s3fs-fuse/src/s3fs.cpp

/*
 * s3fs - FUSE-based file system backed by Amazon S3
 *
 * Copyright(C) 2007 Randy Rizun <rrizun@gmail.com>
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
 * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
 * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.
 */

#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <getopt.h>

#include "common.h"
#include "s3fs.h"
#include "s3fs_logger.h"
#include "metaheader.h"
#include "fdcache.h"
#include "fdcache_auto.h"
#include "fdcache_stat.h"
#include "curl.h"
#include "curl_multi.h"
#include "s3objlist.h"
#include "cache.h"
#include "mvnode.h"
#include "addhead.h"
#include "sighandlers.h"
#include "s3fs_xml.h"
#include "string_util.h"
#include "s3fs_auth.h"
#include "s3fs_cred.h"
#include "s3fs_help.h"
#include "s3fs_util.h"
#include "mpu_util.h"
#include "threadpoolman.h"
#include "autolock.h"

//-------------------------------------------------------------------
// Symbols
//-------------------------------------------------------------------
#if !defined(ENOATTR)
#define ENOATTR                   ENODATA
#endif

enum dirtype {
    DIRTYPE_UNKNOWN = -1,
    DIRTYPE_NEW = 0,
    DIRTYPE_OLD = 1,
    DIRTYPE_FOLDER = 2,
    DIRTYPE_NOOBJ = 3,
};

//-------------------------------------------------------------------
// Static variables
//-------------------------------------------------------------------
static uid_t mp_uid               = 0;    // owner of mount point(only not specified uid opt)
static gid_t mp_gid               = 0;    // group of mount point(only not specified gid opt)
static mode_t mp_mode             = 0;    // mode of mount point
static mode_t mp_umask            = 0;    // umask for mount point
static bool is_mp_umask           = false;// default does not set.
static bool has_mp_stat           = false;// whether the stat information file for mount point exists
static std::string mountpoint;
static S3fsCred* ps3fscred        = NULL; // using only in this file
static std::string mimetype_file;
static bool nocopyapi             = false;
static bool norenameapi           = false;
static bool nonempty              = false;
static bool allow_other           = false;
static uid_t s3fs_uid             = 0;
static gid_t s3fs_gid             = 0;
static mode_t s3fs_umask          = 0;
static bool is_s3fs_uid           = false;// default does not set.
static bool is_s3fs_gid           = false;// default does not set.
static bool is_s3fs_umask         = false;// default does not set.
static bool is_remove_cache       = false;
static bool is_use_xattr          = false;
static off_t multipart_threshold  = 25 * 1024 * 1024;
static int64_t singlepart_copy_limit = 512 * 1024 * 1024;
static bool is_specified_endpoint = false;
static int s3fs_init_deferred_exit_status = 0;
static bool support_compat_dir    = false;// default does not support compatibility directory type
static int max_keys_list_object   = 1000;// default is 1000
static off_t max_dirty_data       = 5LL * 1024LL * 1024LL * 1024LL;
static bool use_wtf8              = false;
static off_t fake_diskfree_size   = -1; // default is not set(-1)
static int max_thread_count       = 5;  // default is 5
static bool update_parent_dir_stat= false;  // default not updating parent directory stats

//-------------------------------------------------------------------
// Global functions : prototype
//-------------------------------------------------------------------
int put_headers(const char* path, headers_t& meta, bool is_copy, bool use_st_size = true);       // [NOTE] global function because this is called from FdEntity class

//-------------------------------------------------------------------
// Static functions : prototype
//-------------------------------------------------------------------
static bool is_special_name_folder_object(const char* path);
static int chk_dir_object_type(const char* path, std::string& newpath, std::string& nowpath, std::string& nowcache, headers_t* pmeta = NULL, dirtype* pDirType = NULL);
static int remove_old_type_dir(const std::string& path, dirtype type);
static int get_object_attribute(const char* path, struct stat* pstbuf, headers_t* pmeta = NULL, bool overcheck = true, bool* pisforce = NULL, bool add_no_truncate_cache = false);
static int check_object_access(const char* path, int mask, struct stat* pstbuf);
static int check_object_owner(const char* path, struct stat* pstbuf);
static int check_parent_object_access(const char* path, int mask);
static int get_local_fent(AutoFdEntity& autoent, FdEntity **entity, const char* path, int flags = O_RDONLY, bool is_load = false);
static bool multi_head_callback(S3fsCurl* s3fscurl, void* param);
static S3fsCurl* multi_head_retry_callback(S3fsCurl* s3fscurl);
static int readdir_multi_head(const char* path, const S3ObjList& head, void* buf, fuse_fill_dir_t filler);
static int list_bucket(const char* path, S3ObjList& head, const char* delimiter, bool check_content_only = false);
static int directory_empty(const char* path);
static int rename_large_object(const char* from, const char* to);
static int create_file_object(const char* path, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
static int create_directory_object(const char* path, mode_t mode, const struct timespec& ts_atime, const struct timespec& ts_mtime, const struct timespec& ts_ctime, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, const char* pxattrvalue);
static int rename_object(const char* from, const char* to, bool update_ctime);
static int rename_object_nocopy(const char* from, const char* to, bool update_ctime);
static int clone_directory_object(const char* from, const char* to, bool update_ctime, const char* pxattrvalue);
static int rename_directory(const char* from, const char* to);
static int update_mctime_parent_directory(const char* _path);
static int remote_mountpath_exists(const char* path);
static bool get_meta_xattr_value(const char* path, std::string& rawvalue);
static bool get_parent_meta_xattr_value(const char* path, std::string& rawvalue);
static bool get_xattr_posix_key_value(const char* path, std::string& xattrvalue, bool default_key);
static bool build_inherited_xattr_value(const char* path, std::string& xattrvalue);
static void free_xattrs(xattrs_t& xattrs);
static bool parse_xattr_keyval(const std::string& xattrpair, std::string& key, PXATTRVAL& pval);
static size_t parse_xattrs(const std::string& strxattrs, xattrs_t& xattrs);
static std::string raw_build_xattrs(const xattrs_t& xattrs);
static std::string build_xattrs(const xattrs_t& xattrs);
static int s3fs_check_service();
static bool set_mountpoint_attribute(struct stat& mpst);
static int set_bucket(const char* arg);
static int my_fuse_opt_proc(void* data, const char* arg, int key, struct fuse_args* outargs);

//-------------------------------------------------------------------
// fuse interface functions
//-------------------------------------------------------------------
static int s3fs_getattr(const char* path, struct stat* stbuf);
static int s3fs_readlink(const char* path, char* buf, size_t size);
static int s3fs_mknod(const char* path, mode_t mode, dev_t rdev);
static int s3fs_mkdir(const char* path, mode_t mode);
static int s3fs_unlink(const char* path);
static int s3fs_rmdir(const char* path);
static int s3fs_symlink(const char* from, const char* to);
static int s3fs_rename(const char* from, const char* to);
static int s3fs_link(const char* from, const char* to);
static int s3fs_chmod(const char* path, mode_t mode);
static int s3fs_chmod_nocopy(const char* path, mode_t mode);
static int s3fs_chown(const char* path, uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
static int s3fs_chown_nocopy(const char* path, uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
static int s3fs_utimens(const char* path, const struct timespec ts[2]);
static int s3fs_utimens_nocopy(const char* path, const struct timespec ts[2]);
static int s3fs_truncate(const char* path, off_t size);
static int s3fs_create(const char* path, mode_t mode, struct fuse_file_info* fi);
static int s3fs_open(const char* path, struct fuse_file_info* fi);
static int s3fs_read(const char* path, char* buf, size_t size, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info* fi);
static int s3fs_write(const char* path, const char* buf, size_t size, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info* fi);
static int s3fs_statfs(const char* path, struct statvfs* stbuf);
static int s3fs_flush(const char* path, struct fuse_file_info* fi);
static int s3fs_fsync(const char* path, int datasync, struct fuse_file_info* fi);
static int s3fs_release(const char* path, struct fuse_file_info* fi);
static int s3fs_opendir(const char* path, struct fuse_file_info* fi);
static int s3fs_readdir(const char* path, void* buf, fuse_fill_dir_t filler, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info* fi);
static int s3fs_access(const char* path, int mask);
static void* s3fs_init(struct fuse_conn_info* conn);
static void s3fs_destroy(void*);
#if defined(__APPLE__)
static int s3fs_setxattr(const char* path, const char* name, const char* value, size_t size, int flags, uint32_t position);
static int s3fs_getxattr(const char* path, const char* name, char* value, size_t size, uint32_t position);
#else
static int s3fs_setxattr(const char* path, const char* name, const char* value, size_t size, int flags);
static int s3fs_getxattr(const char* path, const char* name, char* value, size_t size);
#endif
static int s3fs_listxattr(const char* path, char* list, size_t size);
static int s3fs_removexattr(const char* path, const char* name);

//-------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//-------------------------------------------------------------------
static bool IS_REPLACEDIR(dirtype type)
{
    return DIRTYPE_OLD == type || DIRTYPE_FOLDER == type || DIRTYPE_NOOBJ == type;
}

static bool IS_RMTYPEDIR(dirtype type)
{
    return DIRTYPE_OLD == type || DIRTYPE_FOLDER == type;
}

static bool IS_CREATE_MP_STAT(const char* path)
{
    // [NOTE]
    // "has_mp_stat" is set in get_object_attribute()
    //
    return (path && 0 == strcmp(path, "/") && !has_mp_stat);
}

static bool is_special_name_folder_object(const char* path)
{
    if(!support_compat_dir){
        // s3fs does not support compatibility directory type("_$folder$" etc) now,
        // thus always returns false.
        return false;
    }

    if(!path || '\0' == path[0]){
        return false;
    }
    if(0 == strcmp(path, "/") && mount_prefix.empty()){
        // the path is the mount point which is the bucket root
        return false;
    }

    std::string strpath = path;
    headers_t header;

    if(std::string::npos == strpath.find("_$folder$", 0)){
        if('/' == *strpath.rbegin()){
            strpath.erase(strpath.length() - 1);
        }
        strpath += "_$folder$";
    }
    S3fsCurl s3fscurl;
    if(0 != s3fscurl.HeadRequest(strpath.c_str(), header)){
        return false;
    }
    header.clear();
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);
    return true;
}

// [Detail]
// This function is complicated for checking directory object type.
// Arguments is used for deleting cache/path, and remake directory object.
// Please see the codes which calls this function.
//
// path:      target path
// newpath:   should be object path for making/putting/getting after checking
// nowpath:   now object name for deleting after checking
// nowcache:  now cache path for deleting after checking
// pmeta:     headers map
// pDirType:  directory object type
//
static int chk_dir_object_type(const char* path, std::string& newpath, std::string& nowpath, std::string& nowcache, headers_t* pmeta, dirtype* pDirType)
{
    dirtype TypeTmp = DIRTYPE_UNKNOWN;
    int  result  = -1;
    bool isforce = false;
    dirtype* pType = pDirType ? pDirType : &TypeTmp;

    // Normalize new path.
    newpath = path;
    if('/' != *newpath.rbegin()){
        std::string::size_type Pos;
        if(std::string::npos != (Pos = newpath.find("_$folder$", 0))){
            newpath.erase(Pos);
        }
        newpath += "/";
    }

    // Always check "dir/" at first.
    if(0 == (result = get_object_attribute(newpath.c_str(), NULL, pmeta, false, &isforce))){
        // Found "dir/" cache --> Check for "_$folder$", "no dir object"
        nowcache = newpath;
        if(is_special_name_folder_object(newpath.c_str())){     // check support_compat_dir in this function
            // "_$folder$" type.
            (*pType) = DIRTYPE_FOLDER;
            nowpath.erase(newpath.length() - 1);
            nowpath += "_$folder$"; // cut and add
        }else if(isforce){
            // "no dir object" type.
            (*pType) = DIRTYPE_NOOBJ;
            nowpath  = "";
        }else{
            nowpath = newpath;
            if(!nowpath.empty() && '/' == *nowpath.rbegin()){
                // "dir/" type
                (*pType) = DIRTYPE_NEW;
            }else{
                // "dir" type
                (*pType) = DIRTYPE_OLD;
            }
        }
    }else if(support_compat_dir){
        // Check "dir" when support_compat_dir is enabled
        nowpath.erase(newpath.length() - 1);
        if(0 == (result = get_object_attribute(nowpath.c_str(), NULL, pmeta, false, &isforce))){
            // Found "dir" cache --> this case is only "dir" type.
            // Because, if object is "_$folder$" or "no dir object", the cache is "dir/" type.
            // (But "no dir object" is checked here.)
            nowcache = nowpath;
            if(isforce){
                (*pType) = DIRTYPE_NOOBJ;
                nowpath  = "";
            }else{
                (*pType) = DIRTYPE_OLD;
            }
        }else{
            // Not found cache --> check for "_$folder$" and "no dir object".
            // (come here is that support_compat_dir is enabled)
            nowcache = "";  // This case is no cache.
            nowpath += "_$folder$";
            if(is_special_name_folder_object(nowpath.c_str())){
                // "_$folder$" type.
                (*pType) = DIRTYPE_FOLDER;
                result   = 0;             // result is OK.
            }else if(-ENOTEMPTY == directory_empty(newpath.c_str())){
                // "no dir object" type.
                (*pType) = DIRTYPE_NOOBJ;
                nowpath  = "";            // now path.
                result   = 0;             // result is OK.
            }else{
                // Error: Unknown type.
                (*pType) = DIRTYPE_UNKNOWN;
                newpath = "";
                nowpath = "";
            }
        }
    }
    return result;
}

static int remove_old_type_dir(const std::string& path, dirtype type)
{
    if(IS_RMTYPEDIR(type)){
        S3fsCurl s3fscurl;
        int      result = s3fscurl.DeleteRequest(path.c_str());
        if(0 != result && -ENOENT != result){
            return result;
        }
        // succeed removing or not found the directory
    }else{
        // nothing to do
    }
    return 0;
}

//
// Get object attributes with stat cache.
// This function is base for s3fs_getattr().
//
// [NOTICE]
// Checking order is changed following list because of reducing the number of the requests.
// 1) "dir"
// 2) "dir/"
// 3) "dir_$folder$"
//
// Special two case of the mount point directory:
//  [Case 1] the mount point is the root of the bucket:
//           1) "/"
//
//  [Case 2] the mount point is a directory path(ex. foo) below the bucket:
//           1) "foo"
//           2) "foo/"
//           3) "foo_$folder$"
//
static int get_object_attribute(const char* path, struct stat* pstbuf, headers_t* pmeta, bool overcheck, bool* pisforce, bool add_no_truncate_cache)
{
    int          result = -1;
    struct stat  tmpstbuf;
    struct stat* pstat = pstbuf ? pstbuf : &tmpstbuf;
    headers_t    tmpHead;
    headers_t*   pheader = pmeta ? pmeta : &tmpHead;
    std::string  strpath;
    S3fsCurl     s3fscurl;
    bool         forcedir = false;
    bool         is_mountpoint = false;             // path is the mount point
    bool         is_bucket_mountpoint = false;      // path is the mount point which is the bucket root
    std::string::size_type Pos;

    S3FS_PRN_DBG("[path=%s]", path);

    if(!path || '\0' == path[0]){
        return -ENOENT;
    }

    memset(pstat, 0, sizeof(struct stat));

    // check mount point
    if(0 == strcmp(path, "/") || 0 == strcmp(path, ".")){
        is_mountpoint = true;
        if(mount_prefix.empty()){
            is_bucket_mountpoint = true;
        }
        // default stat for mount point if the directory stat file is not existed.
        pstat->st_mode  = mp_mode;
        pstat->st_uid   = is_s3fs_uid ? s3fs_uid : mp_uid;
        pstat->st_gid   = is_s3fs_gid ? s3fs_gid : mp_gid;
    }

    // Check cache.
    pisforce    = (NULL != pisforce ? pisforce : &forcedir);
    (*pisforce) = false;
    strpath     = path;
    if(support_compat_dir && overcheck && std::string::npos != (Pos = strpath.find("_$folder$", 0))){
        strpath.erase(Pos);
        strpath += "/";
    }
    // [NOTE]
    // For mount points("/"), the Stat cache key name is "/".
    //
    if(StatCache::getStatCacheData()->GetStat(strpath, pstat, pheader, overcheck, pisforce)){
        if(is_mountpoint){
            // if mount point, we need to set this.
            pstat->st_nlink = 1; // see fuse faq
        }
        return 0;
    }
    if(StatCache::getStatCacheData()->IsNoObjectCache(strpath)){
        // there is the path in the cache for no object, it is no object.
        return -ENOENT;
    }

    // set query(head request) path
    if(is_bucket_mountpoint){
        // [NOTE]
        // This is a special process for mount point
        // The path is "/" for mount points.
        // If the bucket mounted at a mount point, we try to find "/" object under
        // the bucket for mount point's stat.
        // In this case, we will send the request "HEAD // HTTP /1.1" to S3 server.
        //
        // If the directory under the bucket is mounted, it will be sent
        // "HEAD /<directories ...>/ HTTP/1.1", so we do not need to change path at
        // here.
        //
        strpath = "//";         // strpath is "//"
    }else{
        strpath = path;
    }
    result      = s3fscurl.HeadRequest(strpath.c_str(), (*pheader));
    s3fscurl.DestroyCurlHandle();

    // if not found target path object, do over checking
    if(-EPERM == result){
        // [NOTE]
        // In case of a permission error, it exists in directory
        // file list but inaccessible. So there is a problem that
        // it will send a HEAD request every time, because it is
        // not registered in the Stats cache.
        // Therefore, even if the file has a permission error, it
        // should be registered in the Stats cache. However, if
        // the response without modifying is registered in the
        // cache, the file permission will be 0644(umask dependent)
        // because the meta header does not exist.
        // Thus, set the mode of 0000 here in the meta header so
        // that s3fs can print a permission error when the file
        // is actually accessed.
        // It is better not to set meta header other than mode,
        // so do not do it.
        //
        (*pheader)["x-amz-meta-mode"] = str(0);

    }else if(0 != result){
        if(overcheck && !is_bucket_mountpoint){
            // when support_compat_dir is disabled, strpath maybe have "_$folder$".
            if('/' != *strpath.rbegin() && std::string::npos == strpath.find("_$folder$", 0)){
                // now path is "object", do check "object/" for over checking
                strpath    += "/";
                result      = s3fscurl.HeadRequest(strpath.c_str(), (*pheader));
                s3fscurl.DestroyCurlHandle();
            }
            if(support_compat_dir && 0 != result){
                // now path is "object/", do check "object_$folder$" for over checking
                strpath.erase(strpath.length() - 1);
                strpath    += "_$folder$";
                result      = s3fscurl.HeadRequest(strpath.c_str(), (*pheader));
                s3fscurl.DestroyCurlHandle();

              if(0 != result){
                  // cut "_$folder$" for over checking "no dir object" after here
                  if(std::string::npos != (Pos = strpath.find("_$folder$", 0))){
                      strpath.erase(Pos);
                  }
              }
            }
        }
        if(0 != result && std::string::npos == strpath.find("_$folder$", 0)){
            // now path is "object" or "object/", do check "no dir object" which is not object but has only children.
            //
            // [NOTE]
            // If the path is mount point and there is no Stat information file for it, we need this process.
            //
            if('/' == *strpath.rbegin()){
                strpath.erase(strpath.length() - 1);
            }
            if(-ENOTEMPTY == directory_empty(strpath.c_str())){
                // found "no dir object".
                strpath  += "/";
                *pisforce = true;
                result    = 0;
            }
        }
    }else{
        if('/' != *strpath.rbegin() && std::string::npos == strpath.find("_$folder$", 0) && is_need_check_obj_detail(*pheader)){
            // check a case of that "object" does not have attribute and "object" is possible to be directory.
            if(-ENOTEMPTY == directory_empty(strpath.c_str())){
                // found "no dir object".
                strpath  += "/";
                *pisforce = true;
                result    = 0;
            }
        }
    }

    // set headers for mount point from default stat
    if(is_mountpoint){
        if(0 != result){
            has_mp_stat = false;

            // [NOTE]
            // If mount point and no stat information file, create header
            // information from the default stat.
            //
            (*pheader)["Content-Type"]     = S3fsCurl::LookupMimeType(strpath);
            (*pheader)["x-amz-meta-uid"]   = str(pstat->st_uid);
            (*pheader)["x-amz-meta-gid"]   = str(pstat->st_gid);
            (*pheader)["x-amz-meta-mode"]  = str(pstat->st_mode);
            (*pheader)["x-amz-meta-atime"] = str(pstat->st_atime);
            (*pheader)["x-amz-meta-ctime"] = str(pstat->st_ctime);
            (*pheader)["x-amz-meta-mtime"] = str(pstat->st_mtime);

            result = 0;
        }else{
            has_mp_stat = true;
        }
    }

    // [NOTE]
    // If the file is listed but not allowed access, put it in
    // the positive cache instead of the negative cache.
    // 
    // When mount points, the following error does not occur.
    // 
    if(0 != result && -EPERM != result){
        // finally, "path" object did not find. Add no object cache.
        strpath = path;  // reset original
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->AddNoObjectCache(strpath);
        return result;
    }

    // set cache key
    if(is_bucket_mountpoint){
        strpath = "/";
    }else if(std::string::npos != (Pos = strpath.find("_$folder$", 0))){
        // if path has "_$folder$", need to cut it.
        strpath.erase(Pos);
        strpath += "/";
    }

    // Set into cache
    //
    // [NOTE]
    // When add_no_truncate_cache is true, the stats is always cached.
    // This cached stats is only removed by DelStat().
    // This is necessary for the case to access the attribute of opened file.
    // (ex. getxattr() is called while writing to the opened file.)
    //
    if(add_no_truncate_cache || 0 != StatCache::getStatCacheData()->GetCacheSize()){
        // add into stat cache
        if(!StatCache::getStatCacheData()->AddStat(strpath, (*pheader), forcedir, add_no_truncate_cache)){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("failed adding stat cache [path=%s]", strpath.c_str());
            return -ENOENT;
        }
        if(!StatCache::getStatCacheData()->GetStat(strpath, pstat, pheader, overcheck, pisforce)){
            // There is not in cache.(why?) -> retry to convert.
            if(!convert_header_to_stat(strpath.c_str(), (*pheader), pstat, forcedir)){
                S3FS_PRN_ERR("failed convert headers to stat[path=%s]", strpath.c_str());
                return -ENOENT;
            }
        }
    }else{
        // cache size is Zero -> only convert.
        if(!convert_header_to_stat(strpath.c_str(), (*pheader), pstat, forcedir)){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("failed convert headers to stat[path=%s]", strpath.c_str());
            return -ENOENT;
        }
    }

    if(is_mountpoint){
        // if mount point, we need to set this.
        pstat->st_nlink = 1; // see fuse faq
    }

    return 0;
}

//
// Check the object uid and gid for write/read/execute.
// The param "mask" is as same as access() function.
// If there is not a target file, this function returns -ENOENT.
// If the target file can be accessed, the result always is 0.
//
// path:   the target object path
// mask:   bit field(F_OK, R_OK, W_OK, X_OK) like access().
// stat:   NULL or the pointer of struct stat.
//
static int check_object_access(const char* path, int mask, struct stat* pstbuf)
{
    int result;
    struct stat st;
    struct stat* pst = (pstbuf ? pstbuf : &st);
    struct fuse_context* pcxt;

