s3fs-fuse/s3fs/s3fs.cpp

/*
 * s3fs - FUSE filesystem backed by Amazon S3
 * 
 * Copyright 2007-2008 Randy Rizun <rrizun@gmail.com>
 * 
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
 * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
 * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 * 
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 * 
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.
 */

#define FUSE_USE_VERSION 26

#include <fuse.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <libgen.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <curl/curl.h>
#include <libxml/parser.h>
#include <libxml/tree.h>

#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <sstream>
#include <stack>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

#define Oof(result) if (true) { \
	cout << __LINE__ << "###result=" << result << endl; \
	return result; \
}

class auto_fd {
	int fd;
public:
	auto_fd(int fd): fd(fd) {
	}
	~auto_fd() {
		cout << "close[fd=" << fd << "]" << endl;
		close(fd);
	}
	int get() {
		return fd;
	}
};

template<typename T>
string
stringificationizer(T value) {
	stringstream tmp;
	tmp << value;
	return tmp.str();
}

#define SPACES " \t\r\n"

inline string trim_left (const string & s, const string & t = SPACES) 
  { 
  string d (s); 
  return d.erase (0, s.find_first_not_of (t)) ; 
  }  // end of trim_left

inline string trim_right (const string & s, const string & t = SPACES)
  { 
  string d (s); 
  string::size_type i (d.find_last_not_of (t));
  if (i == string::npos)
    return "";
  else
   return d.erase (d.find_last_not_of (t) + 1) ; 
  }  // end of trim_right

inline string trim (const string & s, const string & t = SPACES)
  { 
  string d (s); 
  return trim_left (trim_right (d, t), t) ; 
  }  // end of trim

class auto_lock {
	pthread_mutex_t& lock;
public:
	auto_lock(pthread_mutex_t& lock): lock(lock) {
		pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
	}
	~auto_lock() {
		pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
	}
};

stack<CURL*> curl_handles;
static pthread_mutex_t curl_handles_lock;

class auto_curl {
	CURL* curl;
public:
	auto_curl() {
		auto_lock lock(curl_handles_lock);
		if (curl_handles.size() == 0)
			curl = curl_easy_init();
		else {
			curl = curl_handles.top();
			curl_handles.pop();
		}
		curl_easy_reset(curl);
		long seconds = 10;
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT, seconds);
	}
	~auto_curl() {
		if (curl != 0) {
			auto_lock lock(curl_handles_lock);
			curl_handles.push(curl);
		}
	}
	CURL* get() const {
		return curl;
	}
//	CURL* release() {
//		CURL* tmp = curl;
//		curl = 0;
//		return tmp;
//	}
//	void reset(CURL* curl) {
//		if (curl != 0) {
//			auto_lock lock(curl_handles_lock);
//			curl_handles.push(curl);
//		}
//		this->curl = curl;
//	}
	operator CURL*() const {
		return curl;
	}
};

class auto_curl_slist {
	struct curl_slist* slist;
public:
	auto_curl_slist(): slist(0) {
	}
	~auto_curl_slist() {
		curl_slist_free_all(slist);
	}
	struct curl_slist* get() const {
		return slist;
	}
	void append(const string& s) {
		slist = curl_slist_append(slist, s.c_str());
	}
};

// ### TODO replace this with a plain 'ol function (or a method on auto_curl)
#define MY_CURL_EASY_PERFORM(curl) \
if (true) { \
	CURLcode curlCode = curl_easy_perform(curl.get()); \
	if (curlCode == CURLE_OPERATION_TIMEDOUT) \
		curlCode = curl_easy_perform(curl.get()); \
	if (curlCode != 0) { \
		long responseCode; \
		if (curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE, &responseCode) != 0) \
			Oof(-EIO); \
		if (responseCode == 500) { \
			cout << __LINE__ << "###curlCode=" << curlCode << "(" << curl_easy_strerror(curlCode) << ")" << "###responseCode=" << responseCode << endl; \
			cout << "retrying..." << endl; \
			curlCode = curl_easy_perform(curl.get()); \
			if (curlCode == CURLE_OPERATION_TIMEDOUT) \
				curlCode = curl_easy_perform(curl.get()); \
		} \
		if (curlCode != 0) { \
			if (curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE, &responseCode) != 0) \
				Oof(-EIO); \
			if (responseCode == 404) \
				return -ENOENT; \
			cout << __LINE__ << "###curlCode=" << curlCode << "(" << curl_easy_strerror(curlCode) << ")" << "###responseCode=" << responseCode << endl; \
			cout << "giving up..." << endl; \
			Oof(-EIO); \
		} \
	} \
}

static string bucket;
static string AWSAccessKeyId;
static string AWSSecretAccessKey;
static const string host = "http://s3.amazonaws.com";
static bool enable_local_file_cache = false;

