qpdf/libqpdf/QUtil.cc

// Include qpdf-config.h first so off_t is guaranteed to have the right size.
#include <qpdf/qpdf-config.h>

#include <qpdf/QUtil.hh>

#include <qpdf/PointerHolder.hh>
#include <qpdf/CryptoRandomDataProvider.hh>
#include <qpdf/QPDFSystemError.hh>
#include <qpdf/QTC.hh>
#include <qpdf/QIntC.hh>
#include <qpdf/Pipeline.hh>

#include <cmath>
#include <iomanip>
#include <sstream>
#include <fstream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <set>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <memory>
#include <locale>
#include <regex>
#ifndef QPDF_NO_WCHAR_T
# include <cwchar>
#endif
#ifdef _WIN32
# define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
# include <windows.h>
# include <direct.h>
# include <io.h>
#else
# include <unistd.h>
# include <sys/stat.h>
#endif

// First element is 24
static unsigned short pdf_doc_low_to_unicode[] = {
    0x02d8,    // 0x18    BREVE
    0x02c7,    // 0x19    CARON
    0x02c6,    // 0x1a    MODIFIER LETTER CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
    0x02d9,    // 0x1b    DOT ABOVE
    0x02dd,    // 0x1c    DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT
    0x02db,    // 0x1d    OGONEK
    0x02da,    // 0x1e    RING ABOVE
    0x02dc,    // 0x1f    SMALL TILDE
};
// First element is 127
static unsigned short pdf_doc_to_unicode[] = {
    0xfffd,    // 0x7f    UNDEFINED
    0x2022,    // 0x80    BULLET
    0x2020,    // 0x81    DAGGER
    0x2021,    // 0x82    DOUBLE DAGGER
    0x2026,    // 0x83    HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS
    0x2014,    // 0x84    EM DASH
    0x2013,    // 0x85    EN DASH
    0x0192,    // 0x86    SMALL LETTER F WITH HOOK
    0x2044,    // 0x87    FRACTION SLASH (solidus)
    0x2039,    // 0x88    SINGLE LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
    0x203a,    // 0x89    SINGLE RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
    0x2212,    // 0x8a    MINUS SIGN
    0x2030,    // 0x8b    PER MILLE SIGN
    0x201e,    // 0x8c    DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK (quotedblbase)
    0x201c,    // 0x8d    LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK (double quote left)
    0x201d,    // 0x8e    RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK (quotedblright)
    0x2018,    // 0x8f    LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK (quoteleft)
    0x2019,    // 0x90    RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK (quoteright)
    0x201a,    // 0x91    SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK (quotesinglbase)
    0x2122,    // 0x92    TRADE MARK SIGN
    0xfb01,    // 0x93    LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FI
    0xfb02,    // 0x94    LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FL
    0x0141,    // 0x95    LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH STROKE
    0x0152,    // 0x96    LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE
    0x0160,    // 0x97    LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON
    0x0178,    // 0x98    LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS
    0x017d,    // 0x99    LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON
    0x0131,    // 0x9a    LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I
    0x0142,    // 0x9b    LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE
    0x0153,    // 0x9c    LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE
    0x0161,    // 0x9d    LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON
    0x017e,    // 0x9e    LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON
    0xfffd,    // 0x9f    UNDEFINED
    0x20ac,    // 0xa0    EURO SIGN
};
static unsigned short win_ansi_to_unicode[] = {
    0x20ac,    // 0x80
    0xfffd,    // 0x81
    0x201a,    // 0x82
    0x0192,    // 0x83
    0x201e,    // 0x84
    0x2026,    // 0x85
    0x2020,    // 0x86
    0x2021,    // 0x87
    0x02c6,    // 0x88
    0x2030,    // 0x89
    0x0160,    // 0x8a
    0x2039,    // 0x8b
    0x0152,    // 0x8c
    0xfffd,    // 0x8d
    0x017d,    // 0x8e
    0xfffd,    // 0x8f
    0xfffd,    // 0x90
    0x2018,    // 0x91
    0x2019,    // 0x92
    0x201c,    // 0x93
    0x201d,    // 0x94
    0x2022,    // 0x95
    0x2013,    // 0x96
    0x2014,    // 0x97
    0x0303,    // 0x98
    0x2122,    // 0x99
    0x0161,    // 0x9a
    0x203a,    // 0x9b
    0x0153,    // 0x9c
    0xfffd,    // 0x9d