    S3FS_PRN_DBG("[path=%s]", path);

    if(NULL == (pcxt = fuse_get_context())){
        return -EIO;
    }
    S3FS_PRN_DBG("[pid=%u,uid=%u,gid=%u]", (unsigned int)(pcxt->pid), (unsigned int)(pcxt->uid), (unsigned int)(pcxt->gid));

    if(0 != (result = get_object_attribute(path, pst))){
        // If there is not the target file(object), result is -ENOENT.
        return result;
    }
    if(0 == pcxt->uid){
        // root is allowed all accessing.
        return 0;
    }
    if(is_s3fs_uid && s3fs_uid == pcxt->uid){
        // "uid" user is allowed all accessing.
        return 0;
    }
    if(F_OK == mask){
        // if there is a file, always return allowed.
        return 0;
    }

    // for "uid", "gid" option
    uid_t  obj_uid = (is_s3fs_uid ? s3fs_uid : pst->st_uid);
    gid_t  obj_gid = (is_s3fs_gid ? s3fs_gid : pst->st_gid);

    // compare file mode and uid/gid + mask.
    mode_t mode;
    mode_t base_mask = S_IRWXO;
    if(is_s3fs_umask){
        // If umask is set, all object attributes set ~umask.
        mode = ((S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO) & ~s3fs_umask);
    }else{
        mode = pst->st_mode;
    }
    if(pcxt->uid == obj_uid){
        base_mask |= S_IRWXU;
    }
    if(pcxt->gid == obj_gid){
        base_mask |= S_IRWXG;
    }
    if(1 == is_uid_include_group(pcxt->uid, obj_gid)){
        base_mask |= S_IRWXG;
    }
    mode &= base_mask;

    if(X_OK == (mask & X_OK)){
        if(0 == (mode & (S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP | S_IXOTH))){
            return -EACCES;
        }
    }
    if(W_OK == (mask & W_OK)){
        if(0 == (mode & (S_IWUSR | S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH))){
            return -EACCES;
        }
    }
    if(R_OK == (mask & R_OK)){
        if(0 == (mode & (S_IRUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH))){
            return -EACCES;
        }
    }
    if(0 == mode){
        return -EACCES;
    }
    return 0;
}

static int check_object_owner(const char* path, struct stat* pstbuf)
{
    int result;
    struct stat st;
    struct stat* pst = (pstbuf ? pstbuf : &st);
    struct fuse_context* pcxt;

    S3FS_PRN_DBG("[path=%s]", path);

    if(NULL == (pcxt = fuse_get_context())){
        return -EIO;
    }
    if(0 != (result = get_object_attribute(path, pst))){
        // If there is not the target file(object), result is -ENOENT.
        return result;
    }
    // check owner
    if(0 == pcxt->uid){
        // root is allowed all accessing.
        return 0;
    }
    if(is_s3fs_uid && s3fs_uid == pcxt->uid){
        // "uid" user is allowed all accessing.
        return 0;
    }
    if(pcxt->uid == pst->st_uid){
        return 0;
    }
    return -EPERM;
}

//
// Check accessing the parent directories of the object by uid and gid.
//
static int check_parent_object_access(const char* path, int mask)
{
    std::string parent;
    int result;

    S3FS_PRN_DBG("[path=%s]", path);

    if(0 == strcmp(path, "/") || 0 == strcmp(path, ".")){
        // path is mount point.
        return 0;
    }
    if(X_OK == (mask & X_OK)){
        for(parent = mydirname(path); !parent.empty(); parent = mydirname(parent)){
            if(parent == "."){
                parent = "/";
            }
            if(0 != (result = check_object_access(parent.c_str(), X_OK, NULL))){
                return result;
            }
            if(parent == "/" || parent == "."){
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    mask = (mask & ~X_OK);
    if(0 != mask){
        parent = mydirname(path);
        if(parent == "."){
            parent = "/";
        }
        if(0 != (result = check_object_access(parent.c_str(), mask, NULL))){
            return result;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

//
// ssevalue is MD5 for SSE-C type, or KMS id for SSE-KMS
//
bool get_object_sse_type(const char* path, sse_type_t& ssetype, std::string& ssevalue)
{
    if(!path){
        return false;
    }

    headers_t meta;
    if(0 != get_object_attribute(path, NULL, &meta)){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("Failed to get object(%s) headers", path);
        return false;
    }

    ssetype = sse_type_t::SSE_DISABLE;
    ssevalue.erase();
    for(headers_t::iterator iter = meta.begin(); iter != meta.end(); ++iter){
        std::string key = (*iter).first;
        if(0 == strcasecmp(key.c_str(), "x-amz-server-side-encryption") && 0 == strcasecmp((*iter).second.c_str(), "AES256")){
            ssetype  = sse_type_t::SSE_S3;
        }else if(0 == strcasecmp(key.c_str(), "x-amz-server-side-encryption-aws-kms-key-id")){
            ssetype  = sse_type_t::SSE_KMS;
            ssevalue = (*iter).second;
        }else if(0 == strcasecmp(key.c_str(), "x-amz-server-side-encryption-customer-key-md5")){
            ssetype  = sse_type_t::SSE_C;
            ssevalue = (*iter).second;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

static int get_local_fent(AutoFdEntity& autoent, FdEntity **entity, const char* path, int flags, bool is_load)
{
    int         result;
    struct stat stobj;
    FdEntity*   ent;
    headers_t   meta;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO2("[path=%s]", path);

    if(0 != (result = get_object_attribute(path, &stobj, &meta))){
        return result;
    }

    // open
    struct timespec st_mctime;
    if(!S_ISREG(stobj.st_mode) && !S_ISLNK(stobj.st_mode)){
        st_mctime = S3FS_OMIT_TS;
    }else{
        set_stat_to_timespec(stobj, ST_TYPE_MTIME, st_mctime);
    }
    bool   force_tmpfile = S_ISREG(stobj.st_mode) ? false : true;

    if(NULL == (ent = autoent.Open(path, &meta, stobj.st_size, st_mctime, flags, force_tmpfile, true, false, AutoLock::NONE))){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("Could not open file. errno(%d)", errno);
        return -EIO;
    }
    // load
    if(is_load && !ent->LoadAll(autoent.GetPseudoFd(), &meta)){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("Could not load file. errno(%d)", errno);
        autoent.Close();
        return -EIO;
    }
    *entity = ent;
    return 0;
}

//
// create or update s3 meta
// @return fuse return code
//
int put_headers(const char* path, headers_t& meta, bool is_copy, bool use_st_size)
{
    int         result;
    S3fsCurl    s3fscurl(true);
    off_t       size;
    std::string strpath;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO2("[path=%s]", path);

    if(0 == strcmp(path, "/") && mount_prefix.empty()){
        strpath = "//";     // for the mount point that is bucket root, change "/" to "//".
    }else{
        strpath = path;
    }

    // files larger than 5GB must be modified via the multipart interface
    // call use_st_size as false when the file does not exist(ex. rename object)
    if(use_st_size && '/' != *strpath.rbegin()){     // directory object("dir/") is always 0(Content-Length = 0)
        struct stat buf;
        if(0 != (result = get_object_attribute(path, &buf))){
          return result;
        }
        size = buf.st_size;
    }else{
        size = get_size(meta);
    }

    if(!nocopyapi && !nomultipart && size >= multipart_threshold){
        if(0 != (result = s3fscurl.MultipartHeadRequest(strpath.c_str(), size, meta, is_copy))){
            return result;
        }
    }else{
        if(0 != (result = s3fscurl.PutHeadRequest(strpath.c_str(), meta, is_copy))){
            return result;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

static int s3fs_getattr(const char* _path, struct stat* stbuf)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int result;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s]", path);

    // check parent directory attribute.
    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, X_OK))){
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = check_object_access(path, F_OK, stbuf))){
        return result;
    }
    // If has already opened fd, the st_size should be instead.
    // (See: Issue 241)
    if(stbuf){
        AutoFdEntity autoent;
        FdEntity*    ent;
        if(NULL != (ent = autoent.OpenExistFdEntity(path))){
            struct stat tmpstbuf;
            if(ent->GetStats(tmpstbuf)){
                stbuf->st_size = tmpstbuf.st_size;
            }
        }
        stbuf->st_blksize = 4096;
        stbuf->st_blocks  = get_blocks(stbuf->st_size);

        S3FS_PRN_DBG("[path=%s] uid=%u, gid=%u, mode=%04o", path, (unsigned int)(stbuf->st_uid), (unsigned int)(stbuf->st_gid), stbuf->st_mode);
    }
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return result;
}

static int s3fs_readlink(const char* _path, char* buf, size_t size)
{
    if(!_path || !buf || 0 == size){
        return 0;
    }
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    std::string strValue;

    // check symbolic link cache
    if(!StatCache::getStatCacheData()->GetSymlink(std::string(path), strValue)){
        // not found in cache, then open the path
        {   // scope for AutoFdEntity
            AutoFdEntity autoent;
            FdEntity*    ent;
            int          result;
            if(0 != (result = get_local_fent(autoent, &ent, path, O_RDONLY))){
                S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not get fent(file=%s)", path);
                return result;
            }
            // Get size
            off_t readsize;
            if(!ent->GetSize(readsize)){
                S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not get file size(file=%s)", path);
                return -EIO;
            }
            if(static_cast<off_t>(size) <= readsize){
                readsize = size - 1;
            }
            // Read
            ssize_t ressize;
            if(0 > (ressize = ent->Read(autoent.GetPseudoFd(), buf, 0, readsize))){
                S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not read file(file=%s, ressize=%zd)", path, ressize);
                return static_cast<int>(ressize);
            }
            buf[ressize] = '\0';
        }

        // check buf if it has space words.
        strValue = trim(std::string(buf));

        // decode wtf8. This will always be shorter
        if(use_wtf8){
          strValue = s3fs_wtf8_decode(strValue);
        }

        // add symbolic link cache
        if(!StatCache::getStatCacheData()->AddSymlink(std::string(path), strValue)){
          S3FS_PRN_ERR("failed to add symbolic link cache for %s", path);
        }
    }
    // copy result
    strncpy(buf, strValue.c_str(), size - 1);
    buf[size - 1] = '\0';

    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return 0;
}

// common function for creation of a plain object
static int create_file_object(const char* path, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid)
{
    S3FS_PRN_INFO2("[path=%s][mode=%04o]", path, mode);

    std::string strnow = s3fs_str_realtime();
    headers_t   meta;
    meta["Content-Type"]     = S3fsCurl::LookupMimeType(std::string(path));
    meta["x-amz-meta-uid"]   = str(uid);
    meta["x-amz-meta-gid"]   = str(gid);
    meta["x-amz-meta-mode"]  = str(mode);
    meta["x-amz-meta-atime"] = strnow;
    meta["x-amz-meta-ctime"] = strnow;
    meta["x-amz-meta-mtime"] = strnow;

    S3fsCurl s3fscurl(true);
    return s3fscurl.PutRequest(path, meta, -1);    // fd=-1 means for creating zero byte object.
}

static int s3fs_mknod(const char *_path, mode_t mode, dev_t rdev)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int       result;
    struct fuse_context* pcxt;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][mode=%04o][dev=%llu]", path, mode, (unsigned long long)rdev);

    if(NULL == (pcxt = fuse_get_context())){
        return -EIO;
    }

    if(0 != (result = create_file_object(path, mode, pcxt->uid, pcxt->gid))){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not create object for special file(result=%d)", result);
        return result;
    }
    StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(path);

    // update parent directory timestamp
    int update_result;
    if(0 != (update_result = update_mctime_parent_directory(path))){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("succeed to mknod the file(%s), but could not update timestamp of its parent directory(result=%d).", path, update_result);
    }

    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return result;
}

static int s3fs_create(const char* _path, mode_t mode, struct fuse_file_info* fi)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int result;
    struct fuse_context* pcxt;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][mode=%04o][flags=0x%x]", path, mode, fi->flags);

    if(NULL == (pcxt = fuse_get_context())){
        return -EIO;
    }

    // check parent directory attribute.
    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, X_OK))){
        return result;
    }
    result = check_object_access(path, W_OK, NULL);
    if(-ENOENT == result){
        if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, W_OK))){
            return result;
        }
    }else if(0 != result){
        return result;
    }

    std::string strnow = s3fs_str_realtime();
    headers_t   meta;
    meta["Content-Length"] = "0";
    meta["x-amz-meta-uid"]   = str(pcxt->uid);
    meta["x-amz-meta-gid"]   = str(pcxt->gid);
    meta["x-amz-meta-mode"]  = str(mode);
    meta["x-amz-meta-atime"] = strnow;
    meta["x-amz-meta-mtime"] = strnow;
    meta["x-amz-meta-ctime"] = strnow;

    std::string xattrvalue;
    if(build_inherited_xattr_value(path, xattrvalue)){
        S3FS_PRN_DBG("Set xattrs = %s", urlDecode(xattrvalue).c_str());
        meta["x-amz-meta-xattr"] = xattrvalue;
    }

    // [NOTE] set no_truncate flag
    // At this point, the file has not been created(uploaded) and
    // the data is only present in the Stats cache.
    // The Stats cache should not be deleted automatically by
    // timeout. If this stats is deleted, s3fs will try to get it
    // from the server with a Head request and will get an
    // unexpected error because the result object does not exist.
    //
    if(!StatCache::getStatCacheData()->AddStat(path, meta, false, true)){
        return -EIO;
    }

    AutoFdEntity autoent;
    FdEntity*    ent;
    if(NULL == (ent = autoent.Open(path, &meta, 0, S3FS_OMIT_TS, fi->flags, false, true, false, AutoLock::NONE))){
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(path);
        return -EIO;
    }
    ent->MarkDirtyNewFile();
    fi->fh = autoent.Detach();       // KEEP fdentity open;

    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return 0;
}

static int create_directory_object(const char* path, mode_t mode, const struct timespec& ts_atime, const struct timespec& ts_mtime, const struct timespec& ts_ctime, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, const char* pxattrvalue)
{
    S3FS_PRN_INFO1("[path=%s][mode=%04o][atime=%s][mtime=%s][ctime=%s][uid=%u][gid=%u]", path, mode, str(ts_atime).c_str(), str(ts_mtime).c_str(), str(ts_ctime).c_str(), (unsigned int)uid, (unsigned int)gid);

    if(!path || '\0' == path[0]){
        return -EINVAL;
    }
    std::string tpath = path;
    if('/' != *tpath.rbegin()){
        tpath += "/";
    }else if("/" == tpath && mount_prefix.empty()){
        tpath = "//";       // for the mount point that is bucket root, change "/" to "//".
    }

    headers_t meta;
    meta["x-amz-meta-uid"]   = str(uid);
    meta["x-amz-meta-gid"]   = str(gid);
    meta["x-amz-meta-mode"]  = str(mode);
    meta["x-amz-meta-atime"] = str(ts_atime);
    meta["x-amz-meta-mtime"] = str(ts_mtime);
    meta["x-amz-meta-ctime"] = str(ts_ctime);

    if(pxattrvalue){
        S3FS_PRN_DBG("Set xattrs = %s", urlDecode(std::string(pxattrvalue)).c_str());
        meta["x-amz-meta-xattr"] = std::string(pxattrvalue);
    }

    S3fsCurl s3fscurl;
    return s3fscurl.PutRequest(tpath.c_str(), meta, -1);    // fd=-1 means for creating zero byte object.
}

static int s3fs_mkdir(const char* _path, mode_t mode)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int result;
    struct fuse_context* pcxt;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][mode=%04o]", path, mode);

    if(NULL == (pcxt = fuse_get_context())){
        return -EIO;
    }

    // check parent directory attribute.
    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, W_OK | X_OK))){
        return result;
    }
    if(-ENOENT != (result = check_object_access(path, F_OK, NULL))){
        if(0 == result){
            result = -EEXIST;
        }
        return result;
    }

    std::string xattrvalue;
    const char* pxattrvalue;
    if(get_parent_meta_xattr_value(path, xattrvalue)){
        pxattrvalue = xattrvalue.c_str();
    }else{
        pxattrvalue = NULL;
    }

    struct timespec now;
    s3fs_realtime(now);
    result = create_directory_object(path, mode, now, now, now, pcxt->uid, pcxt->gid, pxattrvalue);

    StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(path);

    // update parent directory timestamp
    int update_result;
    if(0 != (update_result = update_mctime_parent_directory(path))){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("succeed to create the directory(%s), but could not update timestamp of its parent directory(result=%d).", path, update_result);
    }

    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return result;
}

static int s3fs_unlink(const char* _path)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int result;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s]", path);

    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, W_OK | X_OK))){
        return result;
    }
    S3fsCurl s3fscurl;
    result = s3fscurl.DeleteRequest(path);
    StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(path);
    StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelSymlink(path);
    FdManager::DeleteCacheFile(path);

    // update parent directory timestamp
    int update_result;
    if(0 != (update_result = update_mctime_parent_directory(path))){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("succeed to remove the file(%s), but could not update timestamp of its parent directory(result=%d).", path, update_result);
    }

    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return result;
}

static int directory_empty(const char* path)
{
    int result;
    S3ObjList head;

    if((result = list_bucket(path, head, "/", true)) != 0){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("list_bucket returns error.");
        return result;
    }
    if(!head.IsEmpty()){
        return -ENOTEMPTY;
    }
    return 0;
}

static int s3fs_rmdir(const char* _path)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int result;
    std::string strpath;
    struct stat stbuf;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s]", path);

    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, W_OK | X_OK))){
        return result;
    }

    // directory must be empty
    if(directory_empty(path) != 0){
        return -ENOTEMPTY;
    }

    strpath = path;
    if('/' != *strpath.rbegin()){
        strpath += "/";
    }
    S3fsCurl s3fscurl;
    result = s3fscurl.DeleteRequest(strpath.c_str());
    s3fscurl.DestroyCurlHandle();
    StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(strpath.c_str());

    // double check for old version(before 1.63)
    // The old version makes "dir" object, newer version makes "dir/".
    // A case, there is only "dir", the first removing object is "dir/".
    // Then "dir/" is not exists, but curl_delete returns 0.
    // So need to check "dir" and should be removed it.
    if('/' == *strpath.rbegin()){
        strpath.erase(strpath.length() - 1);
    }
    if(0 == get_object_attribute(strpath.c_str(), &stbuf, NULL, false)){
        if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode)){
            // Found "dir" object.
            result = s3fscurl.DeleteRequest(strpath.c_str());
            s3fscurl.DestroyCurlHandle();
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(strpath.c_str());
        }
    }
    // If there is no "dir" and "dir/" object(this case is made by s3cmd/s3sync),
    // the cache key is "dir/". So we get error only once(delete "dir/").

    // check for "_$folder$" object.
    // This processing is necessary for other S3 clients compatibility.
    if(is_special_name_folder_object(strpath.c_str())){
        strpath += "_$folder$";
        result   = s3fscurl.DeleteRequest(strpath.c_str());
    }

    // update parent directory timestamp
    int update_result;
    if(0 != (update_result = update_mctime_parent_directory(path))){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("succeed to remove the directory(%s), but could not update timestamp of its parent directory(result=%d).", path, update_result);
    }

    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return result;
}

static int s3fs_symlink(const char* _from, const char* _to)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(from)
    WTF8_ENCODE(to)
    int result;
    struct fuse_context* pcxt;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[from=%s][to=%s]", from, to);

    if(NULL == (pcxt = fuse_get_context())){
        return -EIO;
    }
    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(to, W_OK | X_OK))){
        return result;
    }
    if(-ENOENT != (result = check_object_access(to, F_OK, NULL))){
        if(0 == result){
            result = -EEXIST;
        }
        return result;
    }

    std::string strnow = s3fs_str_realtime();
    headers_t   headers;
    headers["Content-Type"]     = std::string("application/octet-stream"); // Static
    headers["x-amz-meta-mode"]  = str(S_IFLNK | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO);
    headers["x-amz-meta-atime"] = strnow;
    headers["x-amz-meta-ctime"] = strnow;
    headers["x-amz-meta-mtime"] = strnow;
    headers["x-amz-meta-uid"]   = str(pcxt->uid);
    headers["x-amz-meta-gid"]   = str(pcxt->gid);

    // [NOTE]
    // Symbolic links do not set xattrs.