// key=path
typedef map<string, struct stat> stat_cache_t;
static stat_cache_t stat_cache;
static pthread_mutex_t stat_cache_lock;

static const char hexAlphabet[] = "0123456789ABCDEF";

/**
 * urlEncode a fuse path,
 * taking into special consideration "/",
 * otherwise regular urlEncode.
 */
string
urlEncode(const string &s) {
  string result;
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < s.length(); ++i) {
    if (s[i] == '/') // Note- special case for fuse paths...
      result += s[i];
    else if (isalnum(s[i]))
      result += s[i];
    else if (s[i] == '.' || s[i] == '-' || s[i] == '*' || s[i] == '_')
      result += s[i];
    else if (s[i] == ' ')
      result += '+';
    else {
      result += "%";
      result += hexAlphabet[static_cast<unsigned char>(s[i]) / 16];
      result += hexAlphabet[static_cast<unsigned char>(s[i]) % 16];
    }
  }
  return result;
}

// http headers
typedef map<string, string> headers_t;

#include <openssl/bio.h>
#include <openssl/buffer.h>
#include <openssl/evp.h>
#include <openssl/hmac.h>

static const EVP_MD* evp_md = EVP_sha1();

/**
 * Returns the current date
 * in a format suitable for a HTTP request header.
 */
string
get_date() {
	char buf[100];
	time_t t = time(NULL);
	strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", gmtime(&t));
	return buf;
}

/**
 * Returns the Amazon AWS signature for the given parameters.
 * 
 * @param method e.g., "GET"
 * @param content_type e.g., "application/x-directory"
 * @param date e.g., get_date()
 * @param resource e.g., "/pub"
 */
string
calc_signature(string method, string content_type, string date, curl_slist* headers, string resource) {
	string Signature;
	string StringToSign;
	StringToSign += method + "\n";
	StringToSign += "\n"; // md5
	StringToSign += content_type + "\n";
	StringToSign += date + "\n";
	int count = 0;
	if (headers != 0) {
		do {
			//###cout << headers->data << endl;
			if (strncmp(headers->data, "x-amz-meta", 10) == 0) {
				++count;
				StringToSign += headers->data;
				StringToSign += 10; // linefeed
			}
		} while ((headers = headers->next) != 0);
	}
	StringToSign += resource;

	const void* key = AWSSecretAccessKey.data();
	int key_len = AWSSecretAccessKey.size();
	const unsigned char* d = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(StringToSign.data());
	int n = StringToSign.size();
	unsigned int md_len;
	unsigned char md[EVP_MAX_MD_SIZE];
	
	HMAC(evp_md, key, key_len, d, n, md, &md_len);
	
	  BIO* b64 = BIO_new(BIO_f_base64());
	  BIO* bmem = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
	  b64 = BIO_push(b64, bmem);
	  BIO_write(b64, md, md_len);
	  BIO_flush(b64);
	  BUF_MEM *bptr;
	  BIO_get_mem_ptr(b64, &bptr);

	  Signature.resize(bptr->length - 1);
	  memcpy(&Signature[0], bptr->data, bptr->length-1);

	  BIO_free_all(b64);

	return Signature;
}

// libcurl callback
static size_t
readCallback(void *data, size_t blockSize, size_t numBlocks, void *userPtr) {
  string *userString = static_cast<string *>(userPtr);
  size_t count = min((*userString).size(), blockSize*numBlocks);
  memcpy(data, (*userString).data(), count);
  (*userString).erase(0, count);
  return count;
}

// libcurl callback
static size_t
writeCallback(void* data, size_t blockSize, size_t numBlocks, void* userPtr) {
  string* userString = static_cast<string*>(userPtr);
  (*userString).append(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(data), blockSize*numBlocks);
  return blockSize*numBlocks;
}

static size_t headerCallback(void *data,
                            size_t blockSize,
                            size_t numBlocks,
                            void *userPtr) {
  headers_t* headers = reinterpret_cast<headers_t*>(userPtr);
  string header(reinterpret_cast<char *>(data), blockSize*numBlocks);
  string key;
  stringstream ss(header);
  if (getline(ss, key, ':')) {
	  string value;
	  getline(ss, value);
	  (*headers)[key] = trim(value);
  }
  return blockSize*numBlocks;
}

// mkdir --parents
static int
mkdirp(const string& path, mode_t mode) {
	string base;
	string component;
	stringstream ss(path);
	while (getline(ss, component, '/')) {
		base += "/" + component;
		/*if (*/mkdir(base.c_str(), mode)/* == -1);
			return -1*/;
	}
	return 0;
}