    0x017e,    // 0x9e
    0x0178,    // 0x9f
    0x00a0,    // 0xa0
};
static unsigned short mac_roman_to_unicode[] = {
    0x00c4,    // 0x80
    0x00c5,    // 0x81
    0x00c7,    // 0x82
    0x00c9,    // 0x83
    0x00d1,    // 0x84
    0x00d6,    // 0x85
    0x00dc,    // 0x86
    0x00e1,    // 0x87
    0x00e0,    // 0x88
    0x00e2,    // 0x89
    0x00e4,    // 0x8a
    0x00e3,    // 0x8b
    0x00e5,    // 0x8c
    0x00e7,    // 0x8d
    0x00e9,    // 0x8e
    0x00e8,    // 0x8f
    0x00ea,    // 0x90
    0x00eb,    // 0x91
    0x00ed,    // 0x92
    0x00ec,    // 0x93
    0x00ee,    // 0x94
    0x00ef,    // 0x95
    0x00f1,    // 0x96
    0x00f3,    // 0x97
    0x00f2,    // 0x98
    0x00f4,    // 0x99
    0x00f6,    // 0x9a
    0x00f5,    // 0x9b
    0x00fa,    // 0x9c
    0x00f9,    // 0x9d
    0x00fb,    // 0x9e
    0x00fc,    // 0x9f
    0x2020,    // 0xa0
    0x00b0,    // 0xa1
    0x00a2,    // 0xa2
    0x00a3,    // 0xa3
    0x00a7,    // 0xa4
    0x2022,    // 0xa5
    0x00b6,    // 0xa6
    0x00df,    // 0xa7
    0x00ae,    // 0xa8
    0x00a9,    // 0xa9
    0x2122,    // 0xaa
    0x0301,    // 0xab
    0x0308,    // 0xac
    0xfffd,    // 0xad
    0x00c6,    // 0xae
    0x00d8,    // 0xaf
    0xfffd,    // 0xb0
    0x00b1,    // 0xb1
    0xfffd,    // 0xb2
    0xfffd,    // 0xb3
    0x00a5,    // 0xb4
    0x03bc,    // 0xb5
    0xfffd,    // 0xb6
    0xfffd,    // 0xb7
    0xfffd,    // 0xb8
    0xfffd,    // 0xb9
    0xfffd,    // 0xba
    0x1d43,    // 0xbb
    0x1d52,    // 0xbc
    0xfffd,    // 0xbd
    0x00e6,    // 0xbe
    0x00f8,    // 0xbf
    0x00bf,    // 0xc0
    0x00a1,    // 0xc1
    0x00ac,    // 0xc2
    0xfffd,    // 0xc3
    0x0192,    // 0xc4
    0xfffd,    // 0xc5
    0xfffd,    // 0xc6
    0x00ab,    // 0xc7
    0x00bb,    // 0xc8
    0x2026,    // 0xc9
    0xfffd,    // 0xca
    0x00c0,    // 0xcb
    0x00c3,    // 0xcc
    0x00d5,    // 0xcd
    0x0152,    // 0xce
    0x0153,    // 0xcf
    0x2013,    // 0xd0
    0x2014,    // 0xd1
    0x201c,    // 0xd2
    0x201d,    // 0xd3
    0x2018,    // 0xd4
    0x2019,    // 0xd5
    0x00f7,    // 0xd6
    0xfffd,    // 0xd7
    0x00ff,    // 0xd8
    0x0178,    // 0xd9
    0x2044,    // 0xda
    0x00a4,    // 0xdb
    0x2039,    // 0xdc
    0x203a,    // 0xdd
    0xfb01,    // 0xde
    0xfb02,    // 0xdf
    0x2021,    // 0xe0
    0x00b7,    // 0xe1
    0x201a,    // 0xe2
    0x201e,    // 0xe3
    0x2030,    // 0xe4
    0x00c2,    // 0xe5
    0x00ca,    // 0xe6
    0x00c1,    // 0xe7
    0x00cb,    // 0xe8
    0x00c8,    // 0xe9
    0x00cd,    // 0xea
    0x00ce,    // 0xeb
    0x00cf,    // 0xec
    0x00cc,    // 0xed
    0x00d3,    // 0xee
    0x00d4,    // 0xef
    0xfffd,    // 0xf0
    0x00d2,    // 0xf1
    0x00da,    // 0xf2
    0x00db,    // 0xf3
    0x00d9,    // 0xf4
    0x0131,    // 0xf5
    0x02c6,    // 0xf6
    0x0303,    // 0xf7
    0x0304,    // 0xf8
    0x0306,    // 0xf9
    0x0307,    // 0xfa
    0x030a,    // 0xfb
    0x0327,    // 0xfc
    0x030b,    // 0xfd
    0x0328,    // 0xfe
    0x02c7,    // 0xff
};

class FileCloser
{
  public:
    FileCloser(FILE* f) :
        f(f)
    {
    }

    ~FileCloser()
    {
        fclose(f);
    }

  private:
    FILE* f;
};

template <typename T>
static
std::string
int_to_string_base_internal(T num, int base, int length)
{
    // Backward compatibility -- int_to_string, which calls this
    // function, used to use sprintf with %0*d, so we interpret length
    // such that a negative value appends spaces and a positive value
    // prepends zeroes.
    if (! ((base == 8) || (base == 10) || (base == 16)))
    {
        throw std::logic_error(
            "int_to_string_base called with unsupported base");
    }
    std::string cvt;
    if (base == 10)
    {
        // Use the more efficient std::to_string when possible
        cvt = std::to_string(num);
    }
    else
    {
        std::ostringstream buf;
        buf.imbue(std::locale::classic());
        buf << std::setbase(base) << std::nouppercase << num;
        cvt = buf.str();
    }
    std::string result;
    int str_length = QIntC::to_int(cvt.length());
    if ((length > 0) && (str_length < length))
    {
        result.append(QIntC::to_size(length - str_length), '0');
    }
    result += cvt;
    if ((length < 0) && (str_length < -length))
    {
        result.append(QIntC::to_size(-length - str_length), ' ');
    }
    return result;
}