    // open tmpfile
    std::string strFrom;
    {   // scope for AutoFdEntity
        AutoFdEntity autoent;
        FdEntity*    ent;
        if(NULL == (ent = autoent.Open(to, &headers, 0, S3FS_OMIT_TS, O_RDWR, true, true, false, AutoLock::NONE))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not open tmpfile(errno=%d)", errno);
            return -errno;
        }
        // write(without space words)
        strFrom           = trim(std::string(from));
        ssize_t from_size = static_cast<ssize_t>(strFrom.length());
        ssize_t ressize;
        if(from_size != (ressize = ent->Write(autoent.GetPseudoFd(), strFrom.c_str(), 0, from_size))){
            if(ressize < 0){
                S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not write tmpfile(errno=%d)", static_cast<int>(ressize));
                return static_cast<int>(ressize);
            }else{
                S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not write tmpfile %zd byte(errno=%d)", ressize, errno);
                return (0 == errno ? -EIO : -errno);
            }
        }
        // upload
        if(0 != (result = ent->Flush(autoent.GetPseudoFd(), AutoLock::NONE, true))){
            S3FS_PRN_WARN("could not upload tmpfile(result=%d)", result);
        }
    }

    StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(to);
    if(!StatCache::getStatCacheData()->AddSymlink(std::string(to), strFrom)){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("failed to add symbolic link cache for %s", to);
    }

    // update parent directory timestamp
    int update_result;
    if(0 != (update_result = update_mctime_parent_directory(to))){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("succeed to create symbolic link(%s), but could not update timestamp of its parent directory(result=%d).", to, update_result);
    }

    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return result;
}

static int rename_object(const char* from, const char* to, bool update_ctime)
{
    int         result;
    headers_t   meta;
    struct stat buf;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO1("[from=%s][to=%s]", from , to);

    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(to, W_OK | X_OK))){
        // not permit writing "to" object parent dir.
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(from, W_OK | X_OK))){
        // not permit removing "from" object parent dir.
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = get_object_attribute(from, &buf, &meta))){
        return result;
    }

    std::string strSourcePath        = (mount_prefix.empty() && 0 == strcmp("/", from)) ? "//" : from;

    if(update_ctime){
        meta["x-amz-meta-ctime"]     = s3fs_str_realtime();
    }
    meta["x-amz-copy-source"]        = urlEncodePath(service_path + S3fsCred::GetBucket() + get_realpath(strSourcePath.c_str()));
    meta["Content-Type"]             = S3fsCurl::LookupMimeType(std::string(to));
    meta["x-amz-metadata-directive"] = "REPLACE";

    std::string xattrvalue;
    if(get_meta_xattr_value(from, xattrvalue)){
        S3FS_PRN_DBG("Set xattrs = %s", urlDecode(xattrvalue).c_str());
        meta["x-amz-meta-xattr"] = xattrvalue;
    }

    // [NOTE]
    // If it has a cache, open it first and leave it open until rename.
    // The cache is renamed after put_header, because it must be open
    // at the time of renaming.
    {
        // update time
        AutoFdEntity autoent;
        FdEntity*    ent;
        if(NULL == (ent = autoent.OpenExistFdEntity(from))){
            // no opened fd

            // get mtime/ctime/atime from meta
            struct timespec mtime = get_mtime(meta);
            struct timespec ctime = get_ctime(meta);
            struct timespec atime = get_atime(meta);
            if(mtime.tv_sec < 0){
                mtime.tv_sec = 0L;
                mtime.tv_nsec = 0L;
            }
            if(ctime.tv_sec < 0){
                ctime.tv_sec = 0L;
                ctime.tv_nsec = 0L;
            }
            if(atime.tv_sec < 0){
                atime.tv_sec = 0L;
                atime.tv_nsec = 0L;
            }

            if(FdManager::IsCacheDir()){
                // create cache file if be needed
                //
                // [NOTE]
                // Do not specify "S3FS_OMIT_TS" for mctime parameter.
                // This is because if the cache file does not exist, the pagelist for it
                // will be recreated, but the entire file area indicated by this pagelist
                // will be in the "modified" state.
                // This does not affect the rename process, but the cache information in
                // the "modified" state remains, making it impossible to read the file correctly.
                //
                ent = autoent.Open(from, &meta, buf.st_size, mtime, O_RDONLY, false, true, false, AutoLock::NONE);
            }
            if(ent){
                ent->SetMCtime(mtime, ctime);
                ent->SetAtime(atime);
            }
        }

        // copy
        if(0 != (result = put_headers(to, meta, true, /* use_st_size= */ false))){
            return result;
        }

        // rename
        FdManager::get()->Rename(from, to);
    }

    // Remove file
    result = s3fs_unlink(from);

    StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(to);

    return result;
}

static int rename_object_nocopy(const char* from, const char* to, bool update_ctime)
{
    int result;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO1("[from=%s][to=%s]", from , to);

    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(to, W_OK | X_OK))){
        // not permit writing "to" object parent dir.
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(from, W_OK | X_OK))){
        // not permit removing "from" object parent dir.
        return result;
    }

    // open & load
    {   // scope for AutoFdEntity
        AutoFdEntity autoent;
        FdEntity*    ent;
        if(0 != (result = get_local_fent(autoent, &ent, from, O_RDWR, true))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not open and read file(%s)", from);
            return result;
        }

        // Set header
        if(!ent->SetContentType(to)){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not set content-type for %s", to);
            return -EIO;
        }

        // update ctime
        if(update_ctime){
            struct timespec ts;
            s3fs_realtime(ts);
            ent->SetCtime(ts);
        }

        // upload
        if(0 != (result = ent->RowFlush(autoent.GetPseudoFd(), to, AutoLock::NONE, true))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not upload file(%s): result=%d", to, result);
            return result;
        }
        FdManager::get()->Rename(from, to);
    }

    // Remove file
    result = s3fs_unlink(from);

    // Stats
    StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(to);

    return result;
}

static int rename_large_object(const char* from, const char* to)
{
    int         result;
    struct stat buf;
    headers_t   meta;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO1("[from=%s][to=%s]", from , to);

    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(to, W_OK | X_OK))){
        // not permit writing "to" object parent dir.
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(from, W_OK | X_OK))){
        // not permit removing "from" object parent dir.
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = get_object_attribute(from, &buf, &meta, false))){
        return result;
    }

    S3fsCurl s3fscurl(true);
    if(0 != (result = s3fscurl.MultipartRenameRequest(from, to, meta, buf.st_size))){
        return result;
    }
    s3fscurl.DestroyCurlHandle();

    // Rename cache file
    FdManager::get()->Rename(from, to);

    // Remove file
    result = s3fs_unlink(from);

    // Stats
    StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(to);

    return result;
}

static int clone_directory_object(const char* from, const char* to, bool update_ctime, const char* pxattrvalue)
{
    int result = -1;
    struct stat stbuf;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO1("[from=%s][to=%s]", from, to);

    // get target's attributes
    if(0 != (result = get_object_attribute(from, &stbuf))){
        return result;
    }

    struct timespec ts_atime;
    struct timespec ts_mtime;
    struct timespec ts_ctime;
    set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_ATIME, ts_atime);
    set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_MTIME, ts_mtime);
    if(update_ctime){
        s3fs_realtime(ts_ctime);
    }else{
        set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_CTIME, ts_ctime);
    }
    result = create_directory_object(to, stbuf.st_mode, ts_atime, ts_mtime, ts_ctime, stbuf.st_uid, stbuf.st_gid, pxattrvalue);

    StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(to);

    return result;
}

static int rename_directory(const char* from, const char* to)
{
    S3ObjList head;
    s3obj_list_t headlist;
    std::string strfrom  = from ? from : "";   // from is without "/".
    std::string strto    = to ? to : "";       // to is without "/" too.
    std::string basepath = strfrom + "/";
    std::string newpath;                       // should be from name(not used)
    std::string nowcache;                      // now cache path(not used)
    dirtype DirType;
    bool normdir; 
    MVNODE* mn_head = NULL;
    MVNODE* mn_tail = NULL;
    MVNODE* mn_cur;
    struct stat stbuf;
    int result;
    bool is_dir;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO1("[from=%s][to=%s]", from, to);

    //
    // Initiate and Add base directory into MVNODE struct.
    //
    strto += "/";
    if(0 == chk_dir_object_type(from, newpath, strfrom, nowcache, NULL, &DirType) && DIRTYPE_UNKNOWN != DirType){
        if(DIRTYPE_NOOBJ != DirType){
            normdir = false;
        }else{
            normdir = true;
            strfrom = from;               // from directory is not removed, but from directory attr is needed.
        }
        if(NULL == (add_mvnode(&mn_head, &mn_tail, strfrom.c_str(), strto.c_str(), true, normdir))){
            return -ENOMEM;
        }
    }else{
        // Something wrong about "from" directory.
    }

    //
    // get a list of all the objects
    //
    // No delimiter is specified, the result(head) is all object keys.
    // (CommonPrefixes is empty, but all object is listed in Key.)
    if(0 != (result = list_bucket(basepath.c_str(), head, NULL))){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("list_bucket returns error.");
        return result; 
    }
    head.GetNameList(headlist);                       // get name without "/".
    S3ObjList::MakeHierarchizedList(headlist, false); // add hierarchized dir.

    s3obj_list_t::const_iterator liter;
    for(liter = headlist.begin(); headlist.end() != liter; ++liter){
        // make "from" and "to" object name.
        std::string from_name = basepath + (*liter);
        std::string to_name   = strto + (*liter);
        std::string etag      = head.GetETag((*liter).c_str());

        // Check subdirectory.
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->HasStat(from_name, etag.c_str()); // Check ETag
        if(0 != get_object_attribute(from_name.c_str(), &stbuf, NULL)){
            S3FS_PRN_WARN("failed to get %s object attribute.", from_name.c_str());
            continue;
        }
        if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode)){
            is_dir = true;
            if(0 != chk_dir_object_type(from_name.c_str(), newpath, from_name, nowcache, NULL, &DirType) || DIRTYPE_UNKNOWN == DirType){
                S3FS_PRN_WARN("failed to get %s%s object directory type.", basepath.c_str(), (*liter).c_str());
                continue;
            }
            if(DIRTYPE_NOOBJ != DirType){
                normdir = false;
            }else{
                normdir = true;
                from_name = basepath + (*liter);  // from directory is not removed, but from directory attr is needed.
            }
        }else{
            is_dir  = false;
            normdir = false;
        }
        
        // push this one onto the stack
        if(NULL == add_mvnode(&mn_head, &mn_tail, from_name.c_str(), to_name.c_str(), is_dir, normdir)){
            return -ENOMEM;
        }
    }

    //
    // rename
    //
    // rename directory objects.
    for(mn_cur = mn_head; mn_cur; mn_cur = mn_cur->next){
        if(mn_cur->is_dir && mn_cur->old_path && '\0' != mn_cur->old_path[0]){
            std::string xattrvalue;
            const char* pxattrvalue;
            if(get_meta_xattr_value(mn_cur->old_path, xattrvalue)){
                pxattrvalue = xattrvalue.c_str();
            }else{
                pxattrvalue = NULL;
            }

            // [NOTE]
            // The ctime is updated only for the top (from) directory.
            // Other than that, it will not be updated.
            //
            if(0 != (result = clone_directory_object(mn_cur->old_path, mn_cur->new_path, (strfrom == mn_cur->old_path), pxattrvalue))){
                S3FS_PRN_ERR("clone_directory_object returned an error(%d)", result);
                free_mvnodes(mn_head);
                return result;
            }
        }
    }

    // iterate over the list - copy the files with rename_object
    // does a safe copy - copies first and then deletes old
    for(mn_cur = mn_head; mn_cur; mn_cur = mn_cur->next){
        if(!mn_cur->is_dir){
            if(!nocopyapi && !norenameapi){
                result = rename_object(mn_cur->old_path, mn_cur->new_path, false);          // keep ctime
            }else{
                result = rename_object_nocopy(mn_cur->old_path, mn_cur->new_path, false);   // keep ctime
            }
            if(0 != result){
                S3FS_PRN_ERR("rename_object returned an error(%d)", result);
                free_mvnodes(mn_head);
                return result;
            }
        }
    }

    // Iterate over old the directories, bottoms up and remove
    for(mn_cur = mn_tail; mn_cur; mn_cur = mn_cur->prev){
        if(mn_cur->is_dir && mn_cur->old_path && '\0' != mn_cur->old_path[0]){
            if(!(mn_cur->is_normdir)){
                if(0 != (result = s3fs_rmdir(mn_cur->old_path))){
                    S3FS_PRN_ERR("s3fs_rmdir returned an error(%d)", result);
                    free_mvnodes(mn_head);
                    return result;
                }
            }else{
                // cache clear.
                StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(mn_cur->old_path);
            }
        }
    }
    free_mvnodes(mn_head);

    return 0;
}

static int s3fs_rename(const char* _from, const char* _to)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(from)
    WTF8_ENCODE(to)
    struct stat buf;
    int result;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[from=%s][to=%s]", from, to);

    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(to, W_OK | X_OK))){
        // not permit writing "to" object parent dir.
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(from, W_OK | X_OK))){
        // not permit removing "from" object parent dir.
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = get_object_attribute(from, &buf, NULL))){
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = directory_empty(to))){
        return result;
    }

    // flush pending writes if file is open
    {   // scope for AutoFdEntity
        AutoFdEntity autoent;
        FdEntity*    ent;
        if(NULL != (ent = autoent.OpenExistFdEntity(from, O_RDWR))){
            if(0 != (result = ent->Flush(autoent.GetPseudoFd(), AutoLock::NONE, true))){
                S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not upload file(%s): result=%d", to, result);
                return result;
            }
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(from);
        }
    }

    // files larger than 5GB must be modified via the multipart interface
    if(S_ISDIR(buf.st_mode)){
        result = rename_directory(from, to);
    }else if(!nomultipart && buf.st_size >= singlepart_copy_limit){
        result = rename_large_object(from, to);
    }else{
        if(!nocopyapi && !norenameapi){
            result = rename_object(from, to, true);             // update ctime
        }else{
            result = rename_object_nocopy(from, to, true);      // update ctime
        }
    }

    // update parent directory timestamp
    //
    // [NOTE]
    // already updated timestamp for original path in above functions.
    //
    int update_result;
    if(0 != (update_result = update_mctime_parent_directory(to))){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("succeed to create the file/directory(%s), but could not update timestamp of its parent directory(result=%d).", to, update_result);
    }

    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return result;
}

static int s3fs_link(const char* _from, const char* _to)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(from)
    WTF8_ENCODE(to)
    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[from=%s][to=%s]", from, to);
    return -ENOTSUP;
}

static int s3fs_chmod(const char* _path, mode_t mode)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int result;
    std::string strpath;
    std::string newpath;
    std::string nowcache;
    headers_t meta;
    struct stat stbuf;
    dirtype nDirType = DIRTYPE_UNKNOWN;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][mode=%04o]", path, mode);

    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, X_OK))){
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = check_object_owner(path, &stbuf))){
        return result;
    }

    if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode)){
        result = chk_dir_object_type(path, newpath, strpath, nowcache, &meta, &nDirType);
    }else{
        strpath  = path;
        nowcache = strpath;
        result   = get_object_attribute(strpath.c_str(), NULL, &meta);
    }
    if(0 != result){
        return result;
    }

    if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode) && (IS_REPLACEDIR(nDirType) || IS_CREATE_MP_STAT(path))){
        std::string xattrvalue;
        const char* pxattrvalue;
        if(get_meta_xattr_value(path, xattrvalue)){
            pxattrvalue = xattrvalue.c_str();
        }else{
            pxattrvalue = NULL;
        }
        if(IS_REPLACEDIR(nDirType)){
            // Should rebuild directory object(except new type)
            // Need to remove old dir("dir" etc) and make new dir("dir/")

            // At first, remove directory old object
            if(0 != (result = remove_old_type_dir(strpath, nDirType))){
                return result;
            }
        }
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);

        // Make new directory object("dir/")
        struct timespec ts_atime;
        struct timespec ts_mtime;
        struct timespec ts_ctime;
        set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_ATIME, ts_atime);
        set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_MTIME, ts_mtime);
        s3fs_realtime(ts_ctime);

        if(0 != (result = create_directory_object(newpath.c_str(), mode, ts_atime, ts_mtime, ts_ctime, stbuf.st_uid, stbuf.st_gid, pxattrvalue))){
            return result;
        }
    }else{
        // normal object or directory object of newer version
        std::string strSourcePath              = (mount_prefix.empty() && "/" == strpath) ? "//" : strpath;
        headers_t   updatemeta;
        updatemeta["x-amz-meta-ctime"]         = s3fs_str_realtime();
        updatemeta["x-amz-meta-mode"]          = str(mode);
        updatemeta["x-amz-copy-source"]        = urlEncodePath(service_path + S3fsCred::GetBucket() + get_realpath(strSourcePath.c_str()));
        updatemeta["x-amz-metadata-directive"] = "REPLACE";

        // check opened file handle.
        //
        // If the file starts uploading by multipart when the disk capacity is insufficient,
        // we need to put these header after finishing upload.
        // Or if the file is only open, we must update to FdEntity's internal meta.
        //
        AutoFdEntity autoent;
        FdEntity*    ent;
        bool         need_put_header = true;
        if(NULL != (ent = autoent.OpenExistFdEntity(path))){
            if(ent->MergeOrgMeta(updatemeta)){
                // meta is changed, but now uploading.
                // then the meta is pending and accumulated to be put after the upload is complete.
                S3FS_PRN_INFO("meta pending until upload is complete");
                need_put_header = false;

                // If there is data in the Stats cache, update the Stats cache.
                StatCache::getStatCacheData()->UpdateMetaStats(strpath, updatemeta);
            }
        }
        if(need_put_header){
            // not found opened file.
            merge_headers(meta, updatemeta, true);

            // upload meta directly.
            if(0 != (result = put_headers(strpath.c_str(), meta, true))){
                return result;
            }
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);
        }
    }
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return 0;
}

static int s3fs_chmod_nocopy(const char* _path, mode_t mode)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int         result;
    std::string strpath;
    std::string newpath;
    std::string nowcache;
    struct stat stbuf;
    dirtype     nDirType = DIRTYPE_UNKNOWN;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO1("[path=%s][mode=%04o]", path, mode);

    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, X_OK))){
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = check_object_owner(path, &stbuf))){
        return result;
    }

    // Get attributes
    if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode)){
        result = chk_dir_object_type(path, newpath, strpath, nowcache, NULL, &nDirType);
    }else{
        strpath  = path;
        nowcache = strpath;
        result   = get_object_attribute(strpath.c_str(), NULL, NULL);
    }
    if(0 != result){
        return result;
    }

    if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode)){
        std::string xattrvalue;
        const char* pxattrvalue;
        if(get_meta_xattr_value(path, xattrvalue)){
            pxattrvalue = xattrvalue.c_str();
        }else{
            pxattrvalue = NULL;
        }

        if(IS_REPLACEDIR(nDirType)){
            // Should rebuild all directory object
            // Need to remove old dir("dir" etc) and make new dir("dir/")

            // At first, remove directory old object
            if(0 != (result = remove_old_type_dir(strpath, nDirType))){
                return result;
            }
        }
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);

        // Make new directory object("dir/")
        struct timespec ts_atime;
        struct timespec ts_mtime;
        struct timespec ts_ctime;
        set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_ATIME, ts_atime);
        set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_MTIME, ts_mtime);
        s3fs_realtime(ts_ctime);

        if(0 != (result = create_directory_object(newpath.c_str(), mode, ts_atime, ts_mtime, ts_ctime, stbuf.st_uid, stbuf.st_gid, pxattrvalue))){
            return result;
        }
    }else{
        // normal object or directory object of newer version

        // open & load
        AutoFdEntity autoent;
        FdEntity*    ent;
        if(0 != (result = get_local_fent(autoent, &ent, strpath.c_str(), O_RDWR, true))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not open and read file(%s)", strpath.c_str());
            return result;
        }

        struct timespec ts;
        s3fs_realtime(ts);
        ent->SetCtime(ts);

        // Change file mode
        ent->SetMode(mode);

        // upload
        if(0 != (result = ent->Flush(autoent.GetPseudoFd(), AutoLock::NONE, true))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not upload file(%s): result=%d", strpath.c_str(), result);
            return result;
        }
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);
    }
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);
  
    return result;
}

static int s3fs_chown(const char* _path, uid_t uid, gid_t gid)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int result;
    std::string strpath;
    std::string newpath;
    std::string nowcache;
    headers_t meta;
    struct stat stbuf;
    dirtype nDirType = DIRTYPE_UNKNOWN;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][uid=%u][gid=%u]", path, (unsigned int)uid, (unsigned int)gid);

    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, X_OK))){
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = check_object_owner(path, &stbuf))){
        return result;
    }

    if((uid_t)(-1) == uid){
        uid = stbuf.st_uid;
    }
    if((gid_t)(-1) == gid){
        gid = stbuf.st_gid;
    }
    if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode)){
        result = chk_dir_object_type(path, newpath, strpath, nowcache, &meta, &nDirType);
    }else{
        strpath  = path;
        nowcache = strpath;
        result   = get_object_attribute(strpath.c_str(), NULL, &meta);
    }
    if(0 != result){
        return result;
    }

    if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode) && (IS_REPLACEDIR(nDirType) || IS_CREATE_MP_STAT(path))){
        std::string xattrvalue;
        const char* pxattrvalue;
        if(get_meta_xattr_value(path, xattrvalue)){
            pxattrvalue = xattrvalue.c_str();
        }else{
            pxattrvalue = NULL;
        }

        if(IS_REPLACEDIR(nDirType)){
            // Should rebuild directory object(except new type)
            // Need to remove old dir("dir" etc) and make new dir("dir/")

            // At first, remove directory old object
            if(0 != (result = remove_old_type_dir(strpath, nDirType))){
                return result;
            }
        }
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);

        // Make new directory object("dir/")
        struct timespec ts_atime;
        struct timespec ts_mtime;
        struct timespec ts_ctime;
        set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_ATIME, ts_atime);
        set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_MTIME, ts_mtime);
        s3fs_realtime(ts_ctime);

        if(0 != (result = create_directory_object(newpath.c_str(), stbuf.st_mode, ts_atime, ts_mtime, ts_ctime, uid, gid, pxattrvalue))){
            return result;
        }
    }else{
        std::string strSourcePath              = (mount_prefix.empty() && "/" == strpath) ? "//" : strpath;
        headers_t   updatemeta;
        updatemeta["x-amz-meta-ctime"]         = s3fs_str_realtime();
        updatemeta["x-amz-meta-uid"]           = str(uid);
        updatemeta["x-amz-meta-gid"]           = str(gid);
        updatemeta["x-amz-copy-source"]        = urlEncodePath(service_path + S3fsCred::GetBucket() + get_realpath(strSourcePath.c_str()));
        updatemeta["x-amz-metadata-directive"] = "REPLACE";

        // check opened file handle.
        //
        // If the file starts uploading by multipart when the disk capacity is insufficient,
        // we need to put these header after finishing upload.
        // Or if the file is only open, we must update to FdEntity's internal meta.
        //
        AutoFdEntity autoent;
        FdEntity*    ent;
        bool         need_put_header = true;
        if(NULL != (ent = autoent.OpenExistFdEntity(path))){
            if(ent->MergeOrgMeta(updatemeta)){
                // meta is changed, but now uploading.
                // then the meta is pending and accumulated to be put after the upload is complete.
                S3FS_PRN_INFO("meta pending until upload is complete");
                need_put_header = false;

                // If there is data in the Stats cache, update the Stats cache.
                StatCache::getStatCacheData()->UpdateMetaStats(strpath, updatemeta);
            }
        }
        if(need_put_header){
            // not found opened file.
            merge_headers(meta, updatemeta, true);