#include <pwd.h>

string
expand_path(const string& path) {
	if (path.length() == 0 || path[0] != '~')
		return path;
	const char *pfx= NULL;
	string::size_type pos = path.find_first_of('/');
	if (path.length() == 1 || pos == 1) {
		pfx = getenv("HOME");
		if (!pfx) {
			// Punt. We're trying to expand ~/, but HOME isn't set
			struct passwd *pw = getpwuid(getuid());
			if (pw)
				pfx = pw->pw_dir;
		}
	} else {
		string user(path, 1, (pos==string::npos) ? string::npos : pos-1);
		struct passwd *pw = getpwnam(user.c_str());
		if (pw)
			pfx = pw->pw_dir;
	}
	// if we failed to find an expansion, return the path unchanged.
	if (!pfx)
		return path;
	string result(pfx);
	if (pos == string::npos)
		return result;
	if (result.length() == 0 || result[result.length()-1] != '/')
		result += '/';
	result += path.substr(pos+1);
	return result;
}

#include <openssl/md5.h>

// safe variant of dirname
static string
mydirname(string path) {
	// dirname clobbers path so let it operate on a tmp copy
	return dirname(&path[0]);
}

// safe variant of basename
static string
mybasename(string path) {
	// basename clobbers path so let it operate on a tmp copy
	return basename(&path[0]);
}

/**
 * @return 0 if ok
 */
int
get_headers(const char* path, headers_t& meta) {
	string baseName = mybasename(path);
	
	string resolved_path(expand_path("~/.s3fs/"+bucket));

	string resource(urlEncode("/"+bucket + path));
	string url(host + resource);

	auto_curl curl;
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, true);
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_NOBODY, true); // HEAD
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FILETIME, true); // Last-Modified

	headers_t responseHeaders;
    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HEADERDATA, &responseHeaders);
    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION, headerCallback);

	auto_curl_slist headers;
	string date = get_date();
	headers.append("Date: "+date);
	headers.append("Authorization: AWS "+AWSAccessKeyId+":"+calc_signature("HEAD", "", date, headers.get(), resource));
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers.get());

	MY_CURL_EASY_PERFORM((curl));
    
	// at this point we know the file exists in s3
	
	for (headers_t::iterator iter = responseHeaders.begin(); iter != responseHeaders.end(); ++iter) {
		string key = (*iter).first;
		string value = (*iter).second;
		if (key == "Content-Type")
			meta[key] = value;
		if (key.substr(0, 10) == "x-amz-meta")
			meta[key] = value;
	}
	
	return 0;
}

/**
 * @param meta returns "x-amz-meta" headers as well as "Content-Type".
 */
int
get_local_fd(const char* path/*, headers_t& meta*/) {
	string baseName = mybasename(path);
	
	string resolved_path(expand_path("~/.s3fs/"+bucket));

	string resource(urlEncode("/"+bucket + path));
	string url(host + resource);

//	auto_curl curl;
//	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
//	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, true);
//	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);
//	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_NOBODY, true); // HEAD
//	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FILETIME, true); // Last-Modified
//
	headers_t responseHeaders; // ### TODO only checked when using local file cache... for now, local file cache is disabled...
//    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HEADERDATA, &responseHeaders);
//    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION, headerCallback);
//
//	auto_curl_slist headers;
//	string date = get_date();
//	headers.append("Date: "+date);
//	headers.append("Authorization: AWS "+AWSAccessKeyId+":"+calc_signature("HEAD", "", date, headers.get(), resource));
//	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers.get());
//
//	MY_CURL_EASY_PERFORM((curl));
    
	// at this point we know the file exists in s3
	
//	for (headers_t::iterator iter = responseHeaders.begin(); iter != responseHeaders.end(); ++iter) {
//		string key = (*iter).first;
//		string value = (*iter).second;
//		if (key == "Content-Type")
//			meta[key] = value;
//		if (key.substr(0, 10) == "x-amz-meta")
//			meta[key] = value;
//	}

	string cache_path(resolved_path + path);
	
	mode_t mode = atoi(responseHeaders["x-amz-meta-mode"].c_str());
	
	int fd = -1;
	if (enable_local_file_cache) {
		fd = open(cache_path.c_str(), O_RDWR); // ### TODO should really somehow obey flags here
	    if (fd != -1) {
			MD5_CTX c;
			if (MD5_Init(&c) != 1)
				Oof(-EIO);
			int count;
			char buf[1024];
			while ((count = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0) {
				if (MD5_Update(&c, buf, count) != 1)
					Oof(-EIO);
			}
			unsigned char md[MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH];
			if (MD5_Final(md, &c) != 1)
				Oof(-EIO);
			///###cout << md << endl;
			
			char localMd5[2*MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH+1];
			sprintf(localMd5, "%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x",
					md[0], md[1], md[2], md[3], md[4], md[5], md[6], md[7], md[8], md[9], md[10], md[11], md[12], md[13], md[14], md[15]);
			
			string remoteMd5(responseHeaders["ETag"]);
			remoteMd5 = remoteMd5.substr(1, 32); // strip " " 
			