std::string
QUtil::int_to_string(long long num, int length)
{
    return int_to_string_base(num, 10, length);
}

std::string
QUtil::uint_to_string(unsigned long long num, int length)
{
    return uint_to_string_base(num, 10, length);
}

std::string
QUtil::int_to_string_base(long long num, int base, int length)
{
    return int_to_string_base_internal(num, base, length);
}

std::string
QUtil::uint_to_string_base(unsigned long long num, int base, int length)
{
    return int_to_string_base_internal(num, base, length);
}

std::string
QUtil::double_to_string(double num, int decimal_places)
{
    return double_to_string(num, decimal_places, true);
}

std::string
QUtil::double_to_string(double num, int decimal_places,
                        bool trim_trailing_zeroes)
{
    // Backward compatibility -- this code used to use sprintf and
    // treated decimal_places <= 0 to mean to use the default, which
    // was six decimal places. Starting in 10.2, we trim trailing
    // zeroes by default.
    if (decimal_places <= 0)
    {
        decimal_places = 6;
    }
    std::ostringstream buf;
    buf.imbue(std::locale::classic());
    buf << std::setprecision(decimal_places) << std::fixed << num;
    std::string result = buf.str();
    if (trim_trailing_zeroes)
    {
        while ((result.length() > 1) && (result.back() == '0'))
        {
            result.pop_back();
        }
        if ((result.length() > 1) && (result.back() == '.'))
        {
            result.pop_back();
        }
    }
    return result;
}

long long
QUtil::string_to_ll(char const* str)
{
    errno = 0;
#ifdef _MSC_VER
    long long result = _strtoi64(str, 0, 10);
#else
    long long result = strtoll(str, 0, 10);
#endif
    if (errno == ERANGE)
    {
        throw std::range_error(
            std::string("overflow/underflow converting ") + str
            + " to 64-bit integer");
    }
    return result;
}

int
QUtil::string_to_int(char const* str)
{
    // QIntC::to_int does range checking
    return QIntC::to_int(string_to_ll(str));
}

unsigned long long
QUtil::string_to_ull(char const* str)
{
    char const* p = str;
    while (*p && is_space(*p))
    {
        ++p;
    }
    if (*p == '-')
    {
        throw std::runtime_error(
            std::string("underflow converting ") + str
            + " to 64-bit unsigned integer");
    }

    errno = 0;
#ifdef _MSC_VER
    unsigned long long result = _strtoui64(str, 0, 10);
#else
    unsigned long long result = strtoull(str, 0, 10);
#endif
    if (errno == ERANGE)
    {
        throw std::runtime_error(
            std::string("overflow converting ") + str
            + " to 64-bit unsigned integer");
    }
    return result;
}

unsigned int
QUtil::string_to_uint(char const* str)
{
    // QIntC::to_uint does range checking
    return QIntC::to_uint(string_to_ull(str));
}

unsigned char*
QUtil::unsigned_char_pointer(std::string const& str)
{
    return reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(const_cast<char*>(str.c_str()));
}

unsigned char*
QUtil::unsigned_char_pointer(char const* str)
{
    return reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(const_cast<char*>(str));
}

void
QUtil::throw_system_error(std::string const& description)
{
    throw QPDFSystemError(description, errno);
}

int
QUtil::os_wrapper(std::string const& description, int status)
{
    if (status == -1)
    {
        throw_system_error(description);
    }
    return status;
}

#ifdef _WIN32
static PointerHolder<wchar_t>
win_convert_filename(char const* filename)
{
    // Convert the utf-8 encoded filename argument to wchar_t*. First,
    // convert to utf16, then to wchar_t*. Note that u16 will start
    // with the UTF16 marker, which we skip.
    std::string u16 = QUtil::utf8_to_utf16(filename);
    size_t len = u16.length();
    size_t wlen = (len / 2) - 1;
    PointerHolder<wchar_t> wfilenamep(true, new wchar_t[wlen + 1]);
    wchar_t* wfilename = wfilenamep.get();
    wfilename[wlen] = 0;
    for (unsigned int i = 2; i < len; i += 2)
    {
        wfilename[(i/2) - 1] =
            static_cast<wchar_t>(
                (static_cast<unsigned char>(u16.at(i)) << 8) +
                static_cast<unsigned char>(u16.at(i+1)));
    }
    return wfilenamep;
}
#endif

