Thanks for using restic. This document will give you an overview of the basic functionality provided by restic. # Installing restic ## from pre-compiled binary You can download the latest pre-compiled binary from the [restic release page](https://github.com/restic/restic/releases/latest). ## Mac OS X If you are using Mac OS X, you can install restic using the [homebrew](http://brew.sh/) packet manager: ```console $ brew tap restic/restic $ brew install restic ``` ## archlinux On archlinux, there is a package called `restic-git` which can be installed from AUR, e.g. with `pacaur`: ```console $ pacaur -S restic-git ``` # Building restic restic is written in the Go programming language and you need at least Go version 1.6. Building restic may also work with older versions of Go, but that's not supported. See the [Getting started](https://golang.org/doc/install) guide of the Go project for instructions how to install Go. In order to build restic from source, execute the following steps: ```console $ git clone https://github.com/restic/restic [...] $ cd restic $ go run build.go ``` At the moment, the only tested compiler for restic is the official Go compiler. Building restic with gccgo may work, but is not supported. # Usage help Usage help is available: ```console $ ./restic --help restic is a backup program which allows saving multiple revisions of files and directories in an encrypted repository stored on different backends. Usage: restic [command] Available Commands: backup create a new backup of files and/or directories cat print internal objects to stdout check check the repository for errors find find a file or directory forget forget removes snapshots from the repository init initialize a new repository key manage keys (passwords) list list items in the repository ls list files in a snapshot mount mount the repository prune remove unneeded data from the repository rebuild-index build a new index file restore extract the data from a snapshot snapshots list all snapshots unlock remove locks other processes created version Print version information Flags: --json set output mode to JSON for commands that support it --no-lock do not lock the repo, this allows some operations on read-only repos -p, --password-file string read the repository password from a file -q, --quiet do not output comprehensive progress report -r, --repo string repository to backup to or restore from (default: $RESTIC_REPOSITORY) Use "restic [command] --help" for more information about a command. ``` Similar to programs such as `git`, restic has a number of sub-commands. You can see these commands in the listing above. Each sub-command may have own command-line options, and there is a help option for each command which lists them, e.g. for the `backup` command: ```console $ ./restic backup --help The "backup" command creates a new snapshot and saves the files and directories given as the arguments. Usage: restic backup [flags] FILE/DIR [FILE/DIR] ... Flags: -e, --exclude pattern exclude a pattern (can be specified multiple times) --exclude-file string read exclude patterns from a file --files-from string read the files to backup from file (can be combined with file args) -f, --force force re-reading the target files/directories. Overrides the "parent" flag -x, --one-file-system Exclude other file systems --parent string use this parent snapshot (default: last snapshot in the repo that has the same target files/directories) --stdin read backup from stdin --stdin-filename string file name to use when reading from stdin --tag tag add a tag for the new snapshot (can be specified multiple times) Global Flags: --json set output mode to JSON for commands that support it --no-lock do not lock the repo, this allows some operations on read-only repos -p, --password-file string read the repository password from a file -q, --quiet do not output comprehensive progress report -r, --repo string repository to backup to or restore from (default: $RESTIC_REPOSITORY) ``` Subcommand that support showing progress information such as `backup`, `check` and `prune` will do so unless the quiet flag `-q` or `--quiet` is set. When running from a non-interactive console progress reporting will be limited to once every 10 seconds to not fill your logs. Additionally on Unix systems if `restic` receives a SIGUSR signal the current progress will written to the standard output so you can check up on the status at will. # Initialize a repository First, we need to create a "repository". This is the place where your backups will be saved at. In order to create a repository at `/tmp/backup`, run the following command and enter the same password twice: ```console $ restic init --repo /tmp/backup enter password for new backend: enter password again: created restic backend 085b3c76b9 at /tmp/backup