            // upload meta directly.
            if(0 != (result = put_headers(strpath.c_str(), meta, true))){
                return result;
            }
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);
        }
    }
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return 0;
}

static int s3fs_chown_nocopy(const char* _path, uid_t uid, gid_t gid)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int         result;
    std::string strpath;
    std::string newpath;
    std::string nowcache;
    struct stat stbuf;
    dirtype     nDirType = DIRTYPE_UNKNOWN;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO1("[path=%s][uid=%u][gid=%u]", path, (unsigned int)uid, (unsigned int)gid);

    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, X_OK))){
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = check_object_owner(path, &stbuf))){
        return result;
    }

    if((uid_t)(-1) == uid){
        uid = stbuf.st_uid;
    }
    if((gid_t)(-1) == gid){
        gid = stbuf.st_gid;
    }

    // Get attributes
    if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode)){
        result = chk_dir_object_type(path, newpath, strpath, nowcache, NULL, &nDirType);
    }else{
        strpath  = path;
        nowcache = strpath;
        result   = get_object_attribute(strpath.c_str(), NULL, NULL);
    }
    if(0 != result){
        return result;
    }

    if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode)){
        std::string xattrvalue;
        const char* pxattrvalue;
        if(get_meta_xattr_value(path, xattrvalue)){
            pxattrvalue = xattrvalue.c_str();
        }else{
            pxattrvalue = NULL;
        }

        if(IS_REPLACEDIR(nDirType)){
            // Should rebuild all directory object
            // Need to remove old dir("dir" etc) and make new dir("dir/")

            // At first, remove directory old object
            if(0 != (result = remove_old_type_dir(strpath, nDirType))){
                return result;
            }
        }
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);

        // Make new directory object("dir/")
        struct timespec ts_atime;
        struct timespec ts_mtime;
        struct timespec ts_ctime;
        set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_ATIME, ts_atime);
        set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_MTIME, ts_mtime);
        s3fs_realtime(ts_ctime);

        if(0 != (result = create_directory_object(newpath.c_str(), stbuf.st_mode, ts_atime, ts_mtime, ts_ctime, uid, gid, pxattrvalue))){
            return result;
        }
    }else{
        // normal object or directory object of newer version

        // open & load
        AutoFdEntity autoent;
        FdEntity*    ent;
        if(0 != (result = get_local_fent(autoent, &ent, strpath.c_str(), O_RDWR, true))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not open and read file(%s)", strpath.c_str());
            return result;
        }

        struct timespec ts;
        s3fs_realtime(ts);
        ent->SetCtime(ts);

        // Change owner
        ent->SetUId(uid);
        ent->SetGId(gid);
  
        // upload
        if(0 != (result = ent->Flush(autoent.GetPseudoFd(), AutoLock::NONE, true))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not upload file(%s): result=%d", strpath.c_str(), result);
            return result;
        }
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);
    }
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);
  
    return result;
}

static timespec handle_utimens_special_values(timespec ts, timespec now, timespec orig)
{
    if(ts.tv_nsec == UTIME_NOW){
        return now;
    }else if(ts.tv_nsec == UTIME_OMIT){
        return orig;
    }else{
        return ts;
    }
}

static int update_mctime_parent_directory(const char* _path)
{
    if(!update_parent_dir_stat){
        // Disable updating parent directory stat.
        S3FS_PRN_DBG("Updating parent directory stats is disabled");
        return 0;
    }

    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int             result;
    std::string     parentpath;     // parent directory path
    std::string     nowpath;        // now directory object path("dir" or "dir/" or "xxx_$folder$", etc)
    std::string     newpath;        // directory path for the current version("dir/")
    std::string     nowcache;
    headers_t       meta;
    struct stat     stbuf;
    struct timespec mctime;
    struct timespec atime;
    dirtype         nDirType = DIRTYPE_UNKNOWN;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO2("[path=%s]", path);

    // get parent directory path
    parentpath = mydirname(path);

    // check & get directory type
    if(0 != (result = chk_dir_object_type(parentpath.c_str(), newpath, nowpath, nowcache, &meta, &nDirType))){
        return result;
    }

    // get directory stat
    //
    // [NOTE]
    // It is assumed that this function is called after the operation on
    // the file is completed, so there is no need to check the permissions
    // on the parent directory.
    //
    if(0 != (result = get_object_attribute(parentpath.c_str(), &stbuf))){
        // If there is not the target file(object), result is -ENOENT.
        return result;
    }
    if(!S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode)){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("path(%s) is not parent directory.", parentpath.c_str());
        return -EIO;
    }

    // make atime/mtime/ctime for updating
    s3fs_realtime(mctime);
    set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_ATIME, atime);

    if(0 == atime.tv_sec && 0 == atime.tv_nsec){
        atime = mctime;
    }

    if(nocopyapi || IS_REPLACEDIR(nDirType) || IS_CREATE_MP_STAT(parentpath.c_str())){
        // Should rebuild directory object(except new type)
        // Need to remove old dir("dir" etc) and make new dir("dir/")
        std::string xattrvalue;
        const char* pxattrvalue;
        if(get_meta_xattr_value(path, xattrvalue)){
            pxattrvalue = xattrvalue.c_str();
        }else{
            pxattrvalue = NULL;
        }

        // At first, remove directory old object
        if(!nowpath.empty()){
            if(0 != (result = remove_old_type_dir(nowpath, nDirType))){
                return result;
            }
        }
        if(!nowcache.empty()){
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);
        }

        // Make new directory object("dir/")
        if(0 != (result = create_directory_object(newpath.c_str(), stbuf.st_mode, atime, mctime, mctime, stbuf.st_uid, stbuf.st_gid, pxattrvalue))){
            return result;
        }
    }else{
        std::string strSourcePath              = (mount_prefix.empty() && "/" == nowpath) ? "//" : nowpath;
        headers_t   updatemeta;
        updatemeta["x-amz-meta-mtime"]         = str(mctime);
        updatemeta["x-amz-meta-ctime"]         = str(mctime);
        updatemeta["x-amz-meta-atime"]         = str(atime);
        updatemeta["x-amz-copy-source"]        = urlEncodePath(service_path + S3fsCred::GetBucket() + get_realpath(strSourcePath.c_str()));
        updatemeta["x-amz-metadata-directive"] = "REPLACE";

        merge_headers(meta, updatemeta, true);

        // upload meta for parent directory.
        if(0 != (result = put_headers(nowpath.c_str(), meta, true))){
            return result;
        }
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);
    }
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return 0;
}

static int s3fs_utimens(const char* _path, const struct timespec ts[2])
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int result;
    std::string strpath;
    std::string newpath;
    std::string nowcache;
    headers_t meta;
    struct stat stbuf;
    dirtype nDirType = DIRTYPE_UNKNOWN;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][mtime=%s][ctime/atime=%s]", path, str(ts[1]).c_str(), str(ts[0]).c_str());

    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, X_OK))){
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = check_object_access(path, W_OK, &stbuf))){
        if(0 != check_object_owner(path, &stbuf)){
            return result;
        }
    }

    struct timespec now;
    struct timespec ts_atime;
    struct timespec ts_ctime;
    struct timespec ts_mtime;

    s3fs_realtime(now);
    set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_ATIME, ts_atime);
    set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_CTIME, ts_ctime);
    set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_MTIME, ts_mtime);

    struct timespec atime = handle_utimens_special_values(ts[0], now, ts_atime);
    struct timespec ctime = handle_utimens_special_values(ts[0], now, ts_ctime);
    struct timespec mtime = handle_utimens_special_values(ts[1], now, ts_mtime);

    if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode)){
        result = chk_dir_object_type(path, newpath, strpath, nowcache, &meta, &nDirType);
    }else{
        strpath  = path;
        nowcache = strpath;
        result   = get_object_attribute(strpath.c_str(), NULL, &meta);
    }
    if(0 != result){
        return result;
    }

    if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode) && (IS_REPLACEDIR(nDirType) || IS_CREATE_MP_STAT(path))){
        std::string xattrvalue;
        const char* pxattrvalue;
        if(get_meta_xattr_value(path, xattrvalue)){
            pxattrvalue = xattrvalue.c_str();
        }else{
            pxattrvalue = NULL;
        }

        if(IS_REPLACEDIR(nDirType)){
            // Should rebuild directory object(except new type)
            // Need to remove old dir("dir" etc) and make new dir("dir/")

            // At first, remove directory old object
            if(0 != (result = remove_old_type_dir(strpath, nDirType))){
                return result;
            }
        }
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);

        // Make new directory object("dir/")
        if(0 != (result = create_directory_object(newpath.c_str(), stbuf.st_mode, atime, mtime, ctime, stbuf.st_uid, stbuf.st_gid, pxattrvalue))){
            return result;
        }
    }else{
        std::string strSourcePath              = (mount_prefix.empty() && "/" == strpath) ? "//" : strpath;
        headers_t   updatemeta;
        updatemeta["x-amz-meta-mtime"]         = str(mtime);
        updatemeta["x-amz-meta-ctime"]         = str(ctime);
        updatemeta["x-amz-meta-atime"]         = str(atime);
        updatemeta["x-amz-copy-source"]        = urlEncodePath(service_path + S3fsCred::GetBucket() + get_realpath(strSourcePath.c_str()));
        updatemeta["x-amz-metadata-directive"] = "REPLACE";

        // check opened file handle.
        //
        // If the file starts uploading by multipart when the disk capacity is insufficient,
        // we need to put these header after finishing upload.
        // Or if the file is only open, we must update to FdEntity's internal meta.
        //
        AutoFdEntity autoent;
        FdEntity*    ent;
        bool         need_put_header = true;
        bool         keep_mtime      = false;
        if(NULL != (ent = autoent.OpenExistFdEntity(path))){
            if(ent->MergeOrgMeta(updatemeta)){
                // meta is changed, but now uploading.
                // then the meta is pending and accumulated to be put after the upload is complete.
                S3FS_PRN_INFO("meta pending until upload is complete");
                need_put_header = false;
                ent->SetHoldingMtime(mtime);

                // If there is data in the Stats cache, update the Stats cache.
                StatCache::getStatCacheData()->UpdateMetaStats(strpath, updatemeta);

            }else{
                S3FS_PRN_INFO("meta is not pending, but need to keep current mtime.");

                // [NOTE]
                // Depending on the order in which write/flush and utimens are called,
                // the mtime updated here may be overwritten at the time of flush.
                // To avoid that, set a special flag.
                //
                keep_mtime = true;
            }
        }
        if(need_put_header){
            // not found opened file.
            merge_headers(meta, updatemeta, true);

            // upload meta directly.
            if(0 != (result = put_headers(strpath.c_str(), meta, true))){
                return result;
            }
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);

            if(keep_mtime){
                ent->SetHoldingMtime(mtime);
            }
        }
    }
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return 0;
}

static int s3fs_utimens_nocopy(const char* _path, const struct timespec ts[2])
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int         result;
    std::string strpath;
    std::string newpath;
    std::string nowcache;
    struct stat stbuf;
    dirtype     nDirType = DIRTYPE_UNKNOWN;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO1("[path=%s][mtime=%s][atime/ctime=%s]", path, str(ts[1]).c_str(), str(ts[0]).c_str());

    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, X_OK))){
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = check_object_access(path, W_OK, &stbuf))){
        if(0 != check_object_owner(path, &stbuf)){
            return result;
        }
    }

    struct timespec now;
    struct timespec ts_atime;
    struct timespec ts_ctime;
    struct timespec ts_mtime;

    s3fs_realtime(now);
    set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_ATIME, ts_atime);
    set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_CTIME, ts_ctime);
    set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_MTIME, ts_mtime);

    struct timespec atime = handle_utimens_special_values(ts[0], now, ts_atime);
    struct timespec ctime = handle_utimens_special_values(ts[0], now, ts_ctime);
    struct timespec mtime = handle_utimens_special_values(ts[1], now, ts_mtime);

    // Get attributes
    if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode)){
        result = chk_dir_object_type(path, newpath, strpath, nowcache, NULL, &nDirType);
    }else{
        strpath  = path;
        nowcache = strpath;
        result   = get_object_attribute(strpath.c_str(), NULL, NULL);
    }
    if(0 != result){
        return result;
    }

    if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode)){
        std::string xattrvalue;
        const char* pxattrvalue;
        if(get_meta_xattr_value(path, xattrvalue)){
            pxattrvalue = xattrvalue.c_str();
        }else{
            pxattrvalue = NULL;
        }

        if(IS_REPLACEDIR(nDirType)){
            // Should rebuild all directory object
            // Need to remove old dir("dir" etc) and make new dir("dir/")

            // At first, remove directory old object
            if(0 != (result = remove_old_type_dir(strpath, nDirType))){
                return result;
            }
        }
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);

        // Make new directory object("dir/")
        if(0 != (result = create_directory_object(newpath.c_str(), stbuf.st_mode, atime, mtime, ctime, stbuf.st_uid, stbuf.st_gid, pxattrvalue))){
            return result;
        }
    }else{
        // normal object or directory object of newer version

        // open & load
        AutoFdEntity autoent;
        FdEntity*    ent;
        if(0 != (result = get_local_fent(autoent, &ent, strpath.c_str(), O_RDWR, true))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not open and read file(%s)", strpath.c_str());
            return result;
        }

        // set mtime/ctime
        if(0 != (result = ent->SetMCtime(mtime, ctime))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not set mtime and ctime to file(%s): result=%d", strpath.c_str(), result);
            return result;
        }

        // set atime
        if(0 != (result = ent->SetAtime(atime))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not set atime to file(%s): result=%d", strpath.c_str(), result);
            return result;
        }

        // upload
        if(0 != (result = ent->Flush(autoent.GetPseudoFd(), AutoLock::NONE, true))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not upload file(%s): result=%d", strpath.c_str(), result);
            return result;
        }
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);
    }
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return result;
}

static int s3fs_truncate(const char* _path, off_t size)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int          result;
    headers_t    meta;
    AutoFdEntity autoent;
    FdEntity*    ent = NULL;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][size=%lld]", path, static_cast<long long>(size));

    if(size < 0){
        size = 0;
    }

    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, X_OK))){
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = check_object_access(path, W_OK, NULL))){
        return result;
    }

    // Get file information
    if(0 == (result = get_object_attribute(path, NULL, &meta))){
        // File exists

        // [NOTE]
        // If the file exists, the file has already been opened by FUSE before
        // truncate is called. Then the call below will change the file size.
        // (When an already open file is changed the file size, FUSE will not
        // reopen it.)
        // The Flush is called before this file is closed, so there is no need
        // to do it here.
        //
        // [NOTICE]
        // FdManager::Open() ignores changes that reduce the file size for the
        // file you are editing. However, if user opens only onece, edit it,
        // and then shrink the file, it should be done.
        // When this function is called, the file is already open by FUSE or
        // some other operation. Therefore, if the number of open files is 1,
        // no edits other than that fd will be made, and the files will be
        // shrunk using ignore_modify flag even while editing.
        // See the comments when merging this code for FUSE2 limitations.
        // (In FUSE3, it will be possible to handle it reliably using fuse_file_info.)
        //
        bool ignore_modify;
        if(1 < FdManager::GetOpenFdCount(path)){
            ignore_modify = false;
        }else{
            ignore_modify = true;
        }

        if(NULL == (ent = autoent.Open(path, &meta, size, S3FS_OMIT_TS, O_RDWR, false, true, ignore_modify, AutoLock::NONE))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not open file(%s): errno=%d", path, errno);
            return -EIO;
        }
        ent->UpdateCtime();

#if defined(__APPLE__)
        // [NOTE]
        // Only for macos, this truncate calls to "size=0" do not reflect size.
        // The cause is unknown now, but it can be avoided by flushing the file.
        //
        if(0 == size){
            if(0 != (result = ent->Flush(autoent.GetPseudoFd(), AutoLock::NONE, true))){
                S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not upload file(%s): result=%d", path, result);
                return result;
            }
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(path);
        }
#endif

    }else{
        // Not found -> Make tmpfile(with size)
        struct fuse_context* pcxt;
        if(NULL == (pcxt = fuse_get_context())){
            return -EIO;
        }

        std::string strnow       = s3fs_str_realtime();
        meta["Content-Type"]     = std::string("application/octet-stream"); // Static
        meta["x-amz-meta-mode"]  = str(S_IFLNK | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO);
        meta["x-amz-meta-ctime"] = strnow;
        meta["x-amz-meta-mtime"] = strnow;
        meta["x-amz-meta-uid"]   = str(pcxt->uid);
        meta["x-amz-meta-gid"]   = str(pcxt->gid);

        if(NULL == (ent = autoent.Open(path, &meta, size, S3FS_OMIT_TS, O_RDWR, true, true, false, AutoLock::NONE))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not open file(%s): errno=%d", path, errno);
            return -EIO;
        }
        if(0 != (result = ent->Flush(autoent.GetPseudoFd(), AutoLock::NONE, true))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not upload file(%s): result=%d", path, result);
            return result;
        }
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(path);
    }
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return result;
}

static int s3fs_open(const char* _path, struct fuse_file_info* fi)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int result;
    struct stat st;
    bool needs_flush = false;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][flags=0x%x]", path, fi->flags);

    if ((fi->flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_RDONLY && fi->flags & O_TRUNC) {
        return -EACCES;
    }

    // [NOTE]
    // Delete the Stats cache only if the file is not open.
    // If the file is open, the stats cache will not be deleted as
    // there are cases where the object does not exist on the server
    // and only the Stats cache exists.
    //
    if(StatCache::getStatCacheData()->HasStat(path)){
        if(!FdManager::HasOpenEntityFd(path)){
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(path);
        }
    }

    int mask = (O_RDONLY != (fi->flags & O_ACCMODE) ? W_OK : R_OK);
    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, X_OK))){
        return result;
    }

    result = check_object_access(path, mask, &st);
    if(-ENOENT == result){
        if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, W_OK))){
            return result;
        }
    }else if(0 != result){
        return result;
    }

    AutoFdEntity autoent;
    FdEntity*    ent;
    headers_t    meta;

    if((unsigned int)fi->flags & O_TRUNC){
        if(0 != st.st_size){
            st.st_size = 0;
            needs_flush = true;
        }
    }else{
        // [NOTE]
        // If the file has already been opened and edited, the file size in
        // the edited state is given priority.
        // This prevents the file size from being reset to its original size
        // if you keep the file open, shrink its size, and then read the file
        // from another process while it has not yet been flushed.
        //
        if(NULL != (ent = autoent.OpenExistFdEntity(path)) && ent->IsModified()){
            // sets the file size being edited.
            ent->GetSize(st.st_size);
        }
    }
    if(!S_ISREG(st.st_mode) || S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)){
        st.st_mtime = -1;
    }

    if(0 != (result = get_object_attribute(path, NULL, &meta, true, NULL, true))){    // no truncate cache
      return result;
    }

    struct timespec st_mctime;
    set_stat_to_timespec(st, ST_TYPE_MTIME, st_mctime);

    if(NULL == (ent = autoent.Open(path, &meta, st.st_size, st_mctime, fi->flags, false, true, false, AutoLock::NONE))){
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(path);
        return -EIO;
    }

    if (needs_flush){
        struct timespec ts;
        s3fs_realtime(ts);
        ent->SetMCtime(ts, ts);

        if(0 != (result = ent->RowFlush(autoent.GetPseudoFd(), path, AutoLock::NONE, true))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not upload file(%s): result=%d", path, result);
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(path);
            return result;
        }
    }
    fi->fh = autoent.Detach();       // KEEP fdentity open;

    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return 0;
}

static int s3fs_read(const char* _path, char* buf, size_t size, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info* fi)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    ssize_t res;

    S3FS_PRN_DBG("[path=%s][size=%zu][offset=%lld][pseudo_fd=%llu]", path, size, static_cast<long long>(offset), (unsigned long long)(fi->fh));

    AutoFdEntity autoent;
    FdEntity*    ent;
    if(NULL == (ent = autoent.GetExistFdEntity(path, static_cast<int>(fi->fh)))){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not find opened pseudo_fd(=%llu) for path(%s)", (unsigned long long)(fi->fh), path);
        return -EIO;
    }

    // check real file size
    off_t realsize = 0;
    if(!ent->GetSize(realsize) || 0 == realsize){
        S3FS_PRN_DBG("file size is 0, so break to read.");
        return 0;
    }

    if(0 > (res = ent->Read(static_cast<int>(fi->fh), buf, offset, size, false))){
        S3FS_PRN_WARN("failed to read file(%s). result=%zd", path, res);
    }

    return static_cast<int>(res);
}

static int s3fs_write(const char* _path, const char* buf, size_t size, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info* fi)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    ssize_t res;

    S3FS_PRN_DBG("[path=%s][size=%zu][offset=%lld][pseudo_fd=%llu]", path, size, static_cast<long long int>(offset), (unsigned long long)(fi->fh));

    AutoFdEntity autoent;
    FdEntity*    ent;
    if(NULL == (ent = autoent.GetExistFdEntity(path, static_cast<int>(fi->fh)))){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not find opened pseudo_fd(%llu) for path(%s)", (unsigned long long)(fi->fh), path);
        return -EIO;
    }

    if(0 > (res = ent->Write(static_cast<int>(fi->fh), buf, offset, size))){
        S3FS_PRN_WARN("failed to write file(%s). result=%zd", path, res);
    }

    if(max_dirty_data != -1 && ent->BytesModified() >= max_dirty_data){
        int flushres;
        if(0 != (flushres = ent->RowFlush(static_cast<int>(fi->fh), path, AutoLock::NONE, true))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not upload file(%s): result=%d", path, flushres);
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(path);
            return flushres;
        }
        // Punch a hole in the file to recover disk space.
        if(!ent->PunchHole()){
            S3FS_PRN_WARN("could not punching HOLEs to a cache file, but continue.");
        }
    }

    return static_cast<int>(res);
}

static int s3fs_statfs(const char* _path, struct statvfs* stbuf)
{
    // WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    stbuf->f_bsize  = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
    stbuf->f_namemax = NAME_MAX;
#if defined(__MSYS__)
    // WinFsp resolves the free space from f_bfree * f_frsize, and the total space from f_blocks * f_frsize (in bytes).
    stbuf->f_frsize = stbuf->f_bsize;
    stbuf->f_blocks = INT32_MAX;
    stbuf->f_bfree = INT32_MAX;
#elif defined(__APPLE__)
    stbuf->f_blocks = UINT32_MAX;
    stbuf->f_bfree  = UINT32_MAX;
    stbuf->f_files  = UINT32_MAX;
    stbuf->f_ffree  = UINT32_MAX;
#else
    stbuf->f_blocks = static_cast<fsblkcnt_t>(~0) / stbuf->f_bsize;
    stbuf->f_bfree  = stbuf->f_blocks;
#endif
    stbuf->f_bavail = stbuf->f_blocks;

    return 0;
}

static int s3fs_flush(const char* _path, struct fuse_file_info* fi)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int result;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][pseudo_fd=%llu]", path, (unsigned long long)(fi->fh));

    int mask = (O_RDONLY != (fi->flags & O_ACCMODE) ? W_OK : R_OK);
    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, X_OK))){
        return result;
    }
    result = check_object_access(path, mask, NULL);
    if(-ENOENT == result){
        if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, W_OK))){
            return result;
        }
    }else if(0 != result){
        return result;
    }