FILE*
QUtil::safe_fopen(char const* filename, char const* mode)
{
    FILE* f = 0;
#ifdef _WIN32
    PointerHolder<wchar_t> wfilenamep = win_convert_filename(filename);
    wchar_t* wfilename = wfilenamep.get();
    PointerHolder<wchar_t> wmodep(true, new wchar_t[strlen(mode) + 1]);
    wchar_t* wmode = wmodep.get();
    wmode[strlen(mode)] = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < strlen(mode); ++i)
    {
        wmode[i] = static_cast<wchar_t>(mode[i]);
    }

#ifdef _MSC_VER
    errno_t err = _wfopen_s(&f, wfilename, wmode);
    if (err != 0)
    {
        errno = err;
    }
#else
    f = _wfopen(wfilename, wmode);
#endif
    if (f == 0)
    {
        throw_system_error(std::string("open ") + filename);
    }
#else
    f = fopen_wrapper(std::string("open ") + filename, fopen(filename, mode));
#endif
    return f;
}

FILE*
QUtil::fopen_wrapper(std::string const& description, FILE* f)
{
    if (f == 0)
    {
        throw_system_error(description);
    }
    return f;
}

bool
QUtil::file_can_be_opened(char const* filename)
{
    try
    {
        fclose(safe_fopen(filename, "rb"));
        return true;
    }
    catch (std::runtime_error&)
    {
        // can't open the file
    }
    return false;
}

int
QUtil::seek(FILE* stream, qpdf_offset_t offset, int whence)
{
#if HAVE_FSEEKO
    return fseeko(stream,
                  QIntC::IntConverter<qpdf_offset_t, off_t>::convert(offset),
                  whence);
#elif HAVE_FSEEKO64
    return fseeko64(stream, offset, whence);
#else
# if defined _MSC_VER || defined __BORLANDC__
    return _fseeki64(stream, offset, whence);
# else
    return fseek(stream, QIntC::to_long(offset), whence);
# endif
#endif
}

qpdf_offset_t
QUtil::tell(FILE* stream)
{
#if HAVE_FSEEKO
    return QIntC::to_offset(ftello(stream));
#elif HAVE_FSEEKO64
    return QIntC::to_offset(ftello64(stream));
#else
# if defined _MSC_VER || defined __BORLANDC__
    return _ftelli64(stream);
# else
    return QIntC::to_offset(ftell(stream));
# endif
#endif
}

bool
QUtil::same_file(char const* name1, char const* name2)
{
    if ((name1 == 0) || (strlen(name1) == 0) ||
        (name2 == 0) || (strlen(name2) == 0))
    {
        return false;
    }
#ifdef _WIN32
    bool same = false;
# ifndef AVOID_WINDOWS_HANDLE
    HANDLE fh1 = CreateFile(name1, GENERIC_READ, FILE_SHARE_READ,
                            NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
    HANDLE fh2 = CreateFile(name2, GENERIC_READ, FILE_SHARE_READ,
                            NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
    BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION fi1;
    BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION fi2;
    if ((fh1 != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) &&
        (fh2 != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) &&
        GetFileInformationByHandle(fh1, &fi1) &&
        GetFileInformationByHandle(fh2, &fi2) &&
        (fi1.dwVolumeSerialNumber == fi2.dwVolumeSerialNumber) &&
        (fi1.nFileIndexLow == fi2.nFileIndexLow) &&
        (fi1.nFileIndexHigh == fi2.nFileIndexHigh))
    {
        same = true;
    }
    if (fh1 != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
    {
        CloseHandle(fh1);
    }
    if (fh2 != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
    {
        CloseHandle(fh2);
    }
# endif
    return same;
#else
    struct stat st1;
    struct stat st2;
    if ((stat(name1, &st1) == 0) &&
        (stat(name2, &st2) == 0) &&
        (st1.st_ino == st2.st_ino) &&
        (st1.st_dev == st2.st_dev))
    {
        return true;
    }
#endif
    return false;
}


void
QUtil::remove_file(char const* path)
{
#ifdef _WIN32
    PointerHolder<wchar_t> wpath = win_convert_filename(path);
    os_wrapper(std::string("remove ") + path, _wunlink(wpath.get()));
#else
    os_wrapper(std::string("remove ") + path, unlink(path));
#endif
}

void
QUtil::rename_file(char const* oldname, char const* newname)
{
#ifdef _WIN32
    try
    {
        remove_file(newname);
    }
    catch (QPDFSystemError&)
    {
        // ignore
    }
    PointerHolder<wchar_t> wold = win_convert_filename(oldname);
    PointerHolder<wchar_t> wnew = win_convert_filename(newname);
    os_wrapper(std::string("rename ") + oldname + " " + newname,
               _wrename(wold.get(), wnew.get()));
#else
    os_wrapper(std::string("rename ") + oldname + " " + newname,
               rename(oldname, newname));
#endif
}

