftp.go
index afe3fc394..e97a5f9c8 100644
--- a/internal/backend/sftp/sftp.go
+++ b/internal/backend/sftp/sftp.go
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/layout"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/sema"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
@@ -35,7 +34,6 @@ type SFTP struct {
 
 	posixRename bool
 
-	sem sema.Semaphore
 	layout.Layout
 	Config
 	backend.Modes
@@ -140,11 +138,7 @@ func Open(ctx context.Context, cfg Config) (*SFTP, error) {
 }
 
 func open(ctx context.Context, sftp *SFTP, cfg Config) (*SFTP, error) {
-	sem, err := sema.New(cfg.Connections)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
+	var err error
 	sftp.Layout, err = layout.ParseLayout(ctx, sftp, cfg.Layout, defaultLayout, cfg.Path)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -158,7 +152,6 @@ func open(ctx context.Context, sftp *SFTP, cfg Config) (*SFTP, error) {
 
 	sftp.Config = cfg
 	sftp.p = cfg.Path
-	sftp.sem = sem
 	sftp.Modes = m
 	return sftp, nil
 }
@@ -308,17 +301,10 @@ func (r *SFTP) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindReader
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
-		return backoff.Permanent(err)
-	}
-
 	filename := r.Filename(h)
 	tmpFilename := filename + "-restic-temp-" + tempSuffix()
 	dirname := r.Dirname(h)
 
-	r.sem.GetToken()
-	defer r.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	// create new file
 	f, err := r.c.OpenFile(tmpFilename, os.O_CREATE|os.O_EXCL|os.O_WRONLY)
 
@@ -414,52 +400,27 @@ func (r *SFTP) Load(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int
 	return backend.DefaultLoad(ctx, h, length, offset, r.openReader, fn)
 }
 
-// wrapReader wraps an io.ReadCloser to run an additional function on Close.
-type wrapReader struct {
-	io.ReadCloser
-	io.WriterTo
-	f func()
-}
-
-func (wr *wrapReader) Close() error {
-	err := wr.ReadCloser.Close()
-	wr.f()
-	return err
-}
-
 func (r *SFTP) openReader(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
-	r.sem.GetToken()
 	f, err := r.c.Open(r.Filename(h))
 	if err != nil {
-		r.sem.ReleaseToken()
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	if offset > 0 {
 		_, err = f.Seek(offset, 0)
 		if err != nil {
-			r.sem.ReleaseToken()
 			_ = f.Close()
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
 
-	// use custom close wrapper to also provide WriteTo() on the wrapper
-	rd := &wrapReader{
-		ReadCloser: f,
-		WriterTo:   f,
-		f: func() {
-			r.sem.ReleaseToken()
-		},
-	}
-
 	if length > 0 {
 		// unlimited reads usually use io.Copy which needs WriteTo support at the underlying reader
 		// limited reads are usually combined with io.ReadFull which reads all required bytes into a buffer in one go
-		return backend.LimitReadCloser(rd, int64(length)), nil
+		return backend.LimitReadCloser(f, int64(length)), nil
 	}
 
-	return rd, nil
+	return f, nil
 }
 
 // Stat returns information about a blob.
@@ -468,13 +429,6 @@ func (r *SFTP) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (restic.FileInfo, erro
 		return restic.FileInfo{}, err
 	}
 
-	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
-		return restic.FileInfo{}, backoff.Permanent(err)
-	}
-
-	r.sem.GetToken()
-	defer r.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	fi, err := r.c.Lstat(r.Filename(h))
 	if err != nil {
 		return restic.FileInfo{}, errors.Wrap(err, "Lstat")
@@ -489,9 +443,6 @@ func (r *SFTP) Remove(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	r.sem.GetToken()
-	defer r.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	return r.c.Remove(r.Filename(h))
 }
 
@@ -501,9 +452,7 @@ func (r *SFTP) List(ctx context.Context, t restic.FileType, fn func(restic.FileI
 	basedir, subdirs := r.Basedir(t)
 	walker := r.c.Walk(basedir)
 	for {
-		r.sem.GetToken()
 		ok := walker.Step()
-		r.sem.ReleaseToken()
 		if !ok {
 			break
 		}
diff --git a/internal/backend/swift/swift.go b/internal/backend/swift/swift.go
index 99940df5c..dbf4ba0d1 100644
--- a/internal/backend/swift/swift.go
+++ b/internal/backend/swift/swift.go
@@ -15,12 +15,10 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/layout"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/backend/sema"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 
-	"github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4"
 	"github.com/ncw/swift/v2"
 )
 