    AutoFdEntity autoent;
    FdEntity*    ent;
    if(NULL != (ent = autoent.GetExistFdEntity(path, static_cast<int>(fi->fh)))){
        bool is_new_file = ent->IsDirtyNewFile();

        ent->UpdateMtime(true);         // clear the flag not to update mtime.
        ent->UpdateCtime();
        result = ent->Flush(static_cast<int>(fi->fh), AutoLock::NONE, false);
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(path);

        if(is_new_file){
            // update parent directory timestamp
            int update_result;
            if(0 != (update_result = update_mctime_parent_directory(path))){
                S3FS_PRN_ERR("succeed to create the file(%s), but could not update timestamp of its parent directory(result=%d).", path, update_result);
            }
        }
    }
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return result;
}

// [NOTICE]
// Assumption is a valid fd.
//
static int s3fs_fsync(const char* _path, int datasync, struct fuse_file_info* fi)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int result = 0;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][pseudo_fd=%llu]", path, (unsigned long long)(fi->fh));

    AutoFdEntity autoent;
    FdEntity*    ent;
    if(NULL != (ent = autoent.GetExistFdEntity(path, static_cast<int>(fi->fh)))){
        bool is_new_file = ent->IsDirtyNewFile();

        if(0 == datasync){
            ent->UpdateMtime();
            ent->UpdateCtime();
        }
        result = ent->Flush(static_cast<int>(fi->fh), AutoLock::NONE, false);

        if(is_new_file){
            // update parent directory timestamp
            int update_result;
            if(0 != (update_result = update_mctime_parent_directory(path))){
                S3FS_PRN_ERR("succeed to create the file(%s), but could not update timestamp of its parent directory(result=%d).", path, update_result);
            }
        }
    }
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    // Issue 320: Delete stat cache entry because st_size may have changed.
    StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(path);

    return result;
}

static int s3fs_release(const char* _path, struct fuse_file_info* fi)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][pseudo_fd=%llu]", path, (unsigned long long)(fi->fh));

    // [NOTE]
    // All opened file's stats is cached with no truncate flag.
    // Thus we unset it here.
    StatCache::getStatCacheData()->ChangeNoTruncateFlag(std::string(path), false);

    // [NOTICE]
    // At first, we remove stats cache.
    // Because fuse does not wait for response from "release" function. :-(
    // And fuse runs next command before this function returns.
    // Thus we call deleting stats function ASAP.
    //
    if((fi->flags & O_RDWR) || (fi->flags & O_WRONLY)){
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(path);
    }

    {   // scope for AutoFdEntity
        AutoFdEntity autoent;

        // [NOTE]
        // The pseudo fd stored in fi->fh is attached to AutoFdEntry so that it can be
        // destroyed here.
        //
        FdEntity* ent;
        if(NULL == (ent = autoent.Attach(path, static_cast<int>(fi->fh)))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not find pseudo_fd(%llu) for path(%s)", (unsigned long long)(fi->fh), path);
            return -EIO;
        }

        bool is_new_file = ent->IsDirtyNewFile();

        // TODO: correct locks held?
        int result = ent->UploadPending(static_cast<int>(fi->fh), AutoLock::NONE);
        if(0 != result){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("could not upload pending data(meta, etc) for pseudo_fd(%llu) / path(%s)", (unsigned long long)(fi->fh), path);
            return result;
        }

        if(is_new_file){
            // update parent directory timestamp
            int update_result;
            if(0 != (update_result = update_mctime_parent_directory(path))){
                S3FS_PRN_ERR("succeed to create the file(%s), but could not update timestamp of its parent directory(result=%d).", path, update_result);
            }
        }
    }

    // check - for debug
    if(S3fsLog::IsS3fsLogDbg()){
        if(FdManager::HasOpenEntityFd(path)){
            S3FS_PRN_WARN("file(%s) is still opened(another pseudo fd is opend).", path);
        }
    }
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return 0;
}

static int s3fs_opendir(const char* _path, struct fuse_file_info* fi)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    int result;
    int mask = (O_RDONLY != (fi->flags & O_ACCMODE) ? W_OK : R_OK);

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][flags=0x%x]", path, fi->flags);

    if(0 == (result = check_object_access(path, mask, NULL))){
        result = check_parent_object_access(path, X_OK);
    }
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return result;
}

struct multi_head_callback_param
{
    void*           buf;
    fuse_fill_dir_t filler;
};

static bool multi_head_callback(S3fsCurl* s3fscurl, void* param)
{
    if(!s3fscurl){
        return false;
    }

    // Add stat cache
    std::string saved_path = s3fscurl->GetSpecialSavedPath();
    if(!StatCache::getStatCacheData()->AddStat(saved_path, *(s3fscurl->GetResponseHeaders()))){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("failed adding stat cache [path=%s]", saved_path.c_str());
        return false;
    }

    // Get stats from stats cache(for converting from meta), and fill
    std::string bpath = mybasename(saved_path);
    if(use_wtf8){
        bpath = s3fs_wtf8_decode(bpath);
    }
    if(param){
        struct multi_head_callback_param* pcbparam = reinterpret_cast<struct multi_head_callback_param*>(param);
        struct stat st;
        if(StatCache::getStatCacheData()->GetStat(saved_path, &st)){
            pcbparam->filler(pcbparam->buf, bpath.c_str(), &st, 0);
        }else{
            S3FS_PRN_INFO2("Could not find %s file in stat cache.", saved_path.c_str());
            pcbparam->filler(pcbparam->buf, bpath.c_str(), 0, 0);
        }
    }else{
        S3FS_PRN_WARN("param(multi_head_callback_param*) is NULL, then can not call filler.");
    }

    return true;
}

struct multi_head_notfound_callback_param
{
    pthread_mutex_t list_lock;
    s3obj_list_t    notfound_list;
};

static bool multi_head_notfound_callback(S3fsCurl* s3fscurl, void* param)
{
    if(!s3fscurl){
        return false;
    }
    S3FS_PRN_INFO("HEAD returned NotFound(404) for %s object, it maybe only the path exists and the object does not exist.", s3fscurl->GetPath().c_str());

    if(!param){
        S3FS_PRN_WARN("param(multi_head_notfound_callback_param*) is NULL, then can not call filler.");
        return false;
    }

    // set path to not found list
    struct multi_head_notfound_callback_param* pcbparam = reinterpret_cast<struct multi_head_notfound_callback_param*>(param);

    AutoLock auto_lock(&(pcbparam->list_lock));
    pcbparam->notfound_list.push_back(s3fscurl->GetBasePath());

    return true;
}

static S3fsCurl* multi_head_retry_callback(S3fsCurl* s3fscurl)
{
    if(!s3fscurl){
        return NULL;
    }
    size_t ssec_key_pos= s3fscurl->GetLastPreHeadSeecKeyPos();
    int retry_count = s3fscurl->GetMultipartRetryCount();

    // retry next sse key.
    // if end of sse key, set retry master count is up.
    ssec_key_pos = (ssec_key_pos == static_cast<size_t>(-1) ? 0 : ssec_key_pos + 1);
    if(0 == S3fsCurl::GetSseKeyCount() || S3fsCurl::GetSseKeyCount() <= ssec_key_pos){
        if(s3fscurl->IsOverMultipartRetryCount()){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("Over retry count(%d) limit(%s).", s3fscurl->GetMultipartRetryCount(), s3fscurl->GetSpecialSavedPath().c_str());
            return NULL;
        }
        ssec_key_pos = -1;
        retry_count++;
    }

    S3fsCurl* newcurl = new S3fsCurl(s3fscurl->IsUseAhbe());
    std::string path       = s3fscurl->GetPath();
    std::string base_path  = s3fscurl->GetBasePath();
    std::string saved_path = s3fscurl->GetSpecialSavedPath();

    if(!newcurl->PreHeadRequest(path, base_path, saved_path, ssec_key_pos)){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("Could not duplicate curl object(%s).", saved_path.c_str());
        delete newcurl;
        return NULL;
    }
    newcurl->SetMultipartRetryCount(retry_count);

    return newcurl;
}

static int readdir_multi_head(const char* path, const S3ObjList& head, void* buf, fuse_fill_dir_t filler)
{
    S3fsMultiCurl curlmulti(S3fsCurl::GetMaxMultiRequest());
    s3obj_list_t  headlist;
    int           result = 0;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO1("[path=%s][list=%zu]", path, headlist.size());

    // Make base path list.
    head.GetNameList(headlist, true, false);  // get name with "/".

    // Initialize S3fsMultiCurl
    curlmulti.SetSuccessCallback(multi_head_callback);
    curlmulti.SetRetryCallback(multi_head_retry_callback);

    // Success Callback function parameter
    struct multi_head_callback_param success_param;
    success_param.buf    = buf;
    success_param.filler = filler;
    curlmulti.SetSuccessCallbackParam(reinterpret_cast<void*>(&success_param));

    // Not found Callback function parameter
    struct multi_head_notfound_callback_param notfound_param;
    if(support_compat_dir){
        pthread_mutexattr_t attr;
        pthread_mutexattr_init(&attr);
        #if S3FS_PTHREAD_ERRORCHECK
        pthread_mutexattr_settype(&attr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK);
        #endif

        if(0 != (result = pthread_mutex_init(&(notfound_param.list_lock), &attr))){
            S3FS_PRN_CRIT("failed to init notfound_param.list_lock: %d", result);
            abort();
        }
        curlmulti.SetNotFoundCallback(multi_head_notfound_callback);
        curlmulti.SetNotFoundCallbackParam(reinterpret_cast<void*>(&notfound_param));
    }

    // Make single head request(with max).
    for(s3obj_list_t::iterator iter = headlist.begin(); headlist.end() != iter; iter = headlist.erase(iter)){
        std::string disppath = path + (*iter);
        std::string etag     = head.GetETag((*iter).c_str());
        struct stat st;

        // [NOTE]
        // If there is a cache hit, file stat is filled by filler at here.
        //
        if(StatCache::getStatCacheData()->HasStat(disppath, &st, etag.c_str())){
            std::string bpath = mybasename(disppath);
            if(use_wtf8){
                bpath = s3fs_wtf8_decode(bpath);
            }
            filler(buf, bpath.c_str(), &st, 0);
            continue;
        }

        // First check for directory, start checking "not SSE-C".
        // If checking failed, retry to check with "SSE-C" by retry callback func when SSE-C mode.
        S3fsCurl* s3fscurl = new S3fsCurl();
        if(!s3fscurl->PreHeadRequest(disppath, (*iter), disppath)){  // target path = cache key path.(ex "dir/")
            S3FS_PRN_WARN("Could not make curl object for head request(%s).", disppath.c_str());
            delete s3fscurl;
            continue;
        }

        if(!curlmulti.SetS3fsCurlObject(s3fscurl)){
            S3FS_PRN_WARN("Could not make curl object into multi curl(%s).", disppath.c_str());
            delete s3fscurl;
            continue;
        }
    }

    // Multi request
    if(0 != (result = curlmulti.Request())){
        // If result is -EIO, it is something error occurred.
        // This case includes that the object is encrypting(SSE) and s3fs does not have keys.
        // So s3fs set result to 0 in order to continue the process.
        if(-EIO == result){
            S3FS_PRN_WARN("error occurred in multi request(errno=%d), but continue...", result);
            result = 0;
        }else{
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("error occurred in multi request(errno=%d).", result);
            return result;
        }
    }

    // [NOTE]
    // Objects that could not be found by HEAD request may exist only
    // as a path, so search for objects under that path.(a case of no dir object)
    //
    if(support_compat_dir && !notfound_param.notfound_list.empty()){      // [NOTE] not need to lock to access this here.
        // dummy header
        mode_t dirmask = umask(0);      // macos does not have getumask()
        umask(dirmask);

        headers_t   dummy_header;
        dummy_header["Content-Type"]     = std::string("application/x-directory");          // directory
        dummy_header["x-amz-meta-uid"]   = str(is_s3fs_uid ? s3fs_uid : geteuid());
        dummy_header["x-amz-meta-gid"]   = str(is_s3fs_gid ? s3fs_gid : getegid());
        dummy_header["x-amz-meta-mode"]  = str(S_IFDIR | (~dirmask & (S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO)));
        dummy_header["x-amz-meta-atime"] = str(0);
        dummy_header["x-amz-meta-ctime"] = str(0);
        dummy_header["x-amz-meta-mtime"] = str(0);

        for(s3obj_list_t::iterator reiter = notfound_param.notfound_list.begin(); reiter != notfound_param.notfound_list.end(); ++reiter){
            int dir_result;
            if(0 == (dir_result = directory_empty(reiter->c_str()))){
                // Found objects under the path, so the path is directory.
                //
                std::string dirpath = path + (*reiter);

                // Add stat cache
                if(StatCache::getStatCacheData()->AddStat(dirpath, dummy_header, true)){    // set forcedir=true
                    // Get stats from stats cache(for converting from meta), and fill
                    std::string base_path = mybasename(dirpath);
                    if(use_wtf8){
                        base_path = s3fs_wtf8_decode(base_path);
                    }

                    struct stat st;
                    if(StatCache::getStatCacheData()->GetStat(dirpath, &st)){
                        filler(buf, base_path.c_str(), &st, 0);
                    }else{
                        S3FS_PRN_INFO2("Could not find %s directory(no dir object) in stat cache.", dirpath.c_str());
                        filler(buf, base_path.c_str(), 0, 0);
                    }
                }else{
                    S3FS_PRN_ERR("failed adding stat cache [path=%s], but dontinue...", dirpath.c_str());
                }
            }else{
                S3FS_PRN_WARN("%s object does not have any object under it(errno=%d),", reiter->c_str(), dir_result);
            }
        }
    }

    return result;
}

static int s3fs_readdir(const char* _path, void* buf, fuse_fill_dir_t filler, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info* fi)
{
    WTF8_ENCODE(path)
    S3ObjList head;
    int result;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s]", path);

    if(0 != (result = check_object_access(path, R_OK, NULL))){
        return result;
    }

    // get a list of all the objects
    if((result = list_bucket(path, head, "/")) != 0){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("list_bucket returns error(%d).", result);
        return result;
    }

    // force to add "." and ".." name.
    filler(buf, ".", 0, 0);
    filler(buf, "..", 0, 0);
    if(head.IsEmpty()){
        return 0;
    }

    // Send multi head request for stats caching.
    std::string strpath = path;
    if(strcmp(path, "/") != 0){
        strpath += "/";
    }
    if(0 != (result = readdir_multi_head(strpath.c_str(), head, buf, filler))){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("readdir_multi_head returns error(%d).", result);
    }
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return result;
}

static int list_bucket(const char* path, S3ObjList& head, const char* delimiter, bool check_content_only)
{
    std::string s3_realpath;
    std::string query_delimiter;
    std::string query_prefix;
    std::string query_maxkey;
    std::string next_continuation_token;
    std::string next_marker;
    bool truncated = true;
    S3fsCurl  s3fscurl;
    xmlDocPtr doc;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO1("[path=%s]", path);

    if(delimiter && 0 < strlen(delimiter)){
        query_delimiter += "delimiter=";
        query_delimiter += delimiter;
        query_delimiter += "&";
    }

    query_prefix += "&prefix=";
    s3_realpath = get_realpath(path);
    if(s3_realpath.empty() || '/' != *s3_realpath.rbegin()){
        // last word must be "/"
        query_prefix += urlEncodePath(s3_realpath.substr(1) + "/");
    }else{
        query_prefix += urlEncodePath(s3_realpath.substr(1));
    }
    if (check_content_only){
        // Just need to know if there are child objects in dir
        // For dir with children, expect "dir/" and "dir/child"
        query_maxkey += "max-keys=2";
    }else{
        query_maxkey += "max-keys=" + str(max_keys_list_object);
    }

    while(truncated){
        // append parameters to query in alphabetical order
        std::string each_query;
        if(!next_continuation_token.empty()){
            each_query += "continuation-token=" + urlEncodePath(next_continuation_token) + "&";
            next_continuation_token = "";
        }
        each_query += query_delimiter;
        if(S3fsCurl::IsListObjectsV2()){
            each_query += "list-type=2&";
        }
        if(!next_marker.empty()){
            each_query += "marker=" + urlEncodePath(next_marker) + "&";
            next_marker = "";
        }
        each_query += query_maxkey;
        each_query += query_prefix;

        // request
        int result; 
        if(0 != (result = s3fscurl.ListBucketRequest(path, each_query.c_str()))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("ListBucketRequest returns with error.");
            return result;
        }
        const BodyData* body = s3fscurl.GetBodyData();

        // [NOTE]
        // CR code(\r) is replaced with LF(\n) by xmlReadMemory() function.
        // To prevent that, only CR code is encoded by following function.
        // The encoded CR code is decoded with append_objects_from_xml(_ex).
        //
        std::string encbody = get_encoded_cr_code(body->str());

        // xmlDocPtr
        if(NULL == (doc = xmlReadMemory(encbody.c_str(), static_cast<int>(encbody.size()), "", NULL, 0))){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("xmlReadMemory returns with error.");
            return -EIO;
        }
        if(0 != append_objects_from_xml(path, doc, head)){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("append_objects_from_xml returns with error.");
            xmlFreeDoc(doc);
            return -EIO;
        }
        if(true == (truncated = is_truncated(doc))){
            xmlChar* tmpch;
            if(NULL != (tmpch = get_next_continuation_token(doc))){
                next_continuation_token = reinterpret_cast<char*>(tmpch);
                xmlFree(tmpch);
            }else if(NULL != (tmpch = get_next_marker(doc))){
                next_marker = reinterpret_cast<char*>(tmpch);
                xmlFree(tmpch);
            }

            if(next_continuation_token.empty() && next_marker.empty()){
                // If did not specify "delimiter", s3 did not return "NextMarker".
                // On this case, can use last name for next marker.
                //
                std::string lastname;
                if(!head.GetLastName(lastname)){
                    S3FS_PRN_WARN("Could not find next marker, thus break loop.");
                    truncated = false;
                }else{
                    next_marker = s3_realpath.substr(1);
                    if(s3_realpath.empty() || '/' != *s3_realpath.rbegin()){
                        next_marker += "/";
                    }
                    next_marker += lastname;
                }
            }
        }
        S3FS_XMLFREEDOC(doc);

        // reset(initialize) curl object
        s3fscurl.DestroyCurlHandle();

        if(check_content_only){
            break;
        }
    }
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return 0;
}

static int remote_mountpath_exists(const char* path)
{
    struct stat stbuf;
    int result;

    S3FS_PRN_INFO1("[path=%s]", path);

    // getattr will prefix the path with the remote mountpoint
    if(0 != (result = get_object_attribute(path, &stbuf, NULL))){
        return result;
    }

    // [NOTE]
    // If "<bucket>/<directory>..." is specified as the mount point
    // and the mount point(directory object) does not exist, the
    // following judgment will result in an error.
    // However, if there is a file object etc. under that mount
    // point(directory), it will be allowed with filling the default
    // stats information.
    //
    if(!has_mp_stat){
        return -ENOENT;
    }
    return 0;
}

static bool get_meta_xattr_value(const char* path, std::string& rawvalue)
{
    if(!path || '\0' == path[0]){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("path is empty.");
        return false;
    }
    S3FS_PRN_DBG("[path=%s]", path);

    rawvalue.erase();

    headers_t meta;
    if(0 != get_object_attribute(path, NULL, &meta)){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("Failed to get object(%s) headers", path);
        return false;
    }

    headers_t::const_iterator iter;
    if(meta.end() == (iter = meta.find("x-amz-meta-xattr"))){
        return false;
    }
    rawvalue = iter->second;
    return true;
}

static bool get_parent_meta_xattr_value(const char* path, std::string& rawvalue)
{
    if(0 == strcmp(path, "/") || 0 == strcmp(path, ".")){
        // path is mount point, thus does not have parent.
        return false;
    }

    std::string parent = mydirname(path);
    if(parent.empty()){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("Could not get parent path for %s.", path);
        return false;
    }
    return get_meta_xattr_value(parent.c_str(), rawvalue);
}

static bool get_xattr_posix_key_value(const char* path, std::string& xattrvalue, bool default_key)
{
    xattrvalue.erase();

    std::string rawvalue;
    if(!get_meta_xattr_value(path, rawvalue)){
        return false;
    }

    xattrs_t xattrs;
    if(0 == parse_xattrs(rawvalue, xattrs)){
        return false;
    }

    std::string targetkey;
    if(default_key){
        targetkey = "system.posix_acl_default";
    }else{
        targetkey = "system.posix_acl_access";
    }

    xattrs_t::iterator iter;
    if(xattrs.end() == (iter = xattrs.find(targetkey)) || !(iter->second)){
        free_xattrs(xattrs);
        return false;
    }

    // convert value by base64
    char* base64val = s3fs_base64((iter->second)->pvalue, (iter->second)->length);
    if(!base64val){
        free_xattrs(xattrs);
        return false;
    }
    free_xattrs(xattrs);

    xattrvalue = base64val;
    delete[] base64val;

    return true;
}

// [NOTE]
// Converts and returns the POSIX ACL default(system.posix_acl_default) value of
// the parent directory as a POSIX ACL(system.posix_acl_access) value.
// Returns false if the parent directory has no POSIX ACL defaults.
//
static bool build_inherited_xattr_value(const char* path, std::string& xattrvalue)
{
    S3FS_PRN_DBG("[path=%s]", path);

    xattrvalue.erase();

    if(0 == strcmp(path, "/") || 0 == strcmp(path, ".")){
        // path is mount point, thus does not have parent.
        return false;
    }

    std::string parent = mydirname(path);
    if(parent.empty()){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("Could not get parent path for %s.", path);
        return false;
    }

    // get parent's "system.posix_acl_default" value(base64'd).
    std::string parent_default_value;
    if(!get_xattr_posix_key_value(parent.c_str(), parent_default_value, true)){
        return false;
    }