void
QUtil::pipe_file(char const* filename, Pipeline* p)
{
    // Exercised in test suite by testing file_provider.
    FILE* f = safe_fopen(filename, "rb");
    FileCloser fc(f);
    size_t len = 0;
    int constexpr size = 8192;
    unsigned char buf[size];
    while ((len = fread(buf, 1, size, f)) > 0)
    {
        p->write(buf, len);
    }
    p->finish();
    if (ferror(f))
    {
        throw std::runtime_error(
            std::string("failure reading file ") + filename);
    }
}

std::function<void(Pipeline*)>
QUtil::file_provider(std::string const& filename)
{
    return [filename](Pipeline* p) {
        pipe_file(filename.c_str(), p);
    };
}

std::string
QUtil::path_basename(std::string const& filename)
{
#ifdef _WIN32
    char const* pathsep = "/\\";
#else
    char const* pathsep = "/";
#endif
    std::string last = filename;
    auto len = last.length();
    while (len > 1)
    {
        auto pos = last.find_last_of(pathsep);
        if (pos == len - 1)
        {
            last.pop_back();
            --len;
        }
        else if (pos == std::string::npos)
        {
            break;
        }
        else
        {
            last = last.substr(pos + 1);
            break;
        }
    }
    return last;
}

char*
QUtil::copy_string(std::string const& str)
{
    char* result = new char[str.length() + 1];
    // Use memcpy in case string contains nulls
    result[str.length()] = '\0';
    memcpy(result, str.c_str(), str.length());
    return result;
}

std::shared_ptr<char>
QUtil::make_shared_cstr(std::string const& str)
{
    auto result = QUtil::make_shared_array<char>(str.length() + 1);
    // Use memcpy in case string contains nulls
    result.get()[str.length()] = '\0';
    memcpy(result.get(), str.c_str(), str.length());
    return result;
}

std::unique_ptr<char[]>
QUtil::make_unique_cstr(std::string const& str)
{
    auto result = std::make_unique<char[]>(str.length() + 1);
    // Use memcpy in case string contains nulls
    result.get()[str.length()] = '\0';
    memcpy(result.get(), str.c_str(), str.length());
    return result;
}

std::string
QUtil::hex_encode(std::string const& input)
{
    std::string result;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < input.length(); ++i)
    {
        result += QUtil::int_to_string_base(
            QIntC::to_int(static_cast<unsigned char>(input.at(i))), 16, 2);
    }
    return result;
}

std::string
QUtil::hex_decode(std::string const& input)
{
    std::string result;
    size_t pos = 0;
    for (std::string::const_iterator p = input.begin(); p != input.end(); ++p)
    {
        char ch = *p;
        bool skip = false;
        if ((*p >= 'A') && (*p <= 'F'))
        {
            ch = QIntC::to_char(ch - 'A' + 10);
        }
        else if ((*p >= 'a') && (*p <= 'f'))
        {
            ch = QIntC::to_char(ch - 'a' + 10);
        }
        else if ((*p >= '0') && (*p <= '9'))
        {
            ch = QIntC::to_char(ch - '0');
        }
        else
        {
            skip = true;
        }
        if (! skip)
        {
            if (pos == 0)
            {
                result.push_back(static_cast<char>(ch << 4));
                pos = 1;
            }
            else
            {
                result[result.length()-1] |= ch;
                pos = 0;
            }
        }
    }
    return result;
}

void
QUtil::binary_stdout()
{
#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(__BORLANDC__)
     setmode(_fileno(stdout), _O_BINARY);
#elif defined(_WIN32)
    _setmode(_fileno(stdout), _O_BINARY);
#endif
}

void
QUtil::binary_stdin()
{
#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(__BORLANDC__)
     setmode(_fileno(stdin), _O_BINARY);
#elif defined(_WIN32)
    _setmode(_fileno(stdin), _O_BINARY);
#endif
}

void
QUtil::setLineBuf(FILE* f)
{
#ifndef _WIN32
    setvbuf(f, reinterpret_cast<char *>(0), _IOLBF, 0);
#endif
}

char*
QUtil::getWhoami(char* argv0)
{
    char* whoami = 0;
    if (((whoami = strrchr(argv0, '/')) == NULL) &&
        ((whoami = strrchr(argv0, '\\')) == NULL))
    {
        whoami = argv0;
    }
    else
    {
        ++whoami;
    }

    if ((strlen(whoami) > 4) &&
        (strcmp(whoami + strlen(whoami) - 4, ".exe") == 0))
    {
        whoami[strlen(whoami) - 4] = '\0';
    }

    return whoami;
}

bool
QUtil::get_env(std::string const& var, std::string* value)
{
    // This was basically ripped out of wxWindows.
#ifdef _WIN32
# ifdef NO_GET_ENVIRONMENT
    return false;
# else
    // first get the size of the buffer
    DWORD len = ::GetEnvironmentVariable(var.c_str(), NULL, 0);
    if (len == 0)
    {
        // this means that there is no such variable
        return false;
    }

    if (value)
    {
        PointerHolder<char> t = PointerHolder<char>(true, new char[len + 1]);
        ::GetEnvironmentVariable(var.c_str(), t.get(), len);
        *value = t.get();
    }