Please note that knowledge of your password is required to access the repository. Losing your password means that your data is irrecoverably lost. ``` Other backends like sftp and s3 are [described in a later section](#create-an-sftp-repository) of this document. Remembering your password is important! If you lose it, you won't be able to access data stored in the repository. For automated backups, restic accepts the repository location in the environment variable `RESTIC_REPOSITORY`. The password can be read from a file (via the option `--password-file`) or the environment variable `RESTIC_PASSWORD`. ## Password prompt on Windows At the moment, restic only supports the default Windows console interaction. If you use emulation environments like [MSYS2](https://msys2.github.io/) or [Cygwin](https://www.cygwin.com/), which use terminals like `Mintty` or `rxvt`, you may get a password error: You can workaround this by using a special tool called `winpty` (look [here](https://sourceforge.net/p/msys2/wiki/Porting/) and [here](https://github.com/rprichard/winpty) for detail information). On MSYS2, you can install `winpty` as follows: ```console $ pacman -S winpty $ winpty restic -r /tmp/backup init ``` # Create a snapshot Now we're ready to backup some data. The contents of a directory at a specific point in time is called a "snapshot" in restic. Run the following command and enter the repository password you chose above again: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work enter password for repository: scan [/home/user/work] scanned 764 directories, 1816 files in 0:00 [0:29] 100.00% 54.732 MiB/s 1.582 GiB / 1.582 GiB 2580 / 2580 items 0 errors ETA 0:00 duration: 0:29, 54.47MiB/s snapshot 40dc1520 saved ``` As you can see, restic created a backup of the directory and was pretty fast! The specific snapshot just created is identified by a sequence of hexadecimal characters, `40dc1520` in this case. If you run the command again, restic will create another snapshot of your data, but this time it's even faster. This is de-duplication at work! ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/shared/work/web enter password for repository: using parent snapshot 40dc1520aa6a07b7b3ae561786770a01951245d2367241e71e9485f18ae8228c scan [/home/user/work] scanned 764 directories, 1816 files in 0:00 [0:00] 100.00% 0B/s 1.582 GiB / 1.582 GiB 2580 / 2580 items 0 errors ETA 0:00 duration: 0:00, 6572.38MiB/s snapshot 79766175 saved ``` You can even backup individual files in the same repository. ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work.txt scan [~/work.txt] scanned 0 directories, 1 files in 0:00 [0:00] 100.00% 0B/s 220B / 220B 1 / 1 items 0 errors ETA 0:00 duration: 0:00, 0.03MiB/s snapshot 31f7bd63 saved ``` In fact several hosts may use the same repository to backup directories and files leading to a greater de-duplication. Please be aware that when you backup different directories (or the directories to be saved have a variable name component like a time/date), restic always needs to read all files and only afterwards can compute which parts of the files need to be saved. When you backup the same directory again (maybe with new or changed files) restic will find the old snapshot in the repo and by default only reads those files that are new or have been modified since the last snapshot. This is decided based on the modify date of the file in the file system. You can exclude folders and files by specifying exclude-patterns. Either specify them with multiple `--exclude`'s or one `--exclude-file` ```console $ cat exclude # exclude go-files *.go # exclude foo/x/y/z/bar foo/x/bar foo/bar foo/**/bar $ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work --exclude=*.c --exclude-file=exclude ``` Patterns use [`filepath.Glob`](https://golang.org/pkg/path/filepath/#Glob) internally, see [`filepath.Match`](https://golang.org/pkg/path/filepath/#Match) for syntax. Additionally `**` excludes arbitrary subdirectories. Environment-variables in exclude-files are expanded with [`os.ExpandEnv`](https://golang.org/pkg/os/#ExpandEnv). By specifying the option `--one-file-system` you can instruct restic to only backup files from the file systems the initially specified files or directories reside on. For example, calling restic like this won't backup `/sys` or `/dev` on a Linux system: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup backup --one-file-system / ``` By using the `--files-from` option you can read the files you want to backup from a file. This is especially useful if a lot of files have to be backed up that are not in the same folder or are maybe pre-filtered by other software. For example maybe you want to backup files that have a certain filename in them: ```console $ find /tmp/somefiles | grep 'PATTERN' > /tmp/files_to_backup ``` You can then use restic to backup the filtered files: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup backup --files-from /tmp/files_to_backup ``` Incidentally you can also combine `--files-from` with the normal files args: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup backup --files-from /tmp/files_to_backup /tmp/some_additional_file ``` ## Reading data from stdin Sometimes it can be nice to directly save the output of a program, e.g. `mysqldump` so that the SQL can later be restored. Restic supports this mode of operation, just supply the option `--stdin` to the `backup` command like this: ```console $ mysqldump [...] | restic -r /tmp/backup backup --stdin ``` This creates a new snapshot of the output of `mysqldump`. You can then use e.g. the fuse mounting option (see below) to mount the repository and read the file. By default, the file name `stdin` is used, a different name can be specified with `--stdin-filename`, e.g. like this: ```console $ mysqldump [...] | restic -r /tmp/backup backup --stdin --stdin-filename production.sql ``` ## Tags Snapshots can have one or more tags, short strings which add identifying information. Just specify the tags for a snapshot with `--tag`: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup backup --tag projectX ~/shared/work/web [...] ``` The tags can later be used to keep (or forget) snapshots. # List all snapshots Now, you can list all the snapshots stored in the repository: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup snapshots enter password for repository: ID Date Host Tags Directory ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 40dc1520 2015-05-08 21:38:30 kasimir /home/user/work 79766175 2015-05-08 21:40:19 kasimir /home/user/work bdbd3439 2015-05-08 21:45:17 luigi /home/art 590c8fc8 2015-05-08 21:47:38 kazik /srv 9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv ``` You can filter the listing by directory path: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup snapshots --path="/srv" enter password for repository: ID Date Host Tags Directory ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 590c8fc8 2015-05-08 21:47:38 kazik /srv 9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv ``` Or filter by host: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup snapshots --host luigi enter password for repository: ID Date Host Tags Directory ---------------------------------------------------------------------- bdbd3439 2015-05-08 21:45:17 luigi /home/art 9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv ``` Combining filters is also possible. # Restore a snapshot Restoring a snapshot is as easy as it sounds, just use the following command to restore the contents of the latest snapshot to `/tmp/restore-work`: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup restore 79766175 --target ~/tmp/restore-work enter password for repository: restoring to /tmp/restore-work ``` Use the word `latest` to restore the last backup. You can also combine `latest` with the `--host` and `--path` filters to choose the last backup for a specific host, path or both. ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup restore latest --target ~/tmp/restore-work --path "/home/art" --host luigi enter password for repository: restoring to /tmp/restore-work ``` # Manage repository keys The `key` command allows you to set multiple access keys or passwords per repository. In fact, you can use the `list`, `add`, `remove` and `passwd` sub-commands to manage these keys very precisely: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup key list enter password for repository: ID User Host Created ---------------------------------------------------------------------- *eb78040b username kasimir 2015-08-12 13:29:57 $ restic -r /tmp/backup key add enter password for repository: enter password for new key: enter password again: saved new key as $ restic -r backup key list enter password for repository: ID User Host Created ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 5c657874 username kasimir 2015-08-12 13:35:05 *eb78040b username kasimir 2015-08-12 13:29:57 ``` # Check integrity and consistency Imagine your repository is saved on a server that has a faulty hard drive, or even worse, attackers get privileged access and modify your backup with the intention to make you restore malicious data: ```console $ sudo echo "boom" >> backup/index/d795ffa99a8ab8f8e42cec1f814df4e48b8f49129360fb57613df93739faee97 ``` In order to detect these things, it is a good idea to regularly use the `check` command to test whether everything is alright, your precious backup data is consistent and the integrity is unharmed: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup check Load indexes ciphertext verification failed ``` Trying to restore a