    // build "system.posix_acl_access" from parent's default value
    std::string raw_xattr_value;
    raw_xattr_value  = "{\"system.posix_acl_access\":\"";
    raw_xattr_value += parent_default_value;
    raw_xattr_value += "\"}";

    xattrvalue = urlEncodePath(raw_xattr_value);
    return true;
}

static void free_xattrs(xattrs_t& xattrs)
{
    for(xattrs_t::iterator iter = xattrs.begin(); iter != xattrs.end(); ++iter){
        delete iter->second;
    }
    xattrs.clear();
}

static bool parse_xattr_keyval(const std::string& xattrpair, std::string& key, PXATTRVAL& pval)
{
    // parse key and value
    size_t pos;
    std::string tmpval;
    if(std::string::npos == (pos = xattrpair.find_first_of(':'))){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("one of xattr pair(%s) is wrong format.", xattrpair.c_str());
        return false;
    }
    key    = xattrpair.substr(0, pos);
    tmpval = xattrpair.substr(pos + 1);

    if(!takeout_str_dquart(key) || !takeout_str_dquart(tmpval)){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("one of xattr pair(%s) is wrong format.", xattrpair.c_str());
        return false;
    }

    pval = new XATTRVAL;
    pval->length = 0;
    pval->pvalue = s3fs_decode64(tmpval.c_str(), tmpval.size(), &pval->length);

    return true;
}

static size_t parse_xattrs(const std::string& strxattrs, xattrs_t& xattrs)
{
    xattrs.clear();

    // decode
    std::string jsonxattrs = urlDecode(strxattrs);

    // get from "{" to "}"
    std::string restxattrs;
    {
        size_t startpos;
        size_t endpos = std::string::npos;
        if(std::string::npos != (startpos = jsonxattrs.find_first_of('{'))){
            endpos = jsonxattrs.find_last_of('}');
        }
        if(startpos == std::string::npos || endpos == std::string::npos || endpos <= startpos){
            S3FS_PRN_WARN("xattr header(%s) is not json format.", jsonxattrs.c_str());
            return 0;
        }
        restxattrs = jsonxattrs.substr(startpos + 1, endpos - (startpos + 1));
    }

    // parse each key:val
    for(size_t pair_nextpos = restxattrs.find_first_of(','); !restxattrs.empty(); restxattrs = (pair_nextpos != std::string::npos ? restxattrs.substr(pair_nextpos + 1) : std::string("")), pair_nextpos = restxattrs.find_first_of(',')){
        std::string pair = pair_nextpos != std::string::npos ? restxattrs.substr(0, pair_nextpos) : restxattrs;
        std::string key;
        PXATTRVAL pval = NULL;
        if(!parse_xattr_keyval(pair, key, pval)){
            // something format error, so skip this.
            continue;
        }
        xattrs[key] = pval;
    }
    return xattrs.size();
}

static std::string raw_build_xattrs(const xattrs_t& xattrs)
{
    std::string strxattrs;
    bool        is_set = false;
    for(xattrs_t::const_iterator iter = xattrs.begin(); iter != xattrs.end(); ++iter){
        if(is_set){
            strxattrs += ',';
        }else{
            is_set    = true;
            strxattrs = "{";
        }
        strxattrs += '\"';
        strxattrs += iter->first;
        strxattrs += "\":\"";

        if(iter->second){
            char* base64val = s3fs_base64((iter->second)->pvalue, (iter->second)->length);
            if(base64val){
                strxattrs += base64val;
                delete[] base64val;
            }
        }
        strxattrs += '\"';
    }
    if(is_set){
        strxattrs += "}";
    }
    return strxattrs;
}

static std::string build_xattrs(const xattrs_t& xattrs)
{
    std::string strxattrs = raw_build_xattrs(xattrs);
    if(strxattrs.empty()){
        strxattrs = "{}";
    }
    strxattrs = urlEncodePath(strxattrs);

    return strxattrs;
}

static int set_xattrs_to_header(headers_t& meta, const char* name, const char* value, size_t size, int flags)
{
    std::string strxattrs;
    xattrs_t xattrs;

    headers_t::iterator iter;
    if(meta.end() == (iter = meta.find("x-amz-meta-xattr"))){
#if defined(XATTR_REPLACE)
        if(XATTR_REPLACE == (flags & XATTR_REPLACE)){
            // there is no xattr header but flags is replace, so failure.
            return -ENOATTR;
        }
#endif
    }else{
#if defined(XATTR_CREATE)
        if(XATTR_CREATE == (flags & XATTR_CREATE)){
            // found xattr header but flags is only creating, so failure.
            return -EEXIST;
        }
#endif
      strxattrs = iter->second;
    }

    // get map as xattrs_t
    parse_xattrs(strxattrs, xattrs);

    // add name(do not care overwrite and empty name/value)
    xattrs_t::iterator xiter;
    if(xattrs.end() != (xiter = xattrs.find(std::string(name)))){
        // found same head. free value.
        delete xiter->second;
    }

    PXATTRVAL pval = new XATTRVAL;
    pval->length = size;
    if(0 < size){
        pval->pvalue = new unsigned char[size];
        memcpy(pval->pvalue, value, size);
    }else{
        pval->pvalue = NULL;
    }
    xattrs[std::string(name)] = pval;

    // build new strxattrs(not encoded) and set it to headers_t
    meta["x-amz-meta-xattr"] = build_xattrs(xattrs);

    S3FS_PRN_DBG("Set xattrs(after adding %s key) = %s", name, raw_build_xattrs(xattrs).c_str());

    free_xattrs(xattrs);

    return 0;
}

#if defined(__APPLE__)
static int s3fs_setxattr(const char* path, const char* name, const char* value, size_t size, int flags, uint32_t position)
#else
static int s3fs_setxattr(const char* path, const char* name, const char* value, size_t size, int flags)
#endif
{
    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][name=%s][value=%p][size=%zu][flags=0x%x]", path, name, value, size, flags);

    if((value && 0 == size) || (!value && 0 < size)){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("Wrong parameter: value(%p), size(%zu)", value, size);
        return 0;
    }

#if defined(__APPLE__)
    if (position != 0) {
        // No resource fork support
        return -EINVAL;
    }
#endif

    int         result;
    std::string strpath;
    std::string newpath;
    std::string nowcache;
    headers_t   meta;
    struct stat stbuf;
    dirtype     nDirType = DIRTYPE_UNKNOWN;

    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, X_OK))){
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = check_object_owner(path, &stbuf))){
        return result;
    }

    if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode)){
        result = chk_dir_object_type(path, newpath, strpath, nowcache, &meta, &nDirType);
    }else{
        strpath  = path;
        nowcache = strpath;
        result   = get_object_attribute(strpath.c_str(), NULL, &meta);
    }
    if(0 != result){
        return result;
    }

    if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode) && (IS_REPLACEDIR(nDirType) || IS_CREATE_MP_STAT(path))){
        if(IS_REPLACEDIR(nDirType)){
            // Should rebuild directory object(except new type)
            // Need to remove old dir("dir" etc) and make new dir("dir/")

            // At first, remove directory old object
            if(0 != (result = remove_old_type_dir(strpath, nDirType))){
                return result;
            }
        }
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);

        // Make new directory object("dir/")
        struct timespec ts_atime;
        struct timespec ts_mtime;
        struct timespec ts_ctime;
        set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_ATIME, ts_atime);
        set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_MTIME, ts_mtime);
        set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_CTIME, ts_ctime);

        if(0 != (result = create_directory_object(newpath.c_str(), stbuf.st_mode, ts_atime, ts_mtime, ts_ctime, stbuf.st_uid, stbuf.st_gid, NULL))){
            return result;
        }

        // need to set xattr header for directory.
        strpath  = newpath;
        nowcache = strpath;
    }

    // set xattr all object
    std::string strSourcePath              = (mount_prefix.empty() && "/" == strpath) ? "//" : strpath;
    headers_t   updatemeta;
    updatemeta["x-amz-meta-ctime"]         = s3fs_str_realtime();
    updatemeta["x-amz-copy-source"]        = urlEncodePath(service_path + S3fsCred::GetBucket() + get_realpath(strSourcePath.c_str()));
    updatemeta["x-amz-metadata-directive"] = "REPLACE";

    // check opened file handle.
    //
    // If the file starts uploading by multipart when the disk capacity is insufficient,
    // we need to put these header after finishing upload.
    // Or if the file is only open, we must update to FdEntity's internal meta.
    //
    AutoFdEntity autoent;
    FdEntity*    ent;
    bool         need_put_header = true;
    if(NULL != (ent = autoent.OpenExistFdEntity(path))){
        // get xattr and make new xattr
        std::string strxattr;
        if(ent->GetXattr(strxattr)){
            updatemeta["x-amz-meta-xattr"] = strxattr;
        }else{
            // [NOTE]
            // Set an empty xattr.
            // This requires the key to be present in order to add xattr.
            ent->SetXattr(strxattr);
        }
        if(0 != (result = set_xattrs_to_header(updatemeta, name, value, size, flags))){
            return result;
        }

        if(ent->MergeOrgMeta(updatemeta)){
            // meta is changed, but now uploading.
            // then the meta is pending and accumulated to be put after the upload is complete.
            S3FS_PRN_INFO("meta pending until upload is complete");
            need_put_header = false;

            // If there is data in the Stats cache, update the Stats cache.
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->UpdateMetaStats(strpath, updatemeta);
        }
    }
    if(need_put_header){
        // not found opened file.
        if(0 != (result = set_xattrs_to_header(meta, name, value, size, flags))){
            return result;
        }
        merge_headers(meta, updatemeta, true);

        // upload meta directly.
        if(0 != (result = put_headers(strpath.c_str(), meta, true))){
            return result;
        }
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);
    }

    return 0;
}

#if defined(__APPLE__)
static int s3fs_getxattr(const char* path, const char* name, char* value, size_t size, uint32_t position)
#else
static int s3fs_getxattr(const char* path, const char* name, char* value, size_t size)
#endif
{
    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][name=%s][value=%p][size=%zu]", path, name, value, size);

    if(!path || !name){
        return -EIO;
    }

#if defined(__APPLE__)
    if (position != 0) {
        // No resource fork support
        return -EINVAL;
    }
#endif

    int       result;
    headers_t meta;
    xattrs_t  xattrs;

    // check parent directory attribute.
    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, X_OK))){
        return result;
    }

    // get headers
    if(0 != (result = get_object_attribute(path, NULL, &meta))){
        return result;
    }

    // get xattrs
    headers_t::iterator hiter = meta.find("x-amz-meta-xattr");
    if(meta.end() == hiter){
        // object does not have xattrs
        return -ENOATTR;
    }
    std::string strxattrs = hiter->second;

    parse_xattrs(strxattrs, xattrs);

    S3FS_PRN_DBG("Get xattrs = %s", raw_build_xattrs(xattrs).c_str());

    // search name
    std::string strname = name;
    xattrs_t::iterator xiter = xattrs.find(strname);
    if(xattrs.end() == xiter){
        // not found name in xattrs
        free_xattrs(xattrs);
        return -ENOATTR;
    }

    // decode
    size_t         length = 0;
    unsigned char* pvalue = NULL;
    if(NULL != xiter->second){
        length = xiter->second->length;
        pvalue = xiter->second->pvalue;
    }

    if(0 < size){
        if(static_cast<size_t>(size) < length){
            // over buffer size
            free_xattrs(xattrs);
            return -ERANGE;
        }
        if(pvalue){
            memcpy(value, pvalue, length);
        }
    }
    free_xattrs(xattrs);

    return static_cast<int>(length);
}

static int s3fs_listxattr(const char* path, char* list, size_t size)
{
    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][list=%p][size=%zu]", path, list, size);

    if(!path){
        return -EIO;
    }

    int       result;
    headers_t meta;
    xattrs_t  xattrs;

    // check parent directory attribute.
    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, X_OK))){
        return result;
    }

    // get headers
    if(0 != (result = get_object_attribute(path, NULL, &meta))){
        return result;
    }

    // get xattrs
    headers_t::iterator iter;
    if(meta.end() == (iter = meta.find("x-amz-meta-xattr"))){
        // object does not have xattrs
        return 0;
    }
    std::string strxattrs = iter->second;

    parse_xattrs(strxattrs, xattrs);

    S3FS_PRN_DBG("Get xattrs = %s", raw_build_xattrs(xattrs).c_str());

    // calculate total name length
    size_t total = 0;
    for(xattrs_t::const_iterator xiter = xattrs.begin(); xiter != xattrs.end(); ++xiter){
        if(!xiter->first.empty()){
            total += xiter->first.length() + 1;
        }
    }

    if(0 == total){
        free_xattrs(xattrs);
        return 0;
    }

    // check parameters
    if(0 == size){
        free_xattrs(xattrs);
        return static_cast<int>(total);
    }
    if(!list || size < total){
        free_xattrs(xattrs);
        return -ERANGE;
    }

    // copy to list
    char* setpos = list;
    for(xattrs_t::const_iterator xiter = xattrs.begin(); xiter != xattrs.end(); ++xiter){
        if(!xiter->first.empty()){
            strcpy(setpos, xiter->first.c_str());
            setpos = &setpos[strlen(setpos) + 1];
        }
    }
    free_xattrs(xattrs);

    return static_cast<int>(total);
}

static int s3fs_removexattr(const char* path, const char* name)
{
    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][name=%s]", path, name);

    if(!path || !name){
        return -EIO;
    }

    int         result;
    std::string strpath;
    std::string newpath;
    std::string nowcache;
    headers_t   meta;
    xattrs_t    xattrs;
    struct stat stbuf;
    dirtype     nDirType = DIRTYPE_UNKNOWN;

    if(0 == strcmp(path, "/")){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("Could not change mode for mount point.");
        return -EIO;
    }
    if(0 != (result = check_parent_object_access(path, X_OK))){
        return result;
    }
    if(0 != (result = check_object_owner(path, &stbuf))){
        return result;
    }

    if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode)){
        result = chk_dir_object_type(path, newpath, strpath, nowcache, &meta, &nDirType);
    }else{
        strpath  = path;
        nowcache = strpath;
        result   = get_object_attribute(strpath.c_str(), NULL, &meta);
    }
    if(0 != result){
        return result;
    }

    // get xattrs
    headers_t::iterator hiter = meta.find("x-amz-meta-xattr");
    if(meta.end() == hiter){
        // object does not have xattrs
        return -ENOATTR;
    }
    std::string strxattrs = hiter->second;

    parse_xattrs(strxattrs, xattrs);

    // check name xattrs
    std::string strname = name;
    xattrs_t::iterator xiter = xattrs.find(strname);
    if(xattrs.end() == xiter){
        free_xattrs(xattrs);
        return -ENOATTR;
    }

    // make new header_t after deleting name xattr
    delete xiter->second;
    xattrs.erase(xiter);

    S3FS_PRN_DBG("Reset xattrs(after delete %s key) = %s", name, raw_build_xattrs(xattrs).c_str());

    if(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode) && IS_REPLACEDIR(nDirType)){
        // Should rebuild directory object(except new type)
        // Need to remove old dir("dir" etc) and make new dir("dir/")

        // At first, remove directory old object
        if(0 != (result = remove_old_type_dir(strpath, nDirType))){
            return result;
        }
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);

        // Make new directory object("dir/")
        struct timespec ts_atime;
        struct timespec ts_mtime;
        struct timespec ts_ctime;
        set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_ATIME, ts_atime);
        set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_MTIME, ts_mtime);
        set_stat_to_timespec(stbuf, ST_TYPE_CTIME, ts_ctime);

        if(0 != (result = create_directory_object(newpath.c_str(), stbuf.st_mode, ts_atime, ts_mtime, ts_ctime, stbuf.st_uid, stbuf.st_gid, NULL))){
            free_xattrs(xattrs);
            return result;
        }

        // need to set xattr header for directory.
        strpath  = newpath;
        nowcache = strpath;
    }

    // set xattr all object
    std::string strSourcePath              = (mount_prefix.empty() && "/" == strpath) ? "//" : strpath;
    headers_t   updatemeta;
    updatemeta["x-amz-copy-source"]        = urlEncodePath(service_path + S3fsCred::GetBucket() + get_realpath(strSourcePath.c_str()));
    updatemeta["x-amz-metadata-directive"] = "REPLACE";
    if(!xattrs.empty()){
        updatemeta["x-amz-meta-xattr"]     = build_xattrs(xattrs);
    }else{
        updatemeta["x-amz-meta-xattr"]     = std::string("");      // This is a special case. If empty, this header will eventually be removed.
    }
    free_xattrs(xattrs);

    // check opened file handle.
    //
    // If the file starts uploading by multipart when the disk capacity is insufficient,
    // we need to put these header after finishing upload.
    // Or if the file is only open, we must update to FdEntity's internal meta.
    //
    AutoFdEntity autoent;
    FdEntity*    ent;
    bool         need_put_header = true;
    if(NULL != (ent = autoent.OpenExistFdEntity(path))){
        if(ent->MergeOrgMeta(updatemeta)){
            // meta is changed, but now uploading.
            // then the meta is pending and accumulated to be put after the upload is complete.
            S3FS_PRN_INFO("meta pending until upload is complete");
            need_put_header = false;

            // If there is data in the Stats cache, update the Stats cache.
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->UpdateMetaStats(strpath, updatemeta);
        }
    }
    if(need_put_header){
        // not found opened file.
        if(updatemeta["x-amz-meta-xattr"].empty()){
            updatemeta.erase("x-amz-meta-xattr");
        }

        merge_headers(meta, updatemeta, true);

        // upload meta directly.
        if(0 != (result = put_headers(strpath.c_str(), meta, true))){
            return result;
        }
        StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DelStat(nowcache);
    }

    return 0;
}
   
// s3fs_init calls this function to exit cleanly from the fuse event loop.
//
// There's no way to pass an exit status to the high-level event loop API, so 
// this function stores the exit value in a global for main()
static void s3fs_exit_fuseloop(int exit_status)
{
      S3FS_PRN_ERR("Exiting FUSE event loop due to errors\n");
      s3fs_init_deferred_exit_status = exit_status;
      struct fuse_context *ctx = fuse_get_context();
      if (NULL != ctx) {
            fuse_exit(ctx->fuse);
      }
}

static void* s3fs_init(struct fuse_conn_info* conn)
{
    S3FS_PRN_INIT_INFO("init v%s(commit:%s) with %s, credential-library(%s)", VERSION, COMMIT_HASH_VAL, s3fs_crypt_lib_name(), ps3fscred->GetCredFuncVersion(false));

    // cache(remove cache dirs at first)
    if(is_remove_cache && (!CacheFileStat::DeleteCacheFileStatDirectory() || !FdManager::DeleteCacheDirectory())){
        S3FS_PRN_DBG("Could not initialize cache directory.");
    }

    // check loading IAM role name
    if(!ps3fscred->LoadIAMRoleFromMetaData()){
        S3FS_PRN_CRIT("could not load IAM role name from meta data.");
        s3fs_exit_fuseloop(EXIT_FAILURE);
        return NULL;
    }

    // Check Bucket
    {
        int result;
        if(EXIT_SUCCESS != (result = s3fs_check_service())){
            s3fs_exit_fuseloop(result);
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    // Investigate system capabilities
    #ifndef __APPLE__
    if((unsigned int)conn->capable & FUSE_CAP_ATOMIC_O_TRUNC){
         conn->want |= FUSE_CAP_ATOMIC_O_TRUNC;
    }
    #endif

    if((unsigned int)conn->capable & FUSE_CAP_BIG_WRITES){
         conn->want |= FUSE_CAP_BIG_WRITES;
    }

    // Signal object
    if(!S3fsSignals::Initialize()){
        S3FS_PRN_ERR("Failed to initialize signal object, but continue...");
    }

    return NULL;
}

static void s3fs_destroy(void*)
{
    S3FS_PRN_INFO("destroy");

    // Signal object
    if(!S3fsSignals::Destroy()){
        S3FS_PRN_WARN("Failed to clean up signal object.");
    }

    // cache(remove at last)
    if(is_remove_cache && (!CacheFileStat::DeleteCacheFileStatDirectory() || !FdManager::DeleteCacheDirectory())){
        S3FS_PRN_WARN("Could not remove cache directory.");
    }
}

static int s3fs_access(const char* path, int mask)
{
    S3FS_PRN_INFO("[path=%s][mask=%s%s%s%s]", path,
            ((mask & R_OK) == R_OK) ? "R_OK " : "",
            ((mask & W_OK) == W_OK) ? "W_OK " : "",
            ((mask & X_OK) == X_OK) ? "X_OK " : "",
            (mask == F_OK) ? "F_OK" : "");

    int result = check_object_access(path, mask, NULL);
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);
    return result;
}

//
// If calling with wrong region, s3fs gets following error body as 400 error code.
// "<Error>
//    <Code>AuthorizationHeaderMalformed</Code>
//    <Message>The authorization header is malformed; the region 'us-east-1' is wrong; expecting 'ap-northeast-1'</Message>
//    <Region>ap-northeast-1</Region>
//    <RequestId>...</RequestId>
//    <HostId>...</HostId>
//  </Error>"
//
// So this is cheap code but s3fs should get correct region automatically.
//
static bool check_region_error(const char* pbody, size_t len, std::string& expectregion)
{
    if(!pbody){
        return false;
    }

    std::string code;
    if(!simple_parse_xml(pbody, len, "Code", code) || code != "AuthorizationHeaderMalformed"){
        return false;
    }

    if(!simple_parse_xml(pbody, len, "Region", expectregion)){
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

static bool check_endpoint_error(const char* pbody, size_t len, std::string& expectendpoint)
{
    if(!pbody){
        return false;
    }

    std::string code;
    if(!simple_parse_xml(pbody, len, "Code", code) || code != "PermanentRedirect"){
        return false;
    }

    if(!simple_parse_xml(pbody, len, "Endpoint", expectendpoint)){
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

// [NOTE]
// This checks whether access to the bucket when s3fs is started.
//
// The following patterns for mount point are supported by s3fs:
// (1) Mount the bucket top
// (2) Mount the directory(folder) under the bucket. In this case, there are
//     the following cases:
//     (2A) Directories created by clients other than s3fs
//     (2B) Directory created by s3fs
//
// At first in this functoin, if user has access to the bucket, the checking
// access to the bucket succeeds and this function returns success. However,
// if user does not have access to the bucket and has permissions to the
// directory, this first check will fail.
// But if user specifies the directory for mount point, this function retries
// to check with the path containing the directory. And it will be success.
//
// In the case of (2A), the check will succeed if the bucket allows to access,
// but will fail if permissions are granted only to the directory, as it is not
// a directory recognized by s3fs. This combination is not supported by s3fs,
// so make sure user create the directory before starting s3fs.
// In case (2B), if user does not have access to bucket, the first check(to
// bucket) fails, but the retry check(with path) succeeds.
//
static int s3fs_check_service()
{
    S3FS_PRN_INFO("check services.");