    return true;
# endif
#else
    char* p = getenv(var.c_str());
    if (p == 0)
    {
        return false;
    }
    if (value)
    {
        *value = p;
    }

    return true;
#endif
}

time_t
QUtil::get_current_time()
{
#ifdef _WIN32
    // The procedure to get local time at this resolution comes from
    // the Microsoft documentation.  It says to convert a SYSTEMTIME
    // to a FILETIME, and to copy the FILETIME to a ULARGE_INTEGER.
    // The resulting number is the number of 100-nanosecond intervals
    // between January 1, 1601 and now.  POSIX threads wants a time
    // based on January 1, 1970, so we adjust by subtracting the
    // number of seconds in that time period from the result we get
    // here.
    SYSTEMTIME sysnow;
    GetSystemTime(&sysnow);
    FILETIME filenow;
    SystemTimeToFileTime(&sysnow, &filenow);
    ULARGE_INTEGER uinow;
    uinow.LowPart = filenow.dwLowDateTime;
    uinow.HighPart = filenow.dwHighDateTime;
    ULONGLONG now = uinow.QuadPart;
    return static_cast<time_t>((now / 10000000ULL) - 11644473600ULL);
#else
    return time(0);
#endif
}

QUtil::QPDFTime
QUtil::get_current_qpdf_time()
{
#ifdef _WIN32
    SYSTEMTIME ltime;
    GetLocalTime(&ltime);
    TIME_ZONE_INFORMATION tzinfo;
    GetTimeZoneInformation(&tzinfo);
    return QPDFTime(static_cast<int>(ltime.wYear),
                    static_cast<int>(ltime.wMonth),
                    static_cast<int>(ltime.wDay),
                    static_cast<int>(ltime.wHour),
                    static_cast<int>(ltime.wMinute),
                    static_cast<int>(ltime.wSecond),
                    // tzinfo.Bias is minutes before UTC
                    static_cast<int>(tzinfo.Bias));
#else
    struct tm ltime;
    time_t now = time(0);
    tzset();
#ifdef HAVE_LOCALTIME_R
    localtime_r(&now, &ltime);
#else
    ltime = *localtime(&now);
#endif
#if HAVE_TM_GMTOFF
    // tm_gmtoff is seconds after UTC
    int tzoff = -static_cast<int>(ltime.tm_gmtoff / 60);
#elif HAVE_EXTERN_LONG_TIMEZONE
    // timezone is seconds before UTC, not adjusted for daylight saving time
    int tzoff = static_cast<int>(timezone / 60);
#else
    // Don't know how to get timezone on this platform
    int tzoff = 0;
#endif
    return QPDFTime(static_cast<int>(ltime.tm_year + 1900),
                    static_cast<int>(ltime.tm_mon + 1),
                    static_cast<int>(ltime.tm_mday),
                    static_cast<int>(ltime.tm_hour),
                    static_cast<int>(ltime.tm_min),
                    static_cast<int>(ltime.tm_sec),
                    tzoff);
#endif
}

std::string
QUtil::qpdf_time_to_pdf_time(QPDFTime const& qtm)
{
    std::string tz_offset;
    int t = qtm.tz_delta;
    if (t == 0)
    {
        tz_offset = "Z";
    }
    else
    {
        if (t < 0)
        {
            t = -t;
            tz_offset += "+";
        }
        else
        {
            tz_offset += "-";
        }
        tz_offset +=
            QUtil::int_to_string(t / 60, 2) + "'" +
            QUtil::int_to_string(t % 60, 2) + "'";
    }
    return ("D:" +
            QUtil::int_to_string(qtm.year, 4) +
            QUtil::int_to_string(qtm.month, 2) +
            QUtil::int_to_string(qtm.day, 2) +
            QUtil::int_to_string(qtm.hour, 2) +
            QUtil::int_to_string(qtm.minute, 2) +
            QUtil::int_to_string(qtm.second, 2) +
            tz_offset);
}

bool
QUtil::pdf_time_to_qpdf_time(std::string const& str, QPDFTime* qtm)
{
    static std::regex pdf_date("^D:([0-9]{4})([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})"
                               "([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})"
                               "(?:(Z?)|([\\+\\-])([0-9]{2})'([0-9]{2})')$");
    std::smatch m;
    if (! std::regex_match(str, m, pdf_date))
    {
        return false;
    }
    int tz_delta = 0;
    auto to_i = [](std::string const& s) {
        return QUtil::string_to_int(s.c_str());
    };

    if (m[8] != "")
    {
        tz_delta = ((to_i(m[9]) * 60) +
                    to_i(m[10]));
        if (m[8] == "+")
        {
            tz_delta = -tz_delta;
        }
    }
    if (qtm)
    {
        *qtm = QPDFTime(to_i(m[1]),
                        to_i(m[2]),
                        to_i(m[3]),
                        to_i(m[4]),
                        to_i(m[5]),
                        to_i(m[6]),
                        tz_delta);
    }
    return true;
}

std::string
QUtil::toUTF8(unsigned long uval)
{
    std::string result;

