Enhancement: Add more checks for index and pack files in the `check` command

The `check` command run with the `--read-data` or `--read-data-subset` options
used to only verify only the pack file content - it did not check if the blobs
within the pack are correctly contained in the index.

A check for the latter is now in place, which can print the following error:

    Blob ID is not contained in index or position is incorrect

Another test is also added, which compares pack file sizes computed from the
index and the pack header with the actual file size. This test is able to
detect truncated pack files.

If the index is not correct, it can be rebuilt by using the `rebuild-index`
command.

Having added these tests, `restic check` is now able to detect non-existing
blobs which are wrongly referenced in the index. This situation could have
lead to missing data.

https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/3048
https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/3082