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384 lines
16 KiB
ReStructuredText
384 lines
16 KiB
ReStructuredText
..
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Normally, there are no heading levels assigned to certain characters as the structure is
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determined from the succession of headings. However, this convention is used in Python’s
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Style Guide for documenting which you may follow:
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# with overline, for parts
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* for chapters
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= for sections
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- for subsections
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^ for subsubsections
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" for paragraphs
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#########################
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Working with repositories
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#########################
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Listing all snapshots
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=====================
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Now, you can list all the snapshots stored in the repository:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo snapshots
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enter password for repository:
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ID Date Host Tags Directory
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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40dc1520 2015-05-08 21:38:30 kasimir /home/user/work
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79766175 2015-05-08 21:40:19 kasimir /home/user/work
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bdbd3439 2015-05-08 21:45:17 luigi /home/art
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590c8fc8 2015-05-08 21:47:38 kazik /srv
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9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv
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You can filter the listing by directory path:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo snapshots --path="/srv"
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enter password for repository:
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ID Date Host Tags Directory
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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590c8fc8 2015-05-08 21:47:38 kazik /srv
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9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv
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Or filter by host:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo snapshots --host luigi
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enter password for repository:
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ID Date Host Tags Directory
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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bdbd3439 2015-05-08 21:45:17 luigi /home/art
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9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv
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Combining filters is also possible.
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Furthermore you can group the output by the same filters (host, paths, tags):
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo snapshots --group-by host
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enter password for repository:
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snapshots for (host [kasimir])
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ID Date Host Tags Directory
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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40dc1520 2015-05-08 21:38:30 kasimir /home/user/work
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79766175 2015-05-08 21:40:19 kasimir /home/user/work
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2 snapshots
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snapshots for (host [luigi])
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ID Date Host Tags Directory
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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bdbd3439 2015-05-08 21:45:17 luigi /home/art
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9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv
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2 snapshots
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snapshots for (host [kazik])
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ID Date Host Tags Directory
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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590c8fc8 2015-05-08 21:47:38 kazik /srv
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1 snapshots
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Copying snapshots between repositories
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======================================
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In case you want to transfer snapshots between two repositories, for
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example from a local to a remote repository, you can use the ``copy`` command:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo-copy copy --from-repo /srv/restic-repo
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repository d6504c63 opened successfully, password is correct
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repository 3dd0878c opened successfully, password is correct
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snapshot 410b18a2 of [/home/user/work] at 2020-06-09 23:15:57.305305 +0200 CEST)
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copy started, this may take a while...
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snapshot 7a746a07 saved
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snapshot 4e5d5487 of [/home/user/work] at 2020-05-01 22:44:07.012113 +0200 CEST)
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skipping snapshot 4e5d5487, was already copied to snapshot 50eb62b7
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The example command copies all snapshots from the source repository
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``/srv/restic-repo`` to the destination repository ``/srv/restic-repo-copy``.
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Snapshots which have previously been copied between repositories will
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be skipped by later copy runs.
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.. important:: This process will have to both download (read) and upload (write)
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the entire snapshot(s) due to the different encryption keys used in the
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source and destination repository. This *may incur higher bandwidth usage
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and costs* than expected during normal backup runs.
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.. important:: The copying process does not re-chunk files, which may break
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deduplication between the files copied and files already stored in the
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destination repository. This means that copied files, which existed in
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both the source and destination repository, *may occupy up to twice their
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space* in the destination repository. See below for how to avoid this.
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The source repository is specified with ``--from-repo`` or can be read
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from a file specified via ``--from-repository-file``. Both of these options
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can also be set as environment variables ``$RESTIC_FROM_REPOSITORY`` or
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``$RESTIC_FROM_REPOSITORY_FILE``, respectively. For the destination repository
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the password can be read from a file ``--from-password-file`` or from a command
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``--from-password-command``.
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Alternatively the environment variables ``$RESTIC_FROM_PASSWORD_COMMAND`` and
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``$RESTIC_FROM_PASSWORD_FILE`` can be used. It is also possible to directly
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pass the password via ``$RESTIC_FROM_PASSWORD``. The key which should be used
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for decryption can be selected by passing its ID via the flag ``--from-key-hint``
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or the environment variable ``$RESTIC_FROM_KEY_HINT``.
