telegram-bot-bash/README.md

<h2><img align="middle" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/odb/official-bash-logo/master/assets/Logos/Icons/PNG/64x64.png" >
Bashbot - A Telegram bot written in bash.
</h2>
Written by Drew (@topkecleon) and Kay M (@gnadelwartz).

Contributions by Daniil Gentili (@danog), JuanPotato, BigNerd95, TiagoDanin, iicc1 and dcoomber.

Released to the public domain wherever applicable.
Elsewhere, consider it released under the [WTFPLv2](http://www.wtfpl.net/txt/copying/).

Linted by [#ShellCheck](https://github.com/koalaman/shellcheck)

## Prerequisites
Uses [JSON.sh](http://github.com/dominictarr/JSON.sh)/[JSON.awk](https://github.com/step-/JSON.awk) and the magic of sed.

Bashbot is written in bash. It depends on commands typically available in a Linux/Unix Environment.
For more information on commands provided by recent versions of [coreutils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GNU_Core_Utilities_commands), [busybox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusyBox#Commands) or [toybox](https://landley.net/toybox/help.html), see [Developer Notes](doc/7_develop.md#common-commands).

**Note for MacOS and BSD Users:** Bashbot will not run without installing additional software as it uses modern bash and (gnu) grep/sed features. See [Install Bashbot](doc/0_install.md).

**Note for embedded systems:** You need to install a "real" bash as the vanilla installation of busybox or toybox is not sufficient. See [Install Bashbot](doc/0_install.md).

Bashbot [Documentation](https://github.com/topkecleon/telegram-bot-bash) and [Downloads](https://github.com/topkecleon/telegram-bot-bash/releases) are available on [www.github.com](https://www.github.com).

## Documentation
* [Introduction to Telegram Bots](https://core.telegram.org/bots)
* [Install Bashbot](doc/0_install.md)
    * Install release
    * Install from github
    * Update Bashbot
    * Notes on Updates
* [Get Bottoken from Botfather](doc/1_firstbot.md)
* [Getting Started](doc/2_usage.md)
    * Managing your Bot
    * Receive data
    * Send messages
    * Send files, locations, keyboards
* [Advanced Features](doc/3_advanced.md)
    * Access Control
    * Interactive Chats
    * Background Jobs
    * Inline queries
    * Send message errors
* [Expert Use](doc/4_expert.md)
    * Handling UTF-8 character sets
    * Run as other user or system service
    * Schedule bashbot from Cron
    * Use from CLI and Scripts
    * Customize Bashbot Environment
* [Best Practices](doc/5_practice.md)
    * Customize mycommands.sh
    * Overwrite/disable commands
    * Separate logic from commands
    * Test your Bot with shellcheck
* [Function Reference](doc/6_reference.md)
    * Sending Messages, Files, Keyboards
    * User Access Control
    * Inline Queries
    * jsshDB Bashbot key-value storage
    * Background and Interactive Jobs
* [Developer Notes](doc/7_develop.md)
    * Debug bashbot
    * Modules, addons, events
    * Setup your environment
    * Bashbot test suite
* [Examples Directory](examples)
* [Webhook Example](examples/webhook)

### Your very first bashbot in a nutshell

To install and run bashbot you need access to a Linux/Unix command line with bash, a [Telegram client](https://telegram.org) and a mobile phone [with a Telegram account](https://telegramguide.com/create-a-telegram-account/).

First you need to [create a new Telegram Bot token](doc/1_firstbot.md) for your bot and write it down.

Now open a Linux/Unix terminal with bash, create a new directory, change to it and install telegram-bot-bash:

```bash
# create bot dir
mkdir mybot
cd mybot

# download latest release with wget or from https://github.com/topkecleon/telegram-bot-bash/releases/latest
wget "https://github.com/$(wget -q "https://github.com/topkecleon/telegram-bot-bash/releases/latest" -O - | egrep '/.*/download/.*/.*tar.gz' -o)"

# Extract the tar archive and go into bot dir
tar -xzf *.tar.gz
cd telegram-bot-bash

# initialize your bot
# Enter your bot token when asked, all other questions can be answered by hitting the \<Return\> key.
./bashbot.sh init

# Now start your bot
./bashbot.sh start

Bottoken is valid ...
Bot Name: yourbotname_bot
Session Name: yourbotname_bot-startbot
Bot started successfully.
```

Now open the Telegram App on your mobile phone and start a chat with your bot (_your bot's username is shown after 'Bot Name:'_):

```
/start

You are Botadmin
Available commands:
  /start: _Start bot and get this message_.
  /help: _Get this message_.
  /info: _Get shorter info message about this bot_....

/info

This is bashbot, the Telegram bot written entirely in bash.
It features background tasks and interactive chats, and can serve as an interface for CLI programs.
```
For more Information on how to install, customize and use your new bot, read the [Documentation](#Documentation).

### Log files

Bashbot actions are logged to `BASHBOT.log`. Telegram send/receive errors are logged to `ERROR.log`.
Start bashbot in debug mode to see all messages sent to / received from Telegram, as well as bash command error messages.

To enable debug mode, start bashbot with debug as third argument: `bashbot start debug`

```
|__ logs
|     |__ BASHBOT.log  # log what your bot is doing ...
|     |__ ERROR.log    # connection errors from / to Telegram API
|     |
|     |__ DEBUG.log    # stdout/stderr of you bot (debug mode enabled)
|     |__ MESSAGE.log  # full text of all message send/received (debug mode enabled)
```

----

## Security Considerations
Running a Telegram Bot means it is connected to the public and you never know what's send to your Bot.