			// md5 match?		
			if (string(localMd5) != remoteMd5) {
				// no! prepare to download
				if (close(fd) == -1)
					Oof(-errno);
				fd = -1;
			} 
	    }
	}
    // need to download?
    if (fd == -1) {
    	// yes!
    	if (enable_local_file_cache) {
    		/*if (*/mkdirp(resolved_path + mydirname(path), mode)/* == -1)
    			return -errno*/;
    		fd = creat(cache_path.c_str(), mode);
    	} else {
    		fd = fileno(tmpfile());
    	}
		if (fd == -1)
			Oof(-errno);
		///////////////////string responseText;
		string resource = urlEncode("/"+bucket + path);
		string url = host + resource;

		auto_curl curl;
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, true);
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);
		
		FILE* f = fdopen(fd, "w+");
		if (f == 0)
			Oof(-errno);
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FILE, f);

		auto_curl_slist headers;
		string date = get_date();
		headers.append("Date: "+date);
		headers.append("Authorization: AWS "+AWSAccessKeyId+":"+calc_signature("GET", "", date, headers.get(), resource));
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers.get());

		cout << "downloading[path=" << path << "][fd=" << fd << "]" << endl;
		MY_CURL_EASY_PERFORM((curl));
		
		//only one of these is needed...
		fflush(f);
		fsync(fd);
		
		if (fd == -1)
			Oof(-errno);
    }
    
    return fd;    
}

/**
 * create or update s3 object
 */
static int
put_local_fd(const char* path, headers_t meta, int fd) {
	
//	// merge given meta headers into existing meta headers...
//	headers_t meta;
//	get_headers(path, meta);
//	for (headers_t::const_iterator iter = in_meta.begin(); iter != in_meta.end(); ++iter) {
//		string key = (*iter).first;
//		string value = (*iter).second;
//		meta[key] = value;
//	}
		
	struct stat st;
	if (fstat(fd, &st) == -1)
		Oof(-errno);
	
	{
		string resource = urlEncode("/"+bucket + path);
		string url = host + resource;

		auto_curl curl;
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, true);
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);

		string responseText;
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &responseText);
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, writeCallback);

		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_UPLOAD, true); // HTTP PUT
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_INFILESIZE, st.st_size); // Content-Length
		
		FILE* f = fdopen(fd, "rb");
		if (f == 0)
			Oof(-errno);
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_INFILE, f);
		
		string ContentType = meta["Content-Type"];
		    
		auto_curl_slist headers;
		string date = get_date();
		headers.append("Date: "+date);

		for (headers_t::iterator iter = meta.begin(); iter != meta.end(); ++iter)
			headers.append((*iter).first+":"+(*iter).second);
		
		headers.append("Authorization: AWS "+AWSAccessKeyId+":"+calc_signature("PUT", ContentType, date, headers.get(), resource));
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers.get());
		
		rewind(f);
	
		cout << "uploading[path=" << path << "][fd=" << fd << "][size="<<st.st_size <<"]" << endl;
		
		MY_CURL_EASY_PERFORM((curl));
		
		return 0;
	}
	
	return 0;
}

//static int
//put_local_fd(const char* path, int fd) {
//	headers_t meta;
//	int result = get_headers(path, meta);
//	if (result != 0)
//		return result;
//	return put_local_fd(path, meta, fd);
//}

static int
s3fs_getattr(const char *path, struct stat *stbuf) {
	cout << "getattr[path=" << path << "]" << endl;
	memset(stbuf, 0, sizeof(struct stat));
	if (strcmp(path, "/") == 0) {
		stbuf->st_nlink = 1; // see fuse faq
		stbuf->st_mode = S_IFDIR | 0755;
		return 0;
	}
	
	{
		auto_lock lock(stat_cache_lock);
		stat_cache_t::iterator iter = stat_cache.find(path);
		if (iter != stat_cache.end()) {
			*stbuf = (*iter).second;
			stat_cache.erase(path);
			return 0;
		}
	}
	
	string resource = urlEncode("/"+bucket + path);
	string url = host + resource;

	auto_curl curl;
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, true);
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_NOBODY, true); // HEAD
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FILETIME, true); // Last-Modified

	headers_t responseHeaders;
    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HEADERDATA, &responseHeaders);
    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION, headerCallback);

	auto_curl_slist headers;
	string date = get_date();
	headers.append("Date: "+date);
	headers.append("Authorization: AWS "+AWSAccessKeyId+":"+calc_signature("HEAD", "", date, headers.get(), resource));
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers.get());