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.. note:: In case the source and destination repository use the same backend,
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the configuration options and environment variables used to configure the
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backend may apply to both repositories – for example it might not be
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possible to specify different accounts for the source and destination
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repository. You can avoid this limitation by using the rclone backend
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along with remotes which are configured in rclone.
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.. _copy-filtering-snapshots:
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Filtering snapshots to copy
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---------------------------
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The list of snapshots to copy can be filtered by host, path in the backup
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and/or a comma-separated tag list:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo-copy copy --from-repo /srv/restic-repo --host luigi --path /srv --tag foo,bar
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It is also possible to explicitly specify the list of snapshots to copy, in
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which case only these instead of all snapshots will be copied:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo-copy copy --from-repo /srv/restic-repo 410b18a2 4e5d5487 latest
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Ensuring deduplication for copied snapshots
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-------------------------------------------
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Even though the copy command can transfer snapshots between arbitrary repositories,
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deduplication between snapshots from the source and destination repository may not work.
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To ensure proper deduplication, both repositories have to use the same parameters for
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splitting large files into smaller chunks, which requires additional setup steps. With
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the same parameters restic will for both repositories split identical files into
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identical chunks and therefore deduplication also works for snapshots copied between
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these repositories.
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The chunker parameters are generated once when creating a new (destination) repository.
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That is for a copy destination repository we have to instruct restic to initialize it
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using the same chunker parameters as the source repository:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo-copy init --from-repo /srv/restic-repo --copy-chunker-params
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Note that it is not possible to change the chunker parameters of an existing repository.
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Removing files from snapshots
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=============================
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Snapshots sometimes turn out to include more files that intended. Instead of
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removing the snapshots entirely and running the corresponding backup commands
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again (which is not always practical after the fact) it is possible to remove
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the unwanted files from affected snapshots by rewriting them using the
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``rewrite`` command:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo rewrite --exclude secret-file
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repository c881945a opened (repository version 2) successfully, password is correct
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snapshot 6160ddb2 of [/home/user/work] at 2022-06-12 16:01:28.406630608 +0200 CEST)
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excluding /home/user/work/secret-file
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saved new snapshot b6aee1ff
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snapshot 4fbaf325 of [/home/user/work] at 2022-05-01 11:22:26.500093107 +0200 CEST)
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modified 1 snapshots
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo rewrite --exclude secret-file 6160ddb2
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repository c881945a opened (repository version 2) successfully, password is correct
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snapshot 6160ddb2 of [/home/user/work] at 2022-06-12 16:01:28.406630608 +0200 CEST)
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excluding /home/user/work/secret-file
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new snapshot saved as b6aee1ff
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modified 1 snapshots
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The options ``--exclude``, ``--exclude-file``, ``--iexclude`` and
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``--iexclude-file`` are supported. They behave the same way as for the backup
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command, see :ref:`backup-excluding-files` for details.
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It is possible to rewrite only a subset of snapshots by filtering them the same
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way as for the ``copy`` command, see :ref:`copy-filtering-snapshots`.
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By default, the ``rewrite`` command will keep the original snapshots and create
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new ones for every snapshot which was modified during rewriting. The new
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snapshots are marked with the tag ``rewrite`` to differentiate them from the
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original, rewritten snapshots.
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Alternatively, you can use the ``--forget`` option to immediately remove the
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original snapshots. In this case, no tag is added to the new snapshots. Please
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note that this only removes the snapshots and not the actual data stored in the
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repository. Run the ``prune`` command afterwards to remove the now unreferenced
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data (just like when having used the ``forget`` command).
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In order to preview the changes which ``rewrite`` would make, you can use the
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``--dry-run`` option. This will simulate the rewriting process without actually
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modifying the repository. Instead restic will only print the actions it would
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perform.
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Checking integrity and consistency
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==================================
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Imagine your repository is saved on a server that has a faulty hard
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drive, or even worse, attackers get privileged access and modify the
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files in your repository with the intention to make you restore
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malicious data:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ echo "boom" > /srv/restic-repo/index/de30f3231ca2e6a59af4aa84216dfe2ef7339c549dc11b09b84000997b139628
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Trying to restore a snapshot which has been modified as shown above
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will yield an error:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo --no-cache restore c23e491f --target /tmp/restore-work
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...