    // A UTF-8 encoding of a Unicode value is a single byte for
    // Unicode values <= 127.  For larger values, the first byte of
    // the UTF-8 encoding has '1' as each of its n highest bits and
    // '0' for its (n+1)th highest bit where n is the total number of
    // bytes required.  Subsequent bytes start with '10' and have the
    // remaining 6 bits free for encoding.  For example, an 11-bit
    // Unicode value can be stored in two bytes where the first is
    // 110zzzzz, the second is 10zzzzzz, and the z's represent the
    // remaining bits.

    if (uval > 0x7fffffff)
    {
        throw std::runtime_error("bounds error in QUtil::toUTF8");
    }
    else if (uval < 128)
    {
        result += static_cast<char>(uval);
    }
    else
    {
        unsigned char bytes[7];
        bytes[6] = '\0';
        unsigned char* cur_byte = &bytes[5];

        // maximum value that will fit in the current number of bytes
        unsigned char maxval = 0x3f; // six bits

        while (uval > QIntC::to_ulong(maxval))
        {
            // Assign low six bits plus 10000000 to lowest unused
            // byte position, then shift
            *cur_byte = static_cast<unsigned char>(0x80 + (uval & 0x3f));
            uval >>= 6;
            // Maximum that will fit in high byte now shrinks by one bit
            maxval = static_cast<unsigned char>(maxval >> 1);
            // Slide to the left one byte
            if (cur_byte <= bytes)
            {
                throw std::logic_error("QUtil::toUTF8: overflow error");
            }
            --cur_byte;
        }
        // If maxval is k bits long, the high (7 - k) bits of the
        // resulting byte must be high.
        *cur_byte = static_cast<unsigned char>(
            QIntC::to_ulong(0xff - (1 + (maxval << 1))) + uval);

        result += reinterpret_cast<char*>(cur_byte);
    }

    return result;
}

std::string
QUtil::toUTF16(unsigned long uval)
{
    std::string result;
    if ((uval >= 0xd800) && (uval <= 0xdfff))
    {
        result = "\xff\xfd";
    }
    else if (uval <= 0xffff)
    {
        char out[2];
        out[0] = static_cast<char>((uval & 0xff00) >> 8);
        out[1] = static_cast<char>(uval & 0xff);
        result = std::string(out, 2);
    }
    else if (uval <= 0x10ffff)
    {
        char out[4];
        uval -= 0x10000;
        unsigned short high =
            static_cast<unsigned short>(((uval & 0xffc00) >> 10) + 0xd800);
        unsigned short low =
            static_cast<unsigned short>((uval & 0x3ff) + 0xdc00);
        out[0] = static_cast<char>((high & 0xff00) >> 8);
        out[1] = static_cast<char>(high & 0xff);
        out[2] = static_cast<char>((low & 0xff00) >> 8);
        out[3] = static_cast<char>(low & 0xff);
        result = std::string(out, 4);
    }
    else
    {
        result = "\xff\xfd";
    }

    return result;
}

// Random data support

class RandomDataProviderProvider
{
  public:
    RandomDataProviderProvider();
    void setProvider(RandomDataProvider*);
    RandomDataProvider* getProvider();

  private:
    RandomDataProvider* default_provider;
    RandomDataProvider* current_provider;
};

RandomDataProviderProvider::RandomDataProviderProvider() :
    default_provider(CryptoRandomDataProvider::getInstance()),
    current_provider(0)
{
    this->current_provider = default_provider;
}

RandomDataProvider*
RandomDataProviderProvider::getProvider()
{
    return this->current_provider;
}

void
RandomDataProviderProvider::setProvider(RandomDataProvider* p)
{
    this->current_provider = p ? p : this->default_provider;
}

static RandomDataProviderProvider*
getRandomDataProviderProvider()
{
    // Thread-safe static initializer
    static RandomDataProviderProvider rdpp;
    return &rdpp;
}

void
QUtil::setRandomDataProvider(RandomDataProvider* p)
{
    getRandomDataProviderProvider()->setProvider(p);
}

RandomDataProvider*
QUtil::getRandomDataProvider()
{
    return getRandomDataProviderProvider()->getProvider();
}

void
QUtil::initializeWithRandomBytes(unsigned char* data, size_t len)
{
    getRandomDataProvider()->provideRandomData(data, len);
}

long
QUtil::random()
{
    long result = 0L;
    initializeWithRandomBytes(
        reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(&result),
        sizeof(result));
    return result;
}

bool
QUtil::is_hex_digit(char ch)
{
    return (ch && (strchr("0123456789abcdefABCDEF", ch) != 0));
}

bool
QUtil::is_space(char ch)
{
    return (ch && (strchr(" \f\n\r\t\v", ch) != 0));
}