	MY_CURL_EASY_PERFORM((curl));
    
	stbuf->st_nlink = 1; // see fuse faq
	
	stbuf->st_mtime = atol(responseHeaders["x-amz-meta-mtime"].c_str());
	if (stbuf->st_mtime == 0) {
		long LastModified;
		if (curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_FILETIME, &LastModified) == 0)
			stbuf->st_mtime = LastModified;
	}
	
	stbuf->st_mode = atoi(responseHeaders["x-amz-meta-mode"].c_str());
	
	char* ContentType = 0;
	if (curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_CONTENT_TYPE, &ContentType) == 0) {
		if (ContentType)
			stbuf->st_mode |= strcmp(ContentType, "application/x-directory") == 0 ? S_IFDIR : S_IFREG;
	}

	double ContentLength;
	if (curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_CONTENT_LENGTH_DOWNLOAD, &ContentLength) == 0)
		stbuf->st_size = static_cast<off_t>(ContentLength);
	
	if (S_ISREG(stbuf->st_mode))
		stbuf->st_blocks = stbuf->st_size / 512 + 1;

	return 0;
}

static int
s3fs_readlink(const char *path, char *buf, size_t size) {
    cout << "###readlink[path=" << path << "]" << endl;
    return -ENOENT;
}

static int
s3fs_mknod(const char *path, mode_t mode, dev_t rdev) {
	// see man 2 mknod
	// If pathname already exists, or is a symbolic link, this call fails with an EEXIST error.
	cout << "mknod[path="<< path << "][mode=" << mode << "]" << endl;

	string resource = urlEncode("/"+bucket + path);
	string url = host + resource;
	
	auto_curl curl;
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, true);
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_UPLOAD, true); // HTTP PUT
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_INFILESIZE, 0); // Content-Length: 0

	auto_curl_slist headers;
	string date = get_date();
	headers.append("Date: "+date);
	headers.append("Content-Type: application/octet-stream");
	headers.append("x-amz-meta-mode:"+stringificationizer(mode));
	headers.append("x-amz-meta-mtime:"+stringificationizer(time(NULL)));
	headers.append("Authorization: AWS "+AWSAccessKeyId+":"+calc_signature("PUT", "application/octet-stream", date, headers.get(), resource));
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers.get());

	MY_CURL_EASY_PERFORM((curl));

	return 0;
}

static int
s3fs_mkdir(const char *path, mode_t mode) {
	cout << "mkdir[path=" << path << "][mode=" << mode << "]" << endl;
	
	string resource = urlEncode("/"+bucket + path);
	string url = host + resource;
	
	auto_curl curl;
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, true);
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_UPLOAD, true); // HTTP PUT
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_INFILESIZE, 0); // Content-Length: 0
	
	auto_curl_slist headers;
	string date = get_date();
	headers.append("Date: "+date);
	headers.append("Content-Type: application/x-directory");
	headers.append("x-amz-meta-mode:"+stringificationizer(mode));
	headers.append("x-amz-meta-mtime:"+stringificationizer(time(NULL)));
	headers.append("Authorization: AWS "+AWSAccessKeyId+":"+calc_signature("PUT", "application/x-directory", date, headers.get(), resource));
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers.get());
	   
	MY_CURL_EASY_PERFORM((curl));

	return 0;
}

// aka rm
static int
s3fs_unlink(const char *path) {
	cout << "unlink[path=" << path << "]" << endl;
	
	string resource = urlEncode("/"+bucket + path);
	string url = host + resource;
	
	auto_curl curl;
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, true);
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, "DELETE");
	    
	auto_curl_slist headers;
	string date = get_date();
	headers.append("Date: "+date);
	headers.append("Authorization: AWS "+AWSAccessKeyId+":"+calc_signature("DELETE", "", date, headers.get(), resource));
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers.get());
	
	MY_CURL_EASY_PERFORM((curl));
	
	return 0;
}

static int
s3fs_rmdir(const char *path) {
	cout << "unlink[path=" << path << "]" << endl;
	
	string resource = urlEncode("/"+bucket + path);
	string url = host + resource;
	
	auto_curl curl;
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, true);
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, "DELETE");
	    
	auto_curl_slist headers;
	string date = get_date();
	headers.append("Date: "+date);
	headers.append("Authorization: AWS "+AWSAccessKeyId+":"+calc_signature("DELETE", "", date, headers.get(), resource));
	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers.get());
	