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Fatal: unable to load index de30f323: load <index/de30f3231c>: invalid data returned
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In order to detect these things before they become a problem, it's a
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good idea to regularly use the ``check`` command to test whether your
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repository is healthy and consistent, and that your precious backup
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data is unharmed. There are two types of checks that can be performed:
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- Structural consistency and integrity, e.g. snapshots, trees and pack files (default)
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- Integrity of the actual data that you backed up (enabled with flags, see below)
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To verify the structure of the repository, issue the ``check`` command.
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If the repository is damaged like in the example above, ``check`` will
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detect this and yield the same error as when you tried to restore:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check
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...
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load indexes
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error: error loading index de30f323: load <index/de30f3231c>: invalid data returned
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Fatal: LoadIndex returned errors
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If the repository structure is intact, restic will show that no errors were found:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /src/restic-repo check
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...
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load indexes
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check all packs
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check snapshots, trees and blobs
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no errors were found
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By default, the ``check`` command does not verify that the actual pack files
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on disk in the repository are unmodified, because doing so requires reading
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a copy of every pack file in the repository. To tell restic to also verify the
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integrity of the pack files in the repository, use the ``--read-data`` flag:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data
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...
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load indexes
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check all packs
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check snapshots, trees and blobs
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read all data
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[0:00] 100.00% 3 / 3 items
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duration: 0:00
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no errors were found
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.. note:: Since ``--read-data`` has to download all pack files in the
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repository, beware that it might incur higher bandwidth costs than usual
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and also that it takes more time than the default ``check``.
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Alternatively, use the ``--read-data-subset`` parameter to check only a subset
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of the repository pack files at a time. It supports three ways to select a
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subset. One selects a specific part of pack files, the second and third
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selects a random subset of the pack files by the given percentage or size.
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Use ``--read-data-subset=n/t`` to check a specific part of the repository pack
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files at a time. The parameter takes two values, ``n`` and ``t``. When the check
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command runs, all pack files in the repository are logically divided in ``t``
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(roughly equal) groups, and only files that belong to group number ``n`` are
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checked. For example, the following commands check all repository pack files
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over 5 separate invocations:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=1/5
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=2/5
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=3/5
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=4/5
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=5/5
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Use ``--read-data-subset=x%`` to check a randomly choosen subset of the
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repository pack files. It takes one parameter, ``x``, the percentage of
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pack files to check as an integer or floating point number. This will not
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guarantee to cover all available pack files after sufficient runs, but it is
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easy to automate checking a small subset of data after each backup. For a
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floating point value the following command may be used:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=2.5%
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When checking bigger subsets you most likely want to specify the percentage
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as an integer:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=10%
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Use ``--read-data-subset=nS`` to check a randomly chosen subset of the
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repository pack files. It takes one parameter, ``nS``, where 'n' is a whole
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number representing file size and 'S' is the unit of file size (K/M/G/T) of
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pack files to check. Behind the scenes, the specified size will be converted
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to percentage of the total repository size. The behaviour of the check command
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following this conversion will be the same as the percentage option above. For
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a file size value the following command may be used:
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.. code-block:: console
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=50M
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$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=10G
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Upgrading the repository format version
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=======================================
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Repositories created using earlier restic versions use an older repository
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format version and have to be upgraded to allow using all new features.
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Upgrading must be done explicitly as a newer repository version increases the
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minimum restic version required to access the repository. For example the
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repository format version 2 is only readable using restic 0.14.0 or newer.
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Upgrading to repository version 2 is a two step process: first run
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``migrate upgrade_repo_v2`` which will check the repository integrity and
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then upgrade the repository version. Repository problems must be corrected
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before the migration will be possible. After the migration is complete, run
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``prune`` to compress the repository metadata. To limit the amount of data
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rewritten in at once, you can use the ``prune --max-repack-size size``
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parameter, see :ref:`customize-pruning` for more details.
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File contents stored in the repository will not be rewritten, data from new
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backups will be compressed. Over time more and more of the repository will
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be compressed. To speed up this process and compress all not yet compressed
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data, you can run ``prune --repack-uncompressed``. When you plan to create
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your backups with maximum compression, you should also add the
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``--compression max`` flag to the prune command. For already backed up data,
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the compression level cannot be changed later on.
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