@@ -28,7 +26,6 @@ import (
 type beSwift struct {
 	conn        *swift.Connection
 	connections uint
-	sem         sema.Semaphore
 	container   string // Container name
 	prefix      string // Prefix of object names in the container
 	layout.Layout
@@ -42,11 +39,6 @@ var _ restic.Backend = &beSwift{}
 func Open(ctx context.Context, cfg Config, rt http.RoundTripper) (restic.Backend, error) {
 	debug.Log("config %#v", cfg)
 
-	sem, err := sema.New(cfg.Connections)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
 	be := &beSwift{
 		conn: &swift.Connection{
 			UserName:                    cfg.UserName,
@@ -72,7 +64,6 @@ func Open(ctx context.Context, cfg Config, rt http.RoundTripper) (restic.Backend
 			Transport: rt,
 		},
 		connections: cfg.Connections,
-		sem:         sem,
 		container:   cfg.Container,
 		prefix:      cfg.Prefix,
 		Layout: &layout.DefaultLayout{
@@ -159,27 +150,17 @@ func (be *beSwift) openReader(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int,
 		debug.Log("Load(%v) send range %v", h, headers["Range"])
 	}
 
-	be.sem.GetToken()
 	obj, _, err := be.conn.ObjectOpen(ctx, be.container, objName, false, headers)
 	if err != nil {
-		be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "conn.ObjectOpen")
 	}
 
-	return be.sem.ReleaseTokenOnClose(obj, nil), nil
+	return obj, nil
 }
 
 // Save stores data in the backend at the handle.
 func (be *beSwift) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindReader) error {
-	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
-		return backoff.Permanent(err)
-	}
-
 	objName := be.Filename(h)
-
-	be.sem.GetToken()
-	defer be.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	encoding := "binary/octet-stream"
 
 	debug.Log("PutObject(%v, %v, %v)", be.container, objName, encoding)
@@ -196,9 +177,6 @@ func (be *beSwift) Save(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, rd restic.RewindRe
 func (be *beSwift) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (bi restic.FileInfo, err error) {
 	objName := be.Filename(h)
 
-	be.sem.GetToken()
-	defer be.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	obj, _, err := be.conn.Object(ctx, be.container, objName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return restic.FileInfo{}, errors.Wrap(err, "conn.Object")
@@ -211,9 +189,6 @@ func (be *beSwift) Stat(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) (bi restic.FileInf
 func (be *beSwift) Remove(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle) error {
 	objName := be.Filename(h)
 
-	be.sem.GetToken()
-	defer be.sem.ReleaseToken()
-
 	err := be.conn.ObjectDelete(ctx, be.container, objName)
 	return errors.Wrap(err, "conn.ObjectDelete")
 }
@@ -226,9 +201,7 @@ func (be *beSwift) List(ctx context.Context, t restic.FileType, fn func(restic.F
 
 	err := be.conn.ObjectsWalk(ctx, be.container, &swift.ObjectsOpts{Prefix: prefix},
 		func(ctx context.Context, opts *swift.ObjectsOpts) (interface{}, error) {
-			be.sem.GetToken()
 			newObjects, err := be.conn.Objects(ctx, be.container, opts)
-			be.sem.ReleaseToken()
 
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "conn.ObjectNames")
diff --git a/internal/backend/utils.go b/internal/backend/utils.go
index 1c1607e04..bf8a7ad6d 100644
--- a/internal/backend/utils.go
+++ b/internal/backend/utils.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 
-	"github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
@@ -63,15 +62,7 @@ func LimitReadCloser(r io.ReadCloser, n int64) *LimitedReadCloser {
 func DefaultLoad(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64,
 	openReader func(ctx context.Context, h restic.Handle, length int, offset int64) (io.ReadCloser, error),
 	fn func(rd io.Reader) error) error {
-	if err := h.Valid(); err != nil {
-		return backoff.Permanent(err)
-	}
-	if offset < 0 {
-		return errors.New("offset is negative")
-	}
-	if length < 0 {
-		return errors.Errorf("invalid length %d", length)
-	}
+
 	rd, err := openReader(ctx, h, length, offset)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err