snapshot which has been modified as shown above will yield the same error: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup restore 79766175 --target ~/tmp/restore-work Load indexes ciphertext verification failed ``` # Mount a repository Browsing your backup as a regular file system is also very easy. First, create a mount point such as `/mnt/restic` and then use the following command to serve the repository with FUSE: ```console $ mkdir /mnt/restic $ restic -r /tmp/backup mount /mnt/restic enter password for repository: Now serving /tmp/backup at /tmp/restic Don't forget to umount after quitting! ``` Mounting repositories via FUSE is not possible on Windows and OpenBSD. Restic supports storage and preservation of hard links. However, since hard links exist in the scope of a filesystem by definition, restoring hard links from a fuse mount should be done by a program that preserves hard links. A program that does so is rsync, used with the option --hard-links. # Create an SFTP repository In order to backup data via SFTP, you must first set up a server with SSH and let it know your public key. Passwordless login is really important since restic fails to connect to the repository if the server prompts for credentials. Once the server is configured, the setup of the SFTP repository can simply be achieved by changing the URL scheme in the `init` command: ```console $ restic -r sftp:user@host:/tmp/backup init enter password for new backend: enter password again: created restic backend f1c6108821 at sftp:user@host:/tmp/backup Please note that knowledge of your password is required to access the repository. Losing your password means that your data is irrecoverably lost. ``` You can also specify a relative (read: no slash (`/`) character at the beginning) directory, in this case the dir is relative to the remote user's home directory. # Create a REST server repository In order to backup data to the remote server via HTTP or HTTPS protocol, you must first set up a remote [REST server](https://github.com/restic/rest-server) instance. Once the server is configured, accessing it is achieved by changing the URL scheme like this: ```console $ restic -r rest:http://host:8000/ ``` Depending on your REST server setup, you can use HTTPS protocol, password protection, or multiple repositories. Or any combination of those features, as you see fit. TCP/IP port is also configurable. Here are some more examples: ```console $ restic -r rest:https://host:8000/ $ restic -r rest:https://user:pass@host:8000/ $ restic -r rest:https://user:pass@host:8000/my_backup_repo/ ``` If you use TLS, make sure your certificates are signed, 'cause restic client will refuse to communicate otherwise. It's easy to obtain such certificates today, thanks to free certificate authorities like [Let’s Encrypt](https://letsencrypt.org/). REST server uses exactly the same directory structure as local backend, so you should be able to access it both locally and via HTTP, even simultaneously. # Create an Amazon S3 repository Restic can backup data to any Amazon S3 bucket. However, in this case, changing the URL scheme is not enough since Amazon uses special security credentials to sign HTTP requests. By consequence, you must first setup the following environment variables with the credentials you obtained while creating the bucket. ```console $ export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID= $ export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY= ``` You can then easily initialize a repository that uses your Amazon S3 as a backend, if the bucket does not exist yet it will be created in the default location: ```console $ restic -r s3:s3.amazonaws.com/bucket_name init enter password for new backend: enter password again: created restic backend eefee03bbd at s3:s3.amazonaws.com/bucket_name Please note that knowledge of your password is required to access the repository. Losing your password means that your data is irrecoverably lost. ``` It is not possible at the moment to have restic create a new bucket in a different location, so you need to create it using a different program. Afterwards, the S3 server (`s3.amazonaws.com`) will redirect restic to the correct endpoint. For an S3-compatible server that is not Amazon (like Minio, see below), or is only available via HTTP, you can specify the URL to the server like this: `s3:http://server:port/bucket_name`. ## Create a Minio Server repository [Minio](https://www.minio.io) is an Open Source Object Storage, written in Go and compatible with AWS S3 API. ### Pre-Requisites * Download and Install [Minio Server](https://minio.io/downloads/#minio-server). * You can also refer to [https://docs.minio.io](https://docs.minio.io) for step by step guidance on installation and getting started on Minio Client and Minio Server. You