	MY_CURL_EASY_PERFORM((curl));

	return 0;
}

static int
s3fs_symlink(const char *from, const char *to) {
    cout << "symlink[from=" << from << "][to=" << to << "]" << endl;
    return -EPERM;
}

static int
s3fs_rename(const char *from, const char *to) {
	int result = 0;
	
    cout << "rename[from=" << from << "][to=" << to << "]" << endl;
    
    auto_fd fd(get_local_fd(from));
    
    // preserve meta headers across rename
    headers_t meta;
    result = get_headers(from, meta);
    if (result != 0)
    	return result;
    
    result = put_local_fd(to, meta, fd.get());
    if (result != 0)
    	return result;
    
    return s3fs_unlink(from);
    
    // get local file handle
    // upload as new s3 object
    // delete old s3 object
    //return -EXDEV;
}

static int
s3fs_link(const char *from, const char *to) {
    cout << "link[from=" << from << "][to=" << to << "]" << endl;
    return -EPERM;
}

static int
s3fs_chmod(const char *path, mode_t mode) {
    cout << "chmod[path=" << path << "][mode=" << mode << "]" << endl;
    auto_fd fd(get_local_fd(path));
    headers_t meta;
    int result = get_headers(path, meta);
    if (result != 0)
    	return result;
    meta["x-amz-meta-mode"] = stringificationizer(mode);
    return put_local_fd(path, meta, fd.get());
}

static int
s3fs_chown(const char *path, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
    cout << "###chown[path=" << path << "]" << endl;
    // hook this into s3's acl?!?
    return 0;
}

#define VERIFY(s) if (true) { \
	int result = (s); \
	if (result != 0) \
		return result; \
}

static int
s3fs_truncate(const char *path, off_t size) {
	//###TODO honor size?!?
	// ### TODO should doing a "get_headers" and preserving 'em across PUT
	// ## # TODO in other words, mode and mtime get clobbered when truncate is called
	
    cout << "truncate[path=" << path << "][size=" << size << "]" << endl;
	
//	string resource = urlEncode("/"+bucket + path);
//	string url = host + resource;
//	
//	auto_curl curl;
//	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
//	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, true);
//	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);
//	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_UPLOAD, true); // HTTP PUT
//	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_INFILESIZE, 0); // Content-Length: 0
//	
//	auto_curl_slist headers;
//	string date = get_date();
//	headers.append("Date: "+date);
//	headers.append("Content-Type: application/octet-stream");
//	headers.append("Authorization: AWS "+AWSAccessKeyId+":"+calc_signature("PUT", "application/octet-stream", date, headers.get(), resource));
//	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers.get());
//	   
//	MY_CURL_EASY_PERFORM((curl));

    // preserve headers across truncate
	headers_t meta;
	VERIFY(get_headers(path, meta));
	auto_fd fd(fileno(tmpfile()));
	//###verify fd here?!?
	VERIFY(put_local_fd(path, meta, fd.get()));
	
	return 0;
}

// fd -> flags
typedef map<int, int> s3fs_descriptors_t;
static s3fs_descriptors_t s3fs_descriptors;
static pthread_mutex_t s3fs_descriptors_lock;

static int
s3fs_open(const char *path, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
    cout << "open[path=" << path << "][flags=" << fi->flags << "]" <<  endl;

	headers_t meta;
	fi->fh = get_local_fd(path);
	
	//###TODO check fi->fh here...

    // remember flags and headers...
	auto_lock lock(s3fs_descriptors_lock);
	
	s3fs_descriptors[fi->fh] = fi->flags;
	
    return 0;
}

static int
s3fs_read(const char *path, char *buf, size_t size, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
	//###cout << "read: " << path << endl;
    int res = pread(fi->fh, buf, size, offset);
    if (res == -1)
		Oof(-errno);
    return res;
}

static int
s3fs_write(const char *path, const char *buf, size_t size, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
	//###cout << "write: " << path << endl;
    int res = pwrite(fi->fh, buf, size, offset);
    if (res == -1)
		Oof(-errno);
    return res;
}

static int
s3fs_statfs(const char *path, struct statvfs *stbuf) {
    // 256T
	stbuf->f_bsize = 0X1000000;
    stbuf->f_blocks = 0X1000000;
    stbuf->f_bfree = 0x1000000;
    stbuf->f_bavail = 0x1000000;
    return 0;
}

static int
get_flags(int fd) {
	auto_lock lock(s3fs_descriptors_lock);
	return s3fs_descriptors[fd];
}