    // At first time for access S3, we check IAM role if it sets.
    if(!ps3fscred->CheckIAMCredentialUpdate()){
        S3FS_PRN_CRIT("Failed to initialize IAM credential.");
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    S3fsCurl s3fscurl;
    int      res;
    if(0 > (res = s3fscurl.CheckBucket("/"))){
        // get response code
        long responseCode     = s3fscurl.GetLastResponseCode();
        bool changed_endpoint = false;

        // check wrong endpoint, and automatically switch endpoint
        if(300 <= responseCode && responseCode < 500){

            // check region error(for putting message or retrying)
            const BodyData* body = s3fscurl.GetBodyData();
            std::string expectregion;
            std::string expectendpoint;
            if(check_region_error(body->str(), body->size(), expectregion)){
                // [NOTE]
                // If endpoint is not specified(using us-east-1 region) and
                // an error is encountered accessing a different region, we
                // will retry the check on the expected region.
                // see) https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/UsingBucket.html#access-bucket-intro
                //
                if(is_specified_endpoint){
                    const char* tmp_expect_ep = expectregion.c_str();
                    S3FS_PRN_CRIT("The bucket region is not '%s', it is correctly '%s'. You should specify 'endpoint=%s' option.", endpoint.c_str(), tmp_expect_ep, tmp_expect_ep);

                }else{
                    // current endpoint is wrong, so try to connect to expected region.
                    S3FS_PRN_CRIT("Failed to connect region '%s'(default), so retry to connect region '%s'.", endpoint.c_str(), expectregion.c_str());
                    endpoint         = expectregion;
                    changed_endpoint = true;

                    if(S3fsCurl::GetSignatureType() == V4_ONLY ||
                       S3fsCurl::GetSignatureType() == V2_OR_V4){
                        if(s3host == "http://s3.amazonaws.com"){
                            s3host = "http://s3-" + endpoint + ".amazonaws.com";
                        }else if(s3host == "https://s3.amazonaws.com"){
                            s3host = "https://s3-" + endpoint + ".amazonaws.com";
                        }
                    }
                }
            }else if(check_endpoint_error(body->str(), body->size(), expectendpoint)){
                S3FS_PRN_ERR("S3 service returned PermanentRedirect with endpoint: %s", expectendpoint.c_str());
                return EXIT_FAILURE;
            }
        }

        // retry to check with new endpoint
        if(changed_endpoint){
            s3fscurl.DestroyCurlHandle();
            res          = s3fscurl.CheckBucket("/");
            responseCode = s3fscurl.GetLastResponseCode();
        }

        // retry to check with mount prefix
        if(300 <= responseCode && responseCode < 500 && !mount_prefix.empty()){
            s3fscurl.DestroyCurlHandle();
            res          = s3fscurl.CheckBucket(get_realpath("/").c_str());
            responseCode = s3fscurl.GetLastResponseCode();
        }

        // try signature v2
        if(0 > res && (responseCode == 400 || responseCode == 403) && S3fsCurl::GetSignatureType() == V2_OR_V4){
            // switch sigv2
            S3FS_PRN_CRIT("Failed to connect by sigv4, so retry to connect by signature version 2.");
            S3fsCurl::SetSignatureType(V2_ONLY);

            // retry to check with sigv2
            s3fscurl.DestroyCurlHandle();
            res          = s3fscurl.CheckBucket("/");
            responseCode = s3fscurl.GetLastResponseCode();

            // retry to check with mount prefix
            if(300 <= responseCode && responseCode < 500 && !mount_prefix.empty()){
                s3fscurl.DestroyCurlHandle();
                res          = s3fscurl.CheckBucket(get_realpath("/").c_str());
                responseCode = s3fscurl.GetLastResponseCode();
            }
        }

        // check errors(after retrying)
        if(0 > res && responseCode != 200 && responseCode != 301){
            if(responseCode == 400){
                S3FS_PRN_CRIT("Bad Request(host=%s) - result of checking service.", s3host.c_str());

            }else if(responseCode == 403){
                S3FS_PRN_CRIT("invalid credentials(host=%s) - result of checking service.", s3host.c_str());

            }else if(responseCode == 404){
                S3FS_PRN_CRIT("bucket or key not found(host=%s) - result of checking service.", s3host.c_str());

            }else{
                // another error
                S3FS_PRN_CRIT("unable to connect(host=%s) - result of checking service.", s3host.c_str());
            }
            return EXIT_FAILURE;
        }
    }
    s3fscurl.DestroyCurlHandle();

    // make sure remote mountpath exists and is a directory
    if(!mount_prefix.empty()){
        if(remote_mountpath_exists("/") != 0){
            S3FS_PRN_CRIT("remote mountpath %s not found.", mount_prefix.c_str());
            return EXIT_FAILURE;
        }
    }
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

//
// Check & Set attributes for mount point.
//
static bool set_mountpoint_attribute(struct stat& mpst)
{
    mp_uid  = geteuid();
    mp_gid  = getegid();
    mp_mode = S_IFDIR | (allow_other ? (is_mp_umask ? (~mp_umask & (S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO)) : (S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO)) : S_IRWXU);

// In MSYS2 environment with WinFsp, it is not supported to change mode of mount point.
// Doing that forcely will occurs permission problem, so disabling it.
#ifdef __MSYS__
    return true;
#else
    S3FS_PRN_INFO2("PROC(uid=%u, gid=%u) - MountPoint(uid=%u, gid=%u, mode=%04o)",
           (unsigned int)mp_uid, (unsigned int)mp_gid, (unsigned int)(mpst.st_uid), (unsigned int)(mpst.st_gid), mpst.st_mode);

    // check owner
    if(0 == mp_uid || mpst.st_uid == mp_uid){
        return true;
    }
    // check group permission
    if(mpst.st_gid == mp_gid || 1 == is_uid_include_group(mp_uid, mpst.st_gid)){
        if(S_IRWXG == (mpst.st_mode & S_IRWXG)){
            return true;
        }
    }
    // check other permission
    if(S_IRWXO == (mpst.st_mode & S_IRWXO)){
        return true;
    }
    return false;
#endif
}

//
// Set bucket and mount_prefix based on passed bucket name.
//
static int set_bucket(const char* arg)
{
    // TODO: Mutates input.  Consider some other tokenization.
    char *bucket_name = const_cast<char*>(arg);
    if(strstr(arg, ":")){
        if(strstr(arg, "://")){
            S3FS_PRN_EXIT("bucket name and path(\"%s\") is wrong, it must be \"bucket[:/path]\".", arg);
            return -1;
        }
        if(!S3fsCred::SetBucket(strtok(bucket_name, ":"))){
            S3FS_PRN_EXIT("bucket name and path(\"%s\") is wrong, it must be \"bucket[:/path]\".", arg);
            return -1;
        }
        char* pmount_prefix = strtok(NULL, "");
        if(pmount_prefix){
            if(0 == strlen(pmount_prefix) || '/' != pmount_prefix[0]){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("path(%s) must be prefix \"/\".", pmount_prefix);
                return -1;
            }
            mount_prefix = pmount_prefix;
            // Trim the last consecutive '/'
            mount_prefix = trim_right(mount_prefix, "/");
        }
    }else{
        if(!S3fsCred::SetBucket(arg)){
            S3FS_PRN_EXIT("bucket name and path(\"%s\") is wrong, it must be \"bucket[:/path]\".", arg);
            return -1;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

// This is repeatedly called by the fuse option parser
// if the key is equal to FUSE_OPT_KEY_OPT, it's an option passed in prefixed by 
// '-' or '--' e.g.: -f -d -ousecache=/tmp
//
// if the key is equal to FUSE_OPT_KEY_NONOPT, it's either the bucket name 
//  or the mountpoint. The bucket name will always come before the mountpoint
static int my_fuse_opt_proc(void* data, const char* arg, int key, struct fuse_args* outargs)
{
    int ret;
    if(key == FUSE_OPT_KEY_NONOPT){
        // the first NONOPT option is the bucket name
        if(S3fsCred::GetBucket().empty()){
            if ((ret = set_bucket(arg))){
                return ret;
            }
            return 0;
        }else if (!strcmp(arg, "s3fs")) {
            return 0;
        }

        // the second NONOPT option is the mountpoint(not utility mode)
        if(mountpoint.empty() && NO_UTILITY_MODE == utility_mode){
            // save the mountpoint and do some basic error checking
            mountpoint = arg;
            struct stat stbuf;

// In MSYS2 environment with WinFsp, it is not needed to create the mount point before mounting.
// Also it causes a conflict with WinFsp's validation, so disabling it.
#ifdef __MSYS__
            memset(&stbuf, 0, sizeof stbuf);
            set_mountpoint_attribute(stbuf);
#else
            if(stat(arg, &stbuf) == -1){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("unable to access MOUNTPOINT %s: %s", mountpoint.c_str(), strerror(errno));
                return -1;
            }
            if(!(S_ISDIR(stbuf.st_mode))){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("MOUNTPOINT: %s is not a directory.", mountpoint.c_str());
                return -1;
            }
            if(!set_mountpoint_attribute(stbuf)){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("MOUNTPOINT: %s permission denied.", mountpoint.c_str());
                return -1;
            }

            if(!nonempty){
                struct dirent *ent;
                DIR *dp = opendir(mountpoint.c_str());
                if(dp == NULL){
                    S3FS_PRN_EXIT("failed to open MOUNTPOINT: %s: %s", mountpoint.c_str(), strerror(errno));
                    return -1;
                }
                while((ent = readdir(dp)) != NULL){
                    if(strcmp(ent->d_name, ".") != 0 && strcmp(ent->d_name, "..") != 0){
                        closedir(dp);
                        S3FS_PRN_EXIT("MOUNTPOINT directory %s is not empty. if you are sure this is safe, can use the 'nonempty' mount option.", mountpoint.c_str());
                        return -1;
                    }
                }
                closedir(dp);
            }
#endif
            return 1;
        }

        // Unknown option
        if(NO_UTILITY_MODE == utility_mode){
            S3FS_PRN_EXIT("specified unknown third option(%s).", arg);
        }else{
            S3FS_PRN_EXIT("specified unknown second option(%s). you don't need to specify second option(mountpoint) for utility mode(-u).", arg);
        }
        return -1;

    }else if(key == FUSE_OPT_KEY_OPT){
        if(is_prefix(arg, "uid=")){
            s3fs_uid = get_uid(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char));
            if(0 != geteuid() && 0 == s3fs_uid){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("root user can only specify uid=0.");
                return -1;
            }
            is_s3fs_uid = true;
            return 1; // continue for fuse option
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "gid=")){
            s3fs_gid = get_gid(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char));
            if(0 != getegid() && 0 == s3fs_gid){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("root user can only specify gid=0.");
                return -1;
            }
            is_s3fs_gid = true;
            return 1; // continue for fuse option
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "umask=")){
            off_t s3fs_umask_tmp = cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 8);
            s3fs_umask = s3fs_umask_tmp & (S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO);
            is_s3fs_umask = true;
            return 1; // continue for fuse option
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "allow_other")){
            allow_other = true;
            return 1; // continue for fuse option
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "mp_umask=")){
            off_t mp_umask_tmp = cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 8);
            mp_umask = mp_umask_tmp & (S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO);
            is_mp_umask = true;
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "default_acl=")){
            const char* acl_string = strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char);
            acl_t acl = acl_t::from_str(acl_string);
            if(acl == acl_t::UNKNOWN){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("unknown value for default_acl: %s", acl_string);
                return -1;
            }
            S3fsCurl::SetDefaultAcl(acl);
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "retries=")){
            off_t retries = cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10);
            if(retries == 0){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("retries must be greater than zero");
                return -1;
            }
            S3fsCurl::SetRetries(static_cast<int>(retries));
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "tmpdir=")){
            FdManager::SetTmpDir(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char));
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "use_cache=")){
            FdManager::SetCacheDir(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char));
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "check_cache_dir_exist")){
            FdManager::SetCheckCacheDirExist(true);
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "del_cache")){
            is_remove_cache = true;
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "multireq_max=")){
            int maxreq = static_cast<int>(cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10));
            S3fsCurl::SetMaxMultiRequest(maxreq);
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "nonempty")){
            nonempty = true;
            return 1; // need to continue for fuse.
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "nomultipart")){
            nomultipart = true;
            return 0;
        }
        // old format for storage_class
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "use_rrs") || is_prefix(arg, "use_rrs=")){
            off_t rrs = 1;
            // for an old format.
            if(is_prefix(arg, "use_rrs=")){
                rrs = cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10);
            }
            if(0 == rrs){
                S3fsCurl::SetStorageClass("STANDARD");
            }else if(1 == rrs){
                S3fsCurl::SetStorageClass("REDUCED_REDUNDANCY");
            }else{
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("poorly formed argument to option: use_rrs");
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "storage_class=")){
            const char *storage_class = strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char);
            S3fsCurl::SetStorageClass(storage_class);
            return 0;
        }
        //
        // [NOTE]
        // use_sse                        Set Server Side Encrypting type to SSE-S3
        // use_sse=1
        // use_sse=file                   Set Server Side Encrypting type to Custom key(SSE-C) and load custom keys
        // use_sse=custom(c):file
        // use_sse=custom(c)              Set Server Side Encrypting type to Custom key(SSE-C)
        // use_sse=kmsid(k):kms-key-id    Set Server Side Encrypting type to AWS Key Management key id(SSE-KMS) and load KMS id
        // use_sse=kmsid(k)               Set Server Side Encrypting type to AWS Key Management key id(SSE-KMS)
        //
        // load_sse_c=file                Load Server Side Encrypting custom keys
        //
        // AWSSSECKEYS                    Loading Environment for Server Side Encrypting custom keys
        // AWSSSEKMSID                    Loading Environment for Server Side Encrypting Key id
        //
        if(is_prefix(arg, "use_sse")){
            if(0 == strcmp(arg, "use_sse") || 0 == strcmp(arg, "use_sse=1")){ // use_sse=1 is old type parameter
                // sse type is SSE_S3
                if(!S3fsCurl::IsSseDisable() && !S3fsCurl::IsSseS3Type()){
                    S3FS_PRN_EXIT("already set SSE another type, so conflict use_sse option or environment.");
                    return -1;
                }
                S3fsCurl::SetSseType(sse_type_t::SSE_S3);

            }else if(0 == strcmp(arg, "use_sse=kmsid") || 0 == strcmp(arg, "use_sse=k")){
                // sse type is SSE_KMS with out kmsid(expecting id is loaded by environment)
                if(!S3fsCurl::IsSseDisable() && !S3fsCurl::IsSseKmsType()){
                    S3FS_PRN_EXIT("already set SSE another type, so conflict use_sse option or environment.");
                    return -1;
                }
                if(!S3fsCurl::IsSetSseKmsId()){
                    S3FS_PRN_EXIT("use_sse=kms but not loaded kms id by environment.");
                    return -1;
                }
                S3fsCurl::SetSseType(sse_type_t::SSE_KMS);

            }else if(is_prefix(arg, "use_sse=kmsid:") || is_prefix(arg, "use_sse=k:")){
                // sse type is SSE_KMS with kmsid
                if(!S3fsCurl::IsSseDisable() && !S3fsCurl::IsSseKmsType()){
                    S3FS_PRN_EXIT("already set SSE another type, so conflict use_sse option or environment.");
                    return -1;
                }
                const char* kmsid;
                if(is_prefix(arg, "use_sse=kmsid:")){
                    kmsid = &arg[strlen("use_sse=kmsid:")];
                }else{
                    kmsid = &arg[strlen("use_sse=k:")];
                }
                if(!S3fsCurl::SetSseKmsid(kmsid)){
                    S3FS_PRN_EXIT("failed to load use_sse kms id.");
                    return -1;
                }
                S3fsCurl::SetSseType(sse_type_t::SSE_KMS);

            }else if(0 == strcmp(arg, "use_sse=custom") || 0 == strcmp(arg, "use_sse=c")){
                // sse type is SSE_C with out custom keys(expecting keys are loaded by environment or load_sse_c option)
                if(!S3fsCurl::IsSseDisable() && !S3fsCurl::IsSseCType()){
                    S3FS_PRN_EXIT("already set SSE another type, so conflict use_sse option or environment.");
                    return -1;
                }
                // [NOTE]
                // do not check ckeys exists here.
                //
                S3fsCurl::SetSseType(sse_type_t::SSE_C);

            }else if(is_prefix(arg, "use_sse=custom:") || is_prefix(arg, "use_sse=c:")){
                // sse type is SSE_C with custom keys
                if(!S3fsCurl::IsSseDisable() && !S3fsCurl::IsSseCType()){
                    S3FS_PRN_EXIT("already set SSE another type, so conflict use_sse option or environment.");
                    return -1;
                }
                const char* ssecfile;
                if(is_prefix(arg, "use_sse=custom:")){
                    ssecfile = &arg[strlen("use_sse=custom:")];
                }else{
                    ssecfile = &arg[strlen("use_sse=c:")];
                }
                if(!S3fsCurl::SetSseCKeys(ssecfile)){
                    S3FS_PRN_EXIT("failed to load use_sse custom key file(%s).", ssecfile);
                    return -1;
                }
                S3fsCurl::SetSseType(sse_type_t::SSE_C);

            }else if(0 == strcmp(arg, "use_sse=")){    // this type is old style(parameter is custom key file path)
                // SSE_C with custom keys.
                const char* ssecfile = &arg[strlen("use_sse=")];
                if(!S3fsCurl::SetSseCKeys(ssecfile)){
                    S3FS_PRN_EXIT("failed to load use_sse custom key file(%s).", ssecfile);
                    return -1;
                }
                S3fsCurl::SetSseType(sse_type_t::SSE_C);

            }else{
                // never come here.
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("something wrong use_sse option.");
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        // [NOTE]
        // Do only load SSE custom keys, care for set without set sse type.
        if(is_prefix(arg, "load_sse_c=")){
            const char* ssecfile = &arg[strlen("load_sse_c=")];
            if(!S3fsCurl::SetSseCKeys(ssecfile)){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("failed to load use_sse custom key file(%s).", ssecfile);
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "ssl_verify_hostname=")){
            long sslvh = static_cast<long>(cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10));
            if(-1 == S3fsCurl::SetSslVerifyHostname(sslvh)){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("poorly formed argument to option: ssl_verify_hostname.");
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        //
        // Detect options for credential
        //
        if(0 >= (ret = ps3fscred->DetectParam(arg))){
            if(0 > ret){
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "public_bucket=")){
            off_t pubbucket = cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10);
            if(1 == pubbucket){
                S3fsCurl::SetPublicBucket(true);
                // [NOTE]
                // if bucket is public(without credential), s3 do not allow copy api.
                // so s3fs sets nocopyapi mode.
                //
                nocopyapi = true;
            }else if(0 == pubbucket){
                S3fsCurl::SetPublicBucket(false);
            }else{
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("poorly formed argument to option: public_bucket.");
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "bucket=")){
            std::string bname = strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char);
            if ((ret = set_bucket(bname.c_str()))){
                return ret;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "no_check_certificate")){
            S3fsCurl::SetCheckCertificate(false);
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "connect_timeout=")){
            long contimeout = static_cast<long>(cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10));
            S3fsCurl::SetConnectTimeout(contimeout);
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "readwrite_timeout=")){
            time_t rwtimeout = static_cast<time_t>(cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10));
            S3fsCurl::SetReadwriteTimeout(rwtimeout);
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "list_object_max_keys=")){
            int max_keys = static_cast<int>(cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10));
            if(max_keys < 1000){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("argument should be over 1000: list_object_max_keys");
                return -1;
            }
            max_keys_list_object = max_keys;
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "max_stat_cache_size=")){
            unsigned long cache_size = static_cast<unsigned long>(cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), 10));
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->SetCacheSize(cache_size);
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "stat_cache_expire=")){
            time_t expr_time = static_cast<time_t>(cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), 10));
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->SetExpireTime(expr_time);
            return 0;
        }
        // [NOTE]
        // This option is for compatibility old version.
        if(is_prefix(arg, "stat_cache_interval_expire=")){
            time_t expr_time = static_cast<time_t>(cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10));
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->SetExpireTime(expr_time, true);
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "enable_noobj_cache")){
            S3FS_PRN_WARN("enable_noobj_cache is enabled by default and a future version will remove this option.");
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->EnableCacheNoObject();
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "disable_noobj_cache")){
            StatCache::getStatCacheData()->DisableCacheNoObject();
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "nodnscache")){
            S3fsCurl::SetDnsCache(false);
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "nosscache")){
            S3fsCurl::SetSslSessionCache(false);
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "parallel_count=") || is_prefix(arg, "parallel_upload=")){
            int maxpara = static_cast<int>(cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10));
            if(0 >= maxpara){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("argument should be over 1: parallel_count");
                return -1;
            }
            S3fsCurl::SetMaxParallelCount(maxpara);
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "max_thread_count=")){
            int max_thcount = static_cast<int>(cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10));
            if(0 >= max_thcount){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("argument should be over 1: max_thread_count");
                return -1;
            }
            max_thread_count = max_thcount;
            S3FS_PRN_WARN("The max_thread_count option is not a formal option. Please note that it will change in the future.");
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "fd_page_size=")){
            S3FS_PRN_ERR("option fd_page_size is no longer supported, so skip this option.");
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "multipart_size=")){
            off_t size = static_cast<off_t>(cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10));
            if(!S3fsCurl::SetMultipartSize(size)){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("multipart_size option must be at least 5 MB.");
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "multipart_copy_size=")){
            off_t size = static_cast<off_t>(cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10));
            if(!S3fsCurl::SetMultipartCopySize(size)){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("multipart_copy_size option must be at least 5 MB.");
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "max_dirty_data=")){
            off_t size = static_cast<off_t>(cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10));
            if(size >= 50){
                size *= 1024 * 1024;
            }else if(size != -1){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("max_dirty_data option must be at least 50 MB.");
                return -1;
            }
            max_dirty_data = size;
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "ensure_diskfree=")){
            off_t dfsize = cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10) * 1024 * 1024;
            if(dfsize < S3fsCurl::GetMultipartSize()){
                S3FS_PRN_WARN("specified size to ensure disk free space is smaller than multipart size, so set multipart size to it.");
                dfsize = S3fsCurl::GetMultipartSize();
            }
            FdManager::SetEnsureFreeDiskSpace(dfsize);
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "fake_diskfree=")){
            S3FS_PRN_WARN("The fake_diskfree option was specified. Use this option for testing or debugging.");