must first setup the following environment variables with the credentials of your running Minio Server. ```console $ export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID= $ export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY= ``` Now you can easily initialize restic to use Minio server as backend with this command. ```console $ ./restic -r s3:http://localhost:9000/restic init enter password for new backend: enter password again: created restic backend 6ad29560f5 at s3:http://localhost:9000/restic1 Please note that knowledge of your password is required to access the repository. Losing your password means that your data is irrecoverably lost. ``` # Removing old snapshots All backup space is finite, so restic allows removing old snapshots. This can be done either manually (by specifying a snapshot ID to remove) or by using a policy that describes which snapshots to forget. For all remove operations, two commands need to be called in sequence: `forget` to remove a snapshot and `prune` to actually remove the data that was referenced by the snapshot from the repository. This can be automated with the `--prune` option of the `forget` command, which runs `prune` automatically if snapshots have been removed. ## Remove a single snapshot The command `snapshots` can be used to list all snapshots in a repository like this: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup snapshots enter password for repository: ID Date Host Tags Directory ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 40dc1520 2015-05-08 21:38:30 kasimir /home/user/work 79766175 2015-05-08 21:40:19 kasimir /home/user/work bdbd3439 2015-05-08 21:45:17 luigi /home/art 590c8fc8 2015-05-08 21:47:38 kazik /srv 9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv ``` In order to remove the snapshot of `/home/art`, use the `forget` command and specify the snapshot ID on the command line: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup forget bdbd3439 enter password for repository: removed snapshot d3f01f63 ``` Afterwards this snapshot is removed: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup snapshots enter password for repository: ID Date Host Tags Directory ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 40dc1520 2015-05-08 21:38:30 kasimir /home/user/work 79766175 2015-05-08 21:40:19 kasimir /home/user/work 590c8fc8 2015-05-08 21:47:38 kazik /srv 9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv ``` But the data that was referenced by files in this snapshot is still stored in the repository. To cleanup unreferenced data, the `prune` command must be run: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup prune enter password for repository: counting files in repo building new index for repo [0:00] 100.00% 22 / 22 files repository contains 22 packs (8512 blobs) with 100.092 MiB bytes processed 8512 blobs: 0 duplicate blobs, 0B duplicate load all snapshots find data that is still in use for 1 snapshots [0:00] 100.00% 1 / 1 snapshots found 8433 of 8512 data blobs still in use will rewrite 3 packs creating new index [0:00] 86.36% 19 / 22 files saved new index as 544a5084 done ``` Afterwards the repository is smaller. You can automate this two-step process by using the `--prune` switch to `forget`: ```console $ restic forget --keep-last 1 --prune snapshots for host mopped, directories /home/user/work: keep 1 snapshots: ID Date Host Tags Directory ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 4bba301e 2017-02-21 10:49:18 mopped /home/user/work remove 1 snapshots: ID Date Host Tags Directory ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 8c02b94b 2017-02-21 10:48:33 mopped /home/user/work 1 snapshots have been removed, running prune counting files in repo building new index for repo [0:00] 100.00% 37 / 37 packs repository contains 37 packs (5521 blobs) with 151.012 MiB bytes processed 5521 blobs: 0 duplicate blobs, 0B duplicate load all snapshots find data that is still in use for 1 snapshots [0:00] 100.00% 1 / 1 snapshots found 5323 of 5521 data blobs still in use, removing 198 blobs will delete 0 packs and rewrite 27 packs, this frees 22.106 MiB creating new index [0:00] 100.00% 30 / 30 packs saved new index as b49f3e68 done ``` ## Removing snapshots according to a policy Removing snapshots manually is tedious and error-prone, therefore restic allows specifying which snapshots should be removed automatically according to a policy. You can specify how many hourly, daily, weekly, monthly and yearly snapshots to keep, any other snapshots are removed. The most important command-line parameter here is `--dry-run` which instructs restic to not remove anything but print which snapshots would be removed. When `forget` is run with a policy, restic loads the list of all snapshots, then groups these by host name