static int
s3fs_flush(const char *path, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
	int fd = fi->fh;
	cout << "flush[path=" << path << "][fd=" << fd << "]" << endl;
	// NOTE- fi->flags is not available here
	int flags = get_flags(fd);	
	if ((flags & O_RDWR) || (flags &  O_WRONLY)) {
		headers_t meta;
	    VERIFY(get_headers(path, meta));
	    meta["x-amz-meta-mtime"]=stringificationizer(time(NULL));
		return put_local_fd(path, meta, fd);
	}
	return 0;
}

static int
s3fs_release(const char *path, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
	int fd = fi->fh;
	cout << "release[path=" << path << "][fd=" << fd << "]" << endl;
	if (close(fd) == -1)
		Oof(-errno);
	return 0;
}

time_t
my_timegm (struct tm *tm) {
                  time_t ret;
                  char *tz;

                  tz = getenv("TZ");
                  setenv("TZ", "", 1);
                  tzset();
                  ret = mktime(tm);
                  if (tz)
                      setenv("TZ", tz, 1);
                  else
                      unsetenv("TZ");
                  tzset();
                  return ret;
              }

static int
s3fs_readdir(const char *path, void *buf, fuse_fill_dir_t filler, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
	//cout << "readdir:"<< " path="<< path << endl;

	string NextMarker;
	string IsTruncated("true");
	
	while (IsTruncated == "true") {
		string responseText;
		string resource = urlEncode("/"+bucket); // this is what gets signed
		string query = "delimiter=/&prefix=";

		if (strcmp(path, "/") != 0)
			query += urlEncode(string(path).substr(1) + "/");
		
		if (NextMarker.size() > 0)
			query += "&marker=" + urlEncode(NextMarker);

		string url = host + resource + "?"+ query;

		auto_curl curl;
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, true);
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &responseText);
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, writeCallback);

		headers_t headersMap;
	    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HEADERDATA, &headersMap);
	    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION, headerCallback);

		auto_curl_slist headers;
		string date = get_date();
		headers.append("Date: "+date);
		headers.append("Authorization: AWS "+AWSAccessKeyId+":"+calc_signature("GET", "", date, headers.get(), resource));
		
		curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers.get());

		MY_CURL_EASY_PERFORM((curl));

		{
			xmlDocPtr doc = xmlReadMemory(responseText.c_str(), responseText.size(), "", NULL, 0);
			if (doc != NULL&& doc->children != NULL) {
				for (xmlNodePtr cur_node = doc->children->children; cur_node != NULL; cur_node = cur_node->next) {
					string cur_node_name(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(cur_node->name));
					if (cur_node_name == "IsTruncated")
						IsTruncated = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(cur_node->children->content);
					if (cur_node_name == "NextMarker")
						NextMarker = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(cur_node->children->content);
					if (cur_node_name == "Contents") {
						if (cur_node->children != NULL) {
							string Key;
							string LastModified;
							string Size;
							for (xmlNodePtr sub_node = cur_node->children; sub_node != NULL; sub_node = sub_node->next) {
								if (sub_node->type == XML_ELEMENT_NODE) {
									string elementName = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(sub_node->name);
									if (sub_node->children != NULL) {
										if (sub_node->children->type == XML_TEXT_NODE) {
											if (elementName == "Key")
												Key = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(sub_node->children->content);
											if (elementName == "LastModified")
												LastModified = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(sub_node->children->content);
											if (elementName == "Size")
												Size = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(sub_node->children->content);
										}
									}
								}
							}
							if (Key.size() > 0) {
//								struct stat st;
//								memset(&st, 0, sizeof(st));
//								st.st_nlink = 1; // see fuse faq
//								// mode
//								st.st_mode = S_IFREG | 0755;
//								// size
//								stringstream tmp(Size);
//								tmp >> st.st_size;
//								// modified... something like "2005-12-31T23:59:59Z"
//								struct tm gmt;
//								strptime(LastModified.c_str(), "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ", &gmt);
//								st.st_mtime = my_timegm(&gmt);
//								// blocks
//								st.st_blocks = st.st_size / 512 + 1;
//								// if size is 0 then we don't know whether its a file or a directory...
//								// defer to getattr() to determine whether its a file or a directory from Content-Type
//								if (st.st_size > 0) {
//									auto_lock lock(stat_cache_lock);
//									//###stat_cache["/"+Key] = st;
//								}
								if (filler(buf, mybasename(Key).c_str(), 0, 0))
									break;
							}
						}
					}
				}
			}
			xmlFreeDoc(doc);
		}
	}
	
	return 0;
}

static void*
s3fs_init(struct fuse_conn_info *conn) {
	printf("init\n");
	pthread_mutex_init(&stat_cache_lock, NULL);
	pthread_mutex_init(&curl_handles_lock, NULL);
	pthread_mutex_init(&s3fs_descriptors_lock, NULL);
	return 0;
}

static void
s3fs_destroy(void*) {
	printf("destroy\n");
	pthread_mutex_destroy(&stat_cache_lock);
	pthread_mutex_destroy(&curl_handles_lock);
	pthread_mutex_destroy(&s3fs_descriptors_lock);
}

static int
s3fs_access(const char *path, int mask) {
    //###cout << "###access[path=" << path << "]" <<  endl;
    return 0;
}