Bash scripts in general are not designed to be bulletproof, so consider this Bot as a proof of concept.
Bash programmers often struggle with 'quoting hell' and globbing,
see [Implications of wrong quoting](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/171346/security-implications-of-forgetting-to-quote-a-variable-in-bash-posix-shells).

Whenever you are processing input from untrusted sources (messages, files, network) you must be as careful as possible 
(e.g. set IFS appropriately, disable globbing with `set -f` and quote everything). In addition remove unused scripts and examples
from your Bot (e.g. everything in `example/`) and disable/remove all unused bot commands.

It's important to escape or remove `$` and \` in input from user, files or network (_as bashbot does_).
One of the powerful features of Unix shells is variable and command substitution using `${var}`, `$(cmd)` and \`cmd\` can lead to remote
code execution (RCE) or remote information disclosure (RID) bugs if unescaped `$` or \` is included in untrusted input (e.g. `$$` or `$(rm -rf /*)`).

A powerful tool to improve your scripts is `shellcheck`. You can [use it online](https://www.shellcheck.net/) or
[install shellcheck locally](https://github.com/koalaman/shellcheck#installing). Shellcheck is used extensively in bashbot development
to ensure a high code quality (e.g. it's not allowed to push changes without passing all shellcheck tests).
In addition bashbot has a [test suite](doc/7_develop.md) to check if important functionality is working as expected.

### Use printf whenever possible

If you're writing a script that accepts external input (e.g. from the user as arguments or the file system),
you shouldn't use echo to display it. [Use printf whenever possible](https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/6581).

### Run your Bot as a restricted user
**I recommend running your bot as a user with almost no access rights.** 
All files your Bot has write access to are in danger of being overwritten/deleted if your bot is hacked.
For the same reason every file your Bot can read is in danger of being disclosed. Restrict your Bots access rights to the absolute minimum.

**Never run your Bot as root, this is the most dangerous you can do!** Usually the user 'nobody' has almost no rights on Linux/Unix systems. See [Expert use](doc/4_expert.md) on how to run your Bot as an other user.

### Secure your Bot installation
**Your Bot configuration must not be readable by other users.** Everyone who can read your Bots token is able to act as your Bot and has access to all chats the Bot is in!

Everyone with read access to your Bot files can extract your Bots data. Especially your Bot config in `config.jssh` must be protected against other users. No one except you should have write access to the Bot files. The Bot should be restricted to have write access to `count.jssh`, `data-bot-bash/` and `logs/` only, all other files must be write protected.

To set access rights for your bashbot installation to a reasonable default run `sudo ./bashbot.sh init` after every update or change to your installation directory.

*Note*: Keep old log files in a safe place or even better delete them, they are GDPR relevant and [may contain information](https://github.com/topkecleon/telegram-bot-bash/issues/174) you don't want to be public.

## FAQ

### Is this Bot insecure?
Bashbot is not more (in)secure than a Bot written in another language. We have done our best to make it as secure as possible. But YOU are responsible for the bot commands you wrote and you should know about the risks ...

**Note:** Up to version 0.941 (mai/22/2020) telegram-bot-bash had a remote code execution bug, please update if you use an older version!

### Why Bash and not the much better xyz?
Well, that's a damn good question... maybe because I'm a Unix admin from the stone age. Nevertheless there are more reasons from my side:

- bashbot will run wherever bash and (gnu) sed is available, from embedded Linux to mainframe
- easy to integrate with other shell scripts, e.g. for sending system message / health status
- no need to install or learn a new programming language, library or framework
- no database, not event driven, not object oriented ...

### Can I have the single bashbot.sh file back?
At the beginning bashbot was simply the file `bashbot.sh` that you could copy everywhere and run the bot. Now we have 'commands.sh', 'mycommands.sh', 'modules/*.sh' and much more.

Hey no problem, if you are finished with your cool bot, run `dev/make-standalone.sh` to create a stripped down version of your bot containing only
'bashbot.sh' and 'commands.sh'! For more information see [Create a stripped down version of your Bot](doc/7_develop.md).

### Can I send messages from CLI and scripts?
Of course you can send messages from command line and scripts! Simply install bashbot as [described here](#Your-really-first-bashbot-in-a-nutshell),
send the message '/start' to set yourself as botadmin and then stop the bot with `./bashbot.sh stop`.

Bashbot provides some ready to use scripts for sending messages from command line in `bin/` dir, e.g. `send_message.sh`.

```bash
bin/send_message.sh BOTADMIN "This is my first message send from CLI"

bin/send_message.sh --help
```

You can also source bashbot for use in your scripts, for more information see [Expert Use](doc/4_expert.md).


### Blocked by telegram?
This may happen if too many or wrong requests are sent to api.telegram.org, e.g. using a invalid token or invalid API calls.
If the block stay for longer time you can ask telegram service to unblock your IP-Address. 

You can check with curl or wget if you are blocked by Telegram:
```bash
curl -m 10  https://api.telegram.org/bot
#curl: (28) Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds

wget -t 1 -T 10 https://api.telegram.org/bot
#Connecting to api.telegram.org (api.telegram.org)|46.38.243.234|:443... failed: Connection timed out.

nc -w 2 api.telegram.org 443 || echo "your IP seems blocked by telegram"
#your IP seems blocked by telegram
```

Bashbot offers the option to recover from broken connections (blocked). Therefore you can provide a function
named `bashbotBlockRecover()` in `mycommands.sh`, the function is called every time when a broken connection is detected.

Possible actions are: Check if network is working, change IP-Address or simply wait some time.
See `mycommnds.sh.dist` for an example.

--- 

@Gnadelwartz

## That's it all guys!

If you feel that there's something missing or if you found a bug, feel free to submit a pull request!

#### $$VERSION$$ v1.52-0-g1a83202