mirror of
https://github.com/octoleo/restic.git
synced 2024-12-22 10:58:55 +00:00
221 lines
8.2 KiB
ReStructuredText
221 lines
8.2 KiB
ReStructuredText
..
|
||
Normally, there are no heading levels assigned to certain characters as the structure is
|
||
determined from the succession of headings. However, this convention is used in Python’s
|
||
Style Guide for documenting which you may follow:
|
||
|
||
# with overline, for parts
|
||
* for chapters
|
||
= for sections
|
||
- for subsections
|
||
^ for subsubsections
|
||
" for paragraphs
|
||
|
||
##########
|
||
Backing up
|
||
##########
|
||
|
||
Now we're ready to backup some data. The contents of a directory at a
|
||
specific point in time is called a "snapshot" in restic. Run the
|
||
following command and enter the repository password you chose above
|
||
again:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work
|
||
enter password for repository:
|
||
scan [/home/user/work]
|
||
scanned 764 directories, 1816 files in 0:00
|
||
[0:29] 100.00% 54.732 MiB/s 1.582 GiB / 1.582 GiB 2580 / 2580 items 0 errors ETA 0:00
|
||
duration: 0:29, 54.47MiB/s
|
||
snapshot 40dc1520 saved
|
||
|
||
As you can see, restic created a backup of the directory and was pretty
|
||
fast! The specific snapshot just created is identified by a sequence of
|
||
hexadecimal characters, ``40dc1520`` in this case.
|
||
|
||
If you run the command again, restic will create another snapshot of
|
||
your data, but this time it's even faster. This is de-duplication at
|
||
work!
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work
|
||
enter password for repository:
|
||
using parent snapshot 40dc1520aa6a07b7b3ae561786770a01951245d2367241e71e9485f18ae8228c
|
||
scan [/home/user/work]
|
||
scanned 764 directories, 1816 files in 0:00
|
||
[0:00] 100.00% 0B/s 1.582 GiB / 1.582 GiB 2580 / 2580 items 0 errors ETA 0:00
|
||
duration: 0:00, 6572.38MiB/s
|
||
snapshot 79766175 saved
|
||
|
||
You can even backup individual files in the same repository.
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work.txt
|
||
scan [/home/user/work.txt]
|
||
scanned 0 directories, 1 files in 0:00
|
||
[0:00] 100.00% 0B/s 220B / 220B 1 / 1 items 0 errors ETA 0:00
|
||
duration: 0:00, 0.03MiB/s
|
||
snapshot 31f7bd63 saved
|
||
|
||
In fact several hosts may use the same repository to backup directories
|
||
and files leading to a greater de-duplication.
|
||
|
||
Please be aware that when you backup different directories (or the
|
||
directories to be saved have a variable name component like a
|
||
time/date), restic always needs to read all files and only afterwards
|
||
can compute which parts of the files need to be saved. When you backup
|
||
the same directory again (maybe with new or changed files) restic will
|
||
find the old snapshot in the repo and by default only reads those files
|
||
that are new or have been modified since the last snapshot. This is
|
||
decided based on the modify date of the file in the file system.
|
||
|
||
Now is a good time to run ``restic check`` to verify that all data
|
||
is properly stored in the repository. You should run this command regularly
|
||
to make sure the internal structure of the repository is free of errors.
|
||
|
||
You can exclude folders and files by specifying exclude-patterns. Either
|
||
specify them with multiple ``--exclude``'s or one ``--exclude-file``
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ cat exclude
|
||
# exclude go-files
|
||
*.go
|
||
# exclude foo/x/y/z/bar foo/x/bar foo/bar
|
||
foo/**/bar
|
||
$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work --exclude=*.c --exclude-file=exclude
|
||
|
||
Patterns use `filepath.Glob <https://golang.org/pkg/path/filepath/#Glob>`__ internally,
|
||
see `filepath.Match <https://golang.org/pkg/path/filepath/#Match>`__ for syntax.
|
||
Patterns are tested against the full path of a file/dir to be saved, not only
|
||
against the relative path below the argument given to restic backup.
|
||
Patterns need to match on complete path components. (``foo`` matches
|
||
``/dir1/foo/dir2/file`` and ``/dir/foo`` but does not match ``/dir/foobar`` or
|
||
``barfoo``.) A trailing ``/`` is ignored. A leading ``/`` anchors the
|
||
pattern at the root directory. (``/bin`` matches ``/bin/bash`` but does not
|
||
match ``/usr/bin/restic``.) Regular wildcards cannot be used to match over the
|
||
directory separator ``/``. (``b*ash`` matches ``/bin/bash`` but does not match
|
||
``/bin/ash``.) However ``**`` matches arbitrary subdirectories. (``foo/**/bar``
|
||
matches ``/dir1/foo/dir2/bar/file``, ``/foo/bar/file`` and ``/tmp/foo/bar``.)