// aka touch
static int
s3fs_utimens(const char *path, const struct timespec ts[2]) {
    cout << "utimens[path=" << path << "][mtime=" << stringificationizer(ts[1].tv_sec) << "]" << endl;
    auto_fd fd(get_local_fd(path));
    headers_t meta;
    int result = get_headers(path, meta);
    if (result != 0)
    	return result;
    meta["x-amz-meta-mtime"] = stringificationizer(ts[1].tv_sec);
    return put_local_fd(path, meta, fd.get());
    //return -EPERM;
}

static int
my_fuse_opt_proc(void *data, const char *arg, int key, struct fuse_args *outargs) {
	if (key == FUSE_OPT_KEY_NONOPT) {
		if (bucket.size() == 0) {
			bucket = arg;
			return 0;
		}
	}
	if (key == FUSE_OPT_KEY_OPT) {
		if (strstr(arg, "accessKeyId=") != 0) {
			AWSAccessKeyId = strchr(arg, '=') + 1;
			return 0;
		}
		if (strstr(arg, "secretAccessKey=") != 0) {
			AWSSecretAccessKey = strchr(arg, '=') + 1;
			return 0;
		}
	}
	return 1;
}

static struct fuse_operations s3fs_oper;

int
main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
    memset(&s3fs_oper, sizeof(s3fs_oper), 0);
    
    struct fuse_args custom_args = FUSE_ARGS_INIT(argc, argv);
    fuse_opt_parse(&custom_args, NULL, NULL, my_fuse_opt_proc);
    
    if (bucket.size() == 0) {
    	cout << argv[0] << ": " << "missing bucket" << endl;
    	exit(1);
    }
    
    if (AWSSecretAccessKey.size() == 0) {
    	string line;
        ifstream passwd("/etc/passwd-s3fs");
    	while (getline(passwd, line)) {
    		if (line[0]=='#')
    			continue;
    		size_t pos = line.find(':');
    		if (pos != string::npos) {
    			// is accessKeyId missing?
    			if (AWSAccessKeyId.size() == 0)
    				AWSAccessKeyId = line.substr(0, pos);
    			// is secretAccessKey missing?
    			if (AWSSecretAccessKey.size() == 0) {
    				if (line.substr(0, pos) == AWSAccessKeyId)
    					AWSSecretAccessKey = line.substr(pos + 1, string::npos);
    			}
    		}
    	}
    }

    if (AWSAccessKeyId.size() == 0) {
    	cout << argv[0] << ": " << "missing accessKeyId.. see /etc/passwd-s3fs or use, e.g., -o accessKeyId=aaa" << endl;
    	exit(1);
    }
    if (AWSSecretAccessKey.size() == 0) {
    	cout << argv[0] << ": " << "missing secretAccessKey... see /etc/passwd-s3fs or use, e.g., -o secretAccessKey=bbb" << endl;
    	exit(1);
    }

    s3fs_oper.getattr = s3fs_getattr;
    s3fs_oper.readlink = s3fs_readlink;
    s3fs_oper.mknod = s3fs_mknod;
    s3fs_oper.mkdir = s3fs_mkdir;
    s3fs_oper.unlink = s3fs_unlink;
    s3fs_oper.rmdir = s3fs_rmdir;
    s3fs_oper.symlink = s3fs_symlink;
    s3fs_oper.rename = s3fs_rename;
    s3fs_oper.link = s3fs_link;
    s3fs_oper.chmod = s3fs_chmod;
    s3fs_oper.chown = s3fs_chown;
    s3fs_oper.truncate = s3fs_truncate;
    s3fs_oper.open = s3fs_open;
    s3fs_oper.read = s3fs_read;
    s3fs_oper.write = s3fs_write;
    s3fs_oper.statfs = s3fs_statfs;
    s3fs_oper.flush = s3fs_flush;
    s3fs_oper.release = s3fs_release;
    s3fs_oper.readdir = s3fs_readdir;
    s3fs_oper.init = s3fs_init;
    s3fs_oper.destroy = s3fs_destroy;
    s3fs_oper.access = s3fs_access;
    s3fs_oper.utimens = s3fs_utimens;

    return fuse_main(custom_args.argc, custom_args.argv, &s3fs_oper, NULL);
}