and list of directories. The policy is then applied to each group of snapshots separately. This is a safety feature. The `forget` command accepts the following parameters: * `--keep-last n` never delete the `n` last (most recent) snapshots * `--keep-hourly n` for the last `n` hours in which a snapshot was made, keep only the last snapshot for each hour. * `--keep-daily n` for the last `n` days which have one or more snapshots, only keep the last one for that day. * `--keep-weekly n` for the last `n` weeks which have one or more snapshots, only keep the last one for that week. * `--keep-monthly n` for the last `n` months which have one or more snapshots, only keep the last one for that month. * `--keep-yearly n` for the last `n` years which have one or more snapshots, only keep the last one for that year. * `--keep-tag` keep all snapshots which have all tags specified by this option (can be specified multiple times). Additionally, you can restrict removing snapshots to those which have a particular hostname with the `--hostname` parameter, or tags with the `--tag` option. When multiple tags are specified, only the snapshots which have all the tags are considered. All the `--keep-*` options above only count hours/days/weeks/months/years which have a snapshot, so those without a snapshot are ignored. Let's explain this with an example: Suppose you have only made a backup on each Sunday for 12 weeks. Then `forget --keep-daily 4` will keep the last four snapshots for the last four Sundays, but remove the rest. Only counting the days which have a backup and ignore the ones without is a safety feature: it prevents restic from removing many snapshots when no new ones are created. If it was implemented otherwise, running `forget --keep-daily 4` on a Friday would remove all snapshots! # Debugging restic The program can be built with debug support like this: ```console $ go run build.go -tags debug ``` Afterwards, extensive debug messages are written to the file in environment variable `DEBUG_LOG`, e.g.: ```console $ DEBUG_LOG=/tmp/restic-debug.log restic backup ~/work ``` If you suspect that there is a bug, you can have a look at the debug log. Please be aware that the debug log might contain sensitive information such as file and directory names. The debug log will always contain all log messages restic generates. You can also instruct restic to print some or all debug messages to stderr. These can also be limited to e.g. a list of source files or a list of patterns for function names. The patterns are globbing patterns (see the documentation for [`path.Glob`](https://golang.org/pkg/path/#Glob)), multiple patterns are separated by commas. Patterns are case sensitive. Printing all log messages to the console can be achieved by setting the file filter to `*`: ```console $ DEBUG_FILES=* restic check ``` If you want restic to just print all debug log messages from the files `main.go` and `lock.go`, set the environment variable `DEBUG_FILES` like this: ```console $ DEBUG_FILES=main.go,lock.go restic check ``` The following command line instructs restic to only print debug statements originating in functions that match the pattern `*unlock*` (case sensitive): ```console $ DEBUG_FUNCS=*unlock* restic check ``` # Under the hood: Browse repository objects Internally, a repository stores data of several different types described in the [design documentation](https://github.com/restic/restic/blob/master/doc/Design.md). You can `list` objects such as blobs, packs, index, snapshots, keys or locks with the following command: ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup list snapshots d369ccc7d126594950bf74f0a348d5d98d9e99f3215082eb69bf02dc9b3e464c ``` The `find` command searches for a given [pattern](http://golang.org/pkg/path/filepath/#Match) in the repository. ```console $ restic -r backup find test.txt debug log file restic.log debug enabled enter password for repository: found 1 matching entries in snapshot 196bc5760c909a7681647949e80e5448e276521489558525680acf1bd428af36 -rw-r--r-- 501 20 5 2015-08-26 14:09:57 +0200 CEST path/to/test.txt ``` The `cat` command allows you to display the JSON representation of the objects or its raw content. ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup cat snapshot d369ccc7d126594950bf74f0a348d5d98d9e99f3215082eb69bf02dc9b3e464c enter password for repository: { "time": "2015-08-12T12:52:44.091448856+02:00", "tree": "05cec17e8d3349f402576d02576a2971fc0d9f9776ce2f441c7010849c4ff5af", "paths": [ "/home/user/work" ], "hostname": "kasimir", "username": "username", "uid": 501, "gid": 20 } ``` # Scripting restic Restic supports the output of some commands in JSON format. The JSON flag ```--json``` is currently supported only by ```restic snapshots```. ```console $ restic -r /tmp/backup snapshots --json```