|
||
Environment-variables in exclude-files are expanded with
|
||
`os.ExpandEnv <https://golang.org/pkg/os/#ExpandEnv>`__.
|
||
|
||
By specifying the option ``--one-file-system`` you can instruct restic
|
||
to only backup files from the file systems the initially specified files
|
||
or directories reside on. For example, calling restic like this won't
|
||
backup ``/sys`` or ``/dev`` on a Linux system:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup --one-file-system /
|
||
|
||
By using the ``--files-from`` option you can read the files you want to
|
||
backup from a file. This is especially useful if a lot of files have to
|
||
be backed up that are not in the same folder or are maybe pre-filtered
|
||
by other software.
|
||
|
||
or example maybe you want to backup files that have a certain filename
|
||
in them:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ find /tmp/somefiles | grep 'PATTERN' > /tmp/files_to_backup
|
||
|
||
You can then use restic to backup the filtered files:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup --files-from /tmp/files_to_backup
|
||
|
||
Incidentally you can also combine ``--files-from`` with the normal files
|
||
args:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup --files-from /tmp/files_to_backup /tmp/some_additional_file
|
||
|
||
Comparing Snapshots
|
||
*******************
|
||
|
||
Restic has a `diff` command which shows the difference between two snapshots
|
||
and displays a small statistic, just pass the command two snapshot IDs:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /tmp/backup diff 5845b002 2ab627a6
|
||
password is correct
|
||
comparing snapshot ea657ce5 to 2ab627a6:
|
||
|
||
C /restic/cmd_diff.go
|
||
+ /restic/foo
|
||
C /restic/restic
|
||
|
||
Files: 0 new, 0 removed, 2 changed
|
||
Dirs: 1 new, 0 removed
|
||
Others: 0 new, 0 removed
|
||
Data Blobs: 14 new, 15 removed
|
||
Tree Blobs: 2 new, 1 removed
|
||
Added: 16.403 MiB
|
||
Removed: 16.402 MiB
|
||
|
||
|
||
Backing up special items and metadata
|
||
*************************************
|
||
|
||
**Symlinks** are archived as symlinks, ``restic`` does not follow them.
|
||
When you restore, you get the same symlink again, with the same link target
|
||
and the same timestamps.
|
||
|
||
If there is a **bind-mount** below a directory that is to be saved, restic descends into it.
|
||
|
||
**Device files** are saved and restored as device files. This means that e.g. ``/dev/sda`` is
|
||
archived as a block device file and restored as such. This also means that the content of the
|
||
corresponding disk is not read, at least not from the device file.
|
||
|
||
By default, restic does not save the access time (atime) for any files or other
|
||
items, since it is not possible to reliably disable updating the access time by
|
||
restic itself. This means that for each new backup a lot of metadata is
|
||
written, and the next backup needs to write new metadata again. If you really
|
||
want to save the access time for files and directories, you can pass the
|
||
``--with-atime`` option to the ``backup`` command.
|
||
|
||
Reading data from stdin
|
||
***********************
|
||
|
||
Sometimes it can be nice to directly save the output of a program, e.g.
|
||
``mysqldump`` so that the SQL can later be restored. Restic supports
|
||
this mode of operation, just supply the option ``--stdin`` to the
|
||
``backup`` command like this:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ mysqldump [...] | restic -r /tmp/backup backup --stdin
|
||
|
||
This creates a new snapshot of the output of ``mysqldump``. You can then
|
||
use e.g. the fuse mounting option (see below) to mount the repository
|
||
and read the file.
|
||
|
||
By default, the file name ``stdin`` is used, a different name can be
|
||
specified with ``--stdin-filename``, e.g. like this:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ mysqldump [...] | restic -r /tmp/backup backup --stdin --stdin-filename production.sql
|
||
|
||
Tags for backup
|
||
***************
|
||
|
||
Snapshots can have one or more tags, short strings which add identifying
|
||
information. Just specify the tags for a snapshot one by one with ``--tag``:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup --tag projectX --tag foo --tag bar ~/work
|
||
[...]
|
||
|
||
The tags can later be used to keep (or forget) snapshots with the ``forget``
|
||
command. The command ``tag`` can be used to modify tags on an existing
|
||
snapshot.
|