            // [NOTE] This value is used for initializing to FdManager after parsing all options.
            fake_diskfree_size = cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10) * 1024 * 1024;
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "multipart_threshold=")){
            multipart_threshold = static_cast<int64_t>(cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10)) * 1024 * 1024;
            if(multipart_threshold <= MIN_MULTIPART_SIZE){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("multipart_threshold must be at least %lld, was: %lld", static_cast<long long>(MIN_MULTIPART_SIZE), static_cast<long long>(multipart_threshold));
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "singlepart_copy_limit=")){
            singlepart_copy_limit = static_cast<int64_t>(cvt_strtoofft(strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char), /*base=*/ 10)) * 1024 * 1024;
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "ahbe_conf=")){
            std::string ahbe_conf = strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char);
            if(!AdditionalHeader::get()->Load(ahbe_conf.c_str())){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("failed to load ahbe_conf file(%s).", ahbe_conf.c_str());
                return -1;
            }
            AdditionalHeader::get()->Dump();
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "noxmlns")){
            noxmlns = true;
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "nomixupload")){
            FdEntity::SetNoMixMultipart();
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "nocopyapi")){
            nocopyapi = true;
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "streamupload")){
            FdEntity::SetStreamUpload(true);
            S3FS_PRN_WARN("The streamupload option is not a formal option. Please note that it will change in the future.");
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "norenameapi")){
            norenameapi = true;
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "complement_stat")){
            complement_stat = true;
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "notsup_compat_dir")){
            S3FS_PRN_WARN("notsup_compat_dir is enabled by default and a future version will remove this option.");

            support_compat_dir = false;
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "compat_dir")){
            support_compat_dir = true;
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "enable_content_md5")){
            S3fsCurl::SetContentMd5(true);
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "enable_unsigned_payload")){
            S3fsCurl::SetUnsignedPayload(true);
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "update_parent_dir_stat")){
            update_parent_dir_stat = true;
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "host=")){
            s3host = strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char);
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "servicepath=")){
            service_path = strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char);
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "url=")){
            s3host = strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char);
            // strip the trailing '/', if any, off the end of the host
            // std::string
            size_t found, length;
            found  = s3host.find_last_of('/');
            length = s3host.length();
            while(found == (length - 1) && length > 0){
                s3host.erase(found);
                found  = s3host.find_last_of('/');
                length = s3host.length();
            }
            // Check url for http / https protocol std::string
            if(!is_prefix(s3host.c_str(), "https://") && !is_prefix(s3host.c_str(), "http://")){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("option url has invalid format, missing http / https protocol");
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "sigv2")){
            S3fsCurl::SetSignatureType(V2_ONLY);
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "sigv4")){
            S3fsCurl::SetSignatureType(V4_ONLY);
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "endpoint=")){
            endpoint              = strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char);
            is_specified_endpoint = true;
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "use_path_request_style")){
            pathrequeststyle = true;
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "noua")){
            S3fsCurl::SetUserAgentFlag(false);
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "listobjectsv2")){
            S3fsCurl::SetListObjectsV2(true);
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "use_xattr")){
            is_use_xattr = true;
            return 0;
        }else if(is_prefix(arg, "use_xattr=")){
            const char* strflag = strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char);
            if(0 == strcmp(strflag, "1")){
                is_use_xattr = true;
            }else if(0 == strcmp(strflag, "0")){
                is_use_xattr = false;
            }else{
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("option use_xattr has unknown parameter(%s).", strflag);
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "cipher_suites=")){
            cipher_suites = strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char);
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "instance_name=")){
            instance_name = strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char);
            instance_name = "[" + instance_name + "]";
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "mime=")){
            mimetype_file = strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char);
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "proxy=")){
            const char* url = &arg[strlen("proxy=")];
            if(!S3fsCurl::SetProxy(url)){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("failed to set proxy(%s).", url);
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "proxy_cred_file=")){
            const char* file = &arg[strlen("proxy_cred_file=")];
            if(!S3fsCurl::SetProxyUserPwd(file)){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("failed to set proxy user and passphrase from file(%s).", file);
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        //
        // log file option
        //
        if(is_prefix(arg, "logfile=")){
            const char* strlogfile = strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char);
            if(!S3fsLog::SetLogfile(strlogfile)){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("The file(%s) specified by logfile option could not be opened.", strlogfile);
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        //
        // debug level option
        //
        if(is_prefix(arg, "dbglevel=")){
            const char* strlevel = strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char);
            if(0 == strcasecmp(strlevel, "silent") || 0 == strcasecmp(strlevel, "critical") || 0 == strcasecmp(strlevel, "crit")){
                S3fsLog::SetLogLevel(S3fsLog::LEVEL_CRIT);
            }else if(0 == strcasecmp(strlevel, "error") || 0 == strcasecmp(strlevel, "err")){
                S3fsLog::SetLogLevel(S3fsLog::LEVEL_ERR);
            }else if(0 == strcasecmp(strlevel, "wan") || 0 == strcasecmp(strlevel, "warn") || 0 == strcasecmp(strlevel, "warning")){
                S3fsLog::SetLogLevel(S3fsLog::LEVEL_WARN);
            }else if(0 == strcasecmp(strlevel, "inf") || 0 == strcasecmp(strlevel, "info") || 0 == strcasecmp(strlevel, "information")){
                S3fsLog::SetLogLevel(S3fsLog::LEVEL_INFO);
            }else if(0 == strcasecmp(strlevel, "dbg") || 0 == strcasecmp(strlevel, "debug")){
                S3fsLog::SetLogLevel(S3fsLog::LEVEL_DBG);
            }else{
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("option dbglevel has unknown parameter(%s).", strlevel);
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        //
        // debug option
        //
        // S3fsLog level is LEVEL_INFO, after second -d is passed to fuse.
        //
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "-d") || 0 == strcmp(arg, "--debug")){
            if(!S3fsLog::IsS3fsLogInfo() && !S3fsLog::IsS3fsLogDbg()){
                S3fsLog::SetLogLevel(S3fsLog::LEVEL_INFO);
                return 0;
            }
            if(0 == strcmp(arg, "--debug")){
                // fuse doesn't understand "--debug", but it understands -d.
                // but we can't pass -d back to fuse.
                return 0;
            }
        }
        // "f2" is not used no more.
        // (set S3fsLog::LEVEL_DBG)
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "f2")){
            S3fsLog::SetLogLevel(S3fsLog::LEVEL_DBG);
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "curldbg")){
            S3fsCurl::SetVerbose(true);
            return 0;
        }else if(is_prefix(arg, "curldbg=")){
            const char* strlevel = strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char);
            if(0 == strcasecmp(strlevel, "normal")){
                S3fsCurl::SetVerbose(true);
            }else if(0 == strcasecmp(strlevel, "body")){
                S3fsCurl::SetVerbose(true);
                S3fsCurl::SetDumpBody(true);
            }else{
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("option curldbg has unknown parameter(%s).", strlevel);
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        //
        // no time stamp in debug message
        //
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "no_time_stamp_msg")){
            S3fsLog::SetTimeStamp(false);
            return 0;
        }
        //
        // Check cache file, using SIGUSR1
        //
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "set_check_cache_sigusr1")){
            if(!S3fsSignals::SetUsr1Handler(NULL)){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("could not set sigusr1 for checking cache.");
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }else if(is_prefix(arg, "set_check_cache_sigusr1=")){
            const char* strfilepath = strchr(arg, '=') + sizeof(char);
            if(!S3fsSignals::SetUsr1Handler(strfilepath)){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("could not set sigusr1 for checking cache and output file(%s).", strfilepath);
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "accessKeyId=")){
            S3FS_PRN_EXIT("option accessKeyId is no longer supported.");
            return -1;
        }
        if(is_prefix(arg, "secretAccessKey=")){
            S3FS_PRN_EXIT("option secretAccessKey is no longer supported.");
            return -1;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "use_wtf8")){
            use_wtf8 = true;
            return 0;
        }
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "requester_pays")){
            S3fsCurl::SetRequesterPays(true);
            return 0;
        }
        // [NOTE]
        // following option will be discarding, because these are not for fuse.
        // (Referenced sshfs.c)
        //
        if(0 == strcmp(arg, "auto")   ||
           0 == strcmp(arg, "noauto") ||
           0 == strcmp(arg, "user")   ||
           0 == strcmp(arg, "nouser") ||
           0 == strcmp(arg, "users")  ||
           0 == strcmp(arg, "_netdev"))
        {
            return 0;
        }
    }
    return 1;
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    int ch;
    int fuse_res;
    int option_index = 0; 
    struct fuse_operations s3fs_oper;
    time_t incomp_abort_time = (24 * 60 * 60);
    S3fsLog singletonLog;

    static const struct option long_opts[] = {
        {"help",                 no_argument,       NULL, 'h'},
        {"version",              no_argument,       0,     0},
        {"debug",                no_argument,       NULL, 'd'},
        {"incomplete-mpu-list",  no_argument,       NULL, 'u'},
        {"incomplete-mpu-abort", optional_argument, NULL, 'a'}, // 'a' is only identifier and is not option.
        {NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
    };

    // init xml2
    xmlInitParser();
    LIBXML_TEST_VERSION

    init_sysconf_vars();

    // get program name - emulate basename
    program_name = argv[0];
    size_t found = program_name.find_last_of('/');
    if(found != std::string::npos){
        program_name.replace(0, found+1, "");
    }

    // set credential object
    //
    ps3fscred = new S3fsCred();
    if(!S3fsCurl::InitCredentialObject(ps3fscred)){
        S3FS_PRN_EXIT("Failed to setup credential object to s3fs curl.");
        delete ps3fscred;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    while((ch = getopt_long(argc, argv, "dho:fsu", long_opts, &option_index)) != -1){
        switch(ch){
            case 0:
                if(strcmp(long_opts[option_index].name, "version") == 0){
                    show_version();
                    delete ps3fscred;
                    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
                }
                break;
            case 'h':
                show_help();
                delete ps3fscred;
                exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
            case 'o':
                break;
            case 'd':
                break;
            case 'f':
                foreground = true;
                break;
            case 's':
                break;
            case 'u':   // --incomplete-mpu-list
                if(NO_UTILITY_MODE != utility_mode){
                    S3FS_PRN_EXIT("already utility mode option is specified.");
                    delete ps3fscred;
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                utility_mode = INCOMP_TYPE_LIST;
                break;
            case 'a':   // --incomplete-mpu-abort
                if(NO_UTILITY_MODE != utility_mode){
                    S3FS_PRN_EXIT("already utility mode option is specified.");
                    delete ps3fscred;
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                utility_mode = INCOMP_TYPE_ABORT;

                // check expire argument
                if(NULL != optarg && 0 == strcasecmp(optarg, "all")){ // all is 0s
                    incomp_abort_time = 0;
                }else if(NULL != optarg){
                    if(!convert_unixtime_from_option_arg(optarg, incomp_abort_time)){
                        S3FS_PRN_EXIT("--incomplete-mpu-abort option argument is wrong.");
                        delete ps3fscred;
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                    }
                }
                // if optarg is null, incomp_abort_time is 24H(default)
                break;
            default:
                delete ps3fscred;
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    }
    // print launch message
    print_launch_message(argc, argv);

    // Load SSE environment
    if(!S3fsCurl::LoadEnvSse()){
        S3FS_PRN_EXIT("something wrong about SSE environment.");
        delete ps3fscred;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    // ssl init
    if(!s3fs_init_global_ssl()){
        S3FS_PRN_EXIT("could not initialize for ssl libraries.");
        delete ps3fscred;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    // mutex for xml
    if(!init_parser_xml_lock()){
        S3FS_PRN_EXIT("could not initialize mutex for xml parser.");
        s3fs_destroy_global_ssl();
        delete ps3fscred;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    // mutex for basename/dirname
    if(!init_basename_lock()){
        S3FS_PRN_EXIT("could not initialize mutex for basename/dirname.");
        s3fs_destroy_global_ssl();
        destroy_parser_xml_lock();
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    // init curl (without mime types)
    //
    // [NOTE]
    // The curl initialization here does not load mime types.
    // The mime types file parameter are dynamic values according
    // to the user's environment, and are analyzed by the my_fuse_opt_proc
    // function.
    // The my_fuse_opt_proc function is executed after this curl
    // initialization. Because the curl method is used in the
    // my_fuse_opt_proc function, then it must be called here to
    // initialize. Fortunately, the processing using mime types
    // is only PUT/POST processing, and it is not used until the
    // call of my_fuse_opt_proc function is completed. Therefore,
    // the mime type is loaded just after calling the my_fuse_opt_proc
    // function.
    // 
    if(!S3fsCurl::InitS3fsCurl()){
        S3FS_PRN_EXIT("Could not initiate curl library.");
        s3fs_destroy_global_ssl();
        destroy_parser_xml_lock();
        destroy_basename_lock();
        delete ps3fscred;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    // clear this structure
    memset(&s3fs_oper, 0, sizeof(s3fs_oper));

    // This is the fuse-style parser for the arguments
    // after which the bucket name and mountpoint names
    // should have been set
    struct fuse_args custom_args = FUSE_ARGS_INIT(argc, argv);
    if(0 != fuse_opt_parse(&custom_args, NULL, NULL, my_fuse_opt_proc)){
        S3fsCurl::DestroyS3fsCurl();
        s3fs_destroy_global_ssl();
        destroy_parser_xml_lock();
        destroy_basename_lock();
        delete ps3fscred;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    // init mime types for curl
    if(!S3fsCurl::InitMimeType(mimetype_file)){
        S3FS_PRN_WARN("Missing MIME types prevents setting Content-Type on uploaded objects.");
    }

    // [NOTE]
    // exclusive option check here.
    //
    if(strcasecmp(S3fsCurl::GetStorageClass().c_str(), "REDUCED_REDUNDANCY") == 0 && !S3fsCurl::IsSseDisable()){
        S3FS_PRN_EXIT("use_sse option could not be specified with storage class reduced_redundancy.");
        S3fsCurl::DestroyS3fsCurl();
        s3fs_destroy_global_ssl();
        destroy_parser_xml_lock();
        destroy_basename_lock();
        delete ps3fscred;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    if(!S3fsCurl::FinalCheckSse()){
        S3FS_PRN_EXIT("something wrong about SSE options.");
        S3fsCurl::DestroyS3fsCurl();
        s3fs_destroy_global_ssl();
        destroy_parser_xml_lock();
        destroy_basename_lock();
        delete ps3fscred;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    if(S3fsCurl::GetSignatureType() == V2_ONLY && S3fsCurl::GetUnsignedPayload()){
        S3FS_PRN_WARN("Ignoring enable_unsigned_payload with sigv2");
    }

    if(!FdEntity::GetNoMixMultipart() && max_dirty_data != -1){
        S3FS_PRN_WARN("Setting max_dirty_data to -1 when nomixupload is enabled");
        max_dirty_data = -1;
    }

    //
    // Check the combination of parameters for credential
    //
    if(!ps3fscred->CheckAllParams()){
        S3fsCurl::DestroyS3fsCurl();
        s3fs_destroy_global_ssl();
        destroy_parser_xml_lock();
        destroy_basename_lock();
        delete ps3fscred;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    // The second plain argument is the mountpoint
    // if the option was given, we all ready checked for a
    // readable, non-empty directory, this checks determines
    // if the mountpoint option was ever supplied
    if(NO_UTILITY_MODE == utility_mode){
        if(mountpoint.empty()){
            S3FS_PRN_EXIT("missing MOUNTPOINT argument.");
            show_usage();
            S3fsCurl::DestroyS3fsCurl();
            s3fs_destroy_global_ssl();
            destroy_parser_xml_lock();
            destroy_basename_lock();
            delete ps3fscred;
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    }

    // check tmp dir permission
    if(!FdManager::CheckTmpDirExist()){
        S3FS_PRN_EXIT("temporary directory doesn't exists.");
        S3fsCurl::DestroyS3fsCurl();
        s3fs_destroy_global_ssl();
        destroy_parser_xml_lock();
        destroy_basename_lock();
        delete ps3fscred;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    // check cache dir permission
    if(!FdManager::CheckCacheDirExist() || !FdManager::CheckCacheTopDir() || !CacheFileStat::CheckCacheFileStatTopDir()){
        S3FS_PRN_EXIT("could not allow cache directory permission, check permission of cache directories.");
        S3fsCurl::DestroyS3fsCurl();
        s3fs_destroy_global_ssl();
        destroy_parser_xml_lock();
        destroy_basename_lock();
        delete ps3fscred;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    // set fake free disk space
    if(-1 != fake_diskfree_size){
        FdManager::InitFakeUsedDiskSize(fake_diskfree_size);
    }

    // set user agent
    S3fsCurl::InitUserAgent();

    // There's room for more command line error checking

    // Check to see if the bucket name contains periods and https (SSL) is
    // being used. This is a known limitation:
    // https://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/
    // The Developers Guide suggests that either use HTTP of for us to write
    // our own certificate verification logic.
    // For now, this will be unsupported unless we get a request for it to
    // be supported. In that case, we have a couple of options:
    // - implement a command line option that bypasses the verify host 
    //   but doesn't bypass verifying the certificate
    // - write our own host verification (this might be complex)
    // See issue #128strncasecmp
    /* 
    if(1 == S3fsCurl::GetSslVerifyHostname()){
        found = S3fsCred::GetBucket().find_first_of('.');
        if(found != std::string::npos){
            found = s3host.find("https:");
            if(found != std::string::npos){
                S3FS_PRN_EXIT("Using https and a bucket name with periods is unsupported.");
                S3fsCurl::DestroyS3fsCurl();
                s3fs_destroy_global_ssl();
                destroy_parser_xml_lock();
                delete ps3fscred;
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
            }
        }
    }
    */

    if(NO_UTILITY_MODE != utility_mode){
        int exitcode = s3fs_utility_processing(incomp_abort_time);

        S3fsCurl::DestroyS3fsCurl();
        s3fs_destroy_global_ssl();
        destroy_parser_xml_lock();
        destroy_basename_lock();
        delete ps3fscred;
        exit(exitcode);
    }

    // Check multipart / copy api for mix multipart uploading
    if(nomultipart || nocopyapi || norenameapi){
        FdEntity::SetNoMixMultipart();
        max_dirty_data = -1;
    }

    if(!ThreadPoolMan::Initialize(max_thread_count)){
        S3FS_PRN_EXIT("Could not create thread pool(%d)", max_thread_count);
        S3fsCurl::DestroyS3fsCurl();
        s3fs_destroy_global_ssl();
        destroy_parser_xml_lock();
        destroy_basename_lock();
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    // check free disk space
    if(!FdManager::IsSafeDiskSpace(NULL, S3fsCurl::GetMultipartSize() * S3fsCurl::GetMaxParallelCount())){
        S3FS_PRN_EXIT("There is no enough disk space for used as cache(or temporary) directory by s3fs.");
        S3fsCurl::DestroyS3fsCurl();
        s3fs_destroy_global_ssl();
        destroy_parser_xml_lock();
        destroy_basename_lock();
        delete ps3fscred;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    s3fs_oper.getattr     = s3fs_getattr;
    s3fs_oper.readlink    = s3fs_readlink;
    s3fs_oper.mknod       = s3fs_mknod;
    s3fs_oper.mkdir       = s3fs_mkdir;
    s3fs_oper.unlink      = s3fs_unlink;
    s3fs_oper.rmdir       = s3fs_rmdir;
    s3fs_oper.symlink     = s3fs_symlink;
    s3fs_oper.rename      = s3fs_rename;
    s3fs_oper.link        = s3fs_link;
    if(!nocopyapi){
        s3fs_oper.chmod   = s3fs_chmod;
        s3fs_oper.chown   = s3fs_chown;
        s3fs_oper.utimens = s3fs_utimens;
    }else{
        s3fs_oper.chmod   = s3fs_chmod_nocopy;
        s3fs_oper.chown   = s3fs_chown_nocopy;
        s3fs_oper.utimens = s3fs_utimens_nocopy;
    }
    s3fs_oper.truncate    = s3fs_truncate;
    s3fs_oper.open        = s3fs_open;
    s3fs_oper.read        = s3fs_read;
    s3fs_oper.write       = s3fs_write;
    s3fs_oper.statfs      = s3fs_statfs;
    s3fs_oper.flush       = s3fs_flush;
    s3fs_oper.fsync       = s3fs_fsync;
    s3fs_oper.release     = s3fs_release;
    s3fs_oper.opendir     = s3fs_opendir;
    s3fs_oper.readdir     = s3fs_readdir;
    s3fs_oper.init        = s3fs_init;
    s3fs_oper.destroy     = s3fs_destroy;
    s3fs_oper.access      = s3fs_access;
    s3fs_oper.create      = s3fs_create;
    // extended attributes
    if(is_use_xattr){
        s3fs_oper.setxattr    = s3fs_setxattr;
        s3fs_oper.getxattr    = s3fs_getxattr;
        s3fs_oper.listxattr   = s3fs_listxattr;
        s3fs_oper.removexattr = s3fs_removexattr;
    }
    s3fs_oper.flag_utime_omit_ok = true;

    // now passing things off to fuse, fuse will finish evaluating the command line args
    fuse_res = fuse_main(custom_args.argc, custom_args.argv, &s3fs_oper, NULL);
    if(fuse_res == 0){
        fuse_res = s3fs_init_deferred_exit_status;
    }
    fuse_opt_free_args(&custom_args);

    // Destroy thread pool
    ThreadPoolMan::Destroy();

    // Destroy curl
    if(!S3fsCurl::DestroyS3fsCurl()){
        S3FS_PRN_WARN("Could not release curl library.");
    }
    s3fs_destroy_global_ssl();
    destroy_parser_xml_lock();
    destroy_basename_lock();
    delete ps3fscred;

    // cleanup xml2
    xmlCleanupParser();
    S3FS_MALLOCTRIM(0);

    exit(fuse_res);
}

/*
* Local variables:
* tab-width: 4
* c-basic-offset: 4
* End:
* vim600: expandtab sw=4 ts=4 fdm=marker
* vim<600: expandtab sw=4 ts=4
*/