bool
QUtil::is_digit(char ch)
{
    return ((ch >= '0') && (ch <= '9'));
}

bool
QUtil::is_number(char const* p)
{
    // ^[\+\-]?(\.\d*|\d+(\.\d*)?)$
    if (! *p)
    {
        return false;
    }
    if ((*p == '-') || (*p == '+'))
    {
        ++p;
    }
    bool found_dot = false;
    bool found_digit = false;
    for (; *p; ++p)
    {
        if (*p == '.')
        {
            if (found_dot)
            {
                // only one dot
                return false;
            }
            found_dot = true;
        }
        else if (QUtil::is_digit(*p))
        {
            found_digit = true;
        }
        else
        {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return found_digit;
}

void
QUtil::read_file_into_memory(
    char const* filename,
    PointerHolder<char>& file_buf, size_t& size)
{
    FILE* f = safe_fopen(filename, "rb");
    FileCloser fc(f);
    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
    size = QIntC::to_size(QUtil::tell(f));
    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
    file_buf = make_array_pointer_holder<char>(size);
    char* buf_p = file_buf.get();
    size_t bytes_read = 0;
    size_t len = 0;
    while ((len = fread(buf_p + bytes_read, 1, size - bytes_read, f)) > 0)
    {
        bytes_read += len;
    }
    if (bytes_read != size)
    {
        if (ferror(f))
        {
            throw std::runtime_error(
                std::string("failure reading file ") + filename +
                " into memory: read " +
                uint_to_string(bytes_read) + "; wanted " +
                uint_to_string(size));
        }
        else
        {
            throw std::runtime_error(
                std::string("premature eof reading file ") + filename +
                " into memory: read " +
                uint_to_string(bytes_read) + "; wanted " +
                uint_to_string(size));
        }
    }
}

static bool read_char_from_FILE(char& ch, FILE* f)
{
    auto len = fread(&ch, 1, 1, f);
    if (len == 0)
    {
        if (ferror(f))
        {
            throw std::runtime_error("failure reading character from file");
        }
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

std::list<std::string>
QUtil::read_lines_from_file(char const* filename, bool preserve_eol)
{
    std::list<std::string> lines;
    FILE* f = safe_fopen(filename, "rb");
    FileCloser fc(f);
    auto next_char = [&f](char& ch) { return read_char_from_FILE(ch, f); };
    read_lines_from_file(next_char, lines, preserve_eol);
    return lines;
}

std::list<std::string>
QUtil::read_lines_from_file(std::istream& in, bool preserve_eol)
{
    std::list<std::string> lines;
    auto next_char = [&in](char& ch) { return (in.get(ch)) ? true: false; };
    read_lines_from_file(next_char, lines, preserve_eol);
    return lines;
}

std::list<std::string>
QUtil::read_lines_from_file(FILE* f, bool preserve_eol)
{
    std::list<std::string> lines;
    auto next_char = [&f](char& ch) { return read_char_from_FILE(ch, f); };
    read_lines_from_file(next_char, lines, preserve_eol);
    return lines;
}

void
QUtil::read_lines_from_file(std::function<bool(char&)> next_char,
                            std::list<std::string>& lines,
                            bool preserve_eol)
{
    std::string* buf = 0;
    char c;
    while (next_char(c))
    {
        if (buf == 0)
        {
            lines.push_back("");
            buf = &(lines.back());
            buf->reserve(80);
        }

        if (buf->capacity() == buf->size())
        {
            buf->reserve(buf->capacity() * 2);
        }
        if (c == '\n')
        {
            if (preserve_eol)
            {
                buf->append(1, c);
            }
            else
            {
                // Remove any carriage return that preceded the
                // newline and discard the newline
                if ((! buf->empty()) && ((*(buf->rbegin())) == '\r'))
                {
                    buf->erase(buf->length() - 1);
                }
            }
            buf = 0;
        }
        else
        {
            buf->append(1, c);
        }
    }
}

int
QUtil::str_compare_nocase(char const *s1, char const *s2)
{
#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(__BORLANDC__)
    return stricmp(s1, s2);
#elif defined(_WIN32)
    return _stricmp(s1, s2);
#else
    return strcasecmp(s1, s2);
#endif
}

static int maybe_from_end(int num, bool from_end, int max)
{
    if (from_end)
    {
        if (num > max)
        {
            num = 0;
        }
        else
        {
            num = max + 1 - num;
        }
    }
    return num;
}

std::vector<int>
QUtil::parse_numrange(char const* range, int max)
{
    std::vector<int> result;
    char const* p = range;
    try
    {
        std::vector<int> work;
        static int const comma = -1;
        static int const dash = -2;
        size_t start_idx = 0;
        size_t skip = 1;

        enum { st_top,
               st_in_number,
               st_after_number } state = st_top;
        bool last_separator_was_dash = false;
        int cur_number = 0;
        bool from_end = false;
        while (*p)
        {
            char ch = *p;
            if (isdigit(ch))
            {
                if (! ((state == st_top) || (state == st_in_number)))
                {
                    throw std::runtime_error("digit not expected");
                }
                state = st_in_number;
                cur_number *= 10;
                cur_number += (ch - '0');
            }
            else if (ch == 'z')
            {
                // z represents max
                if (! (state == st_top))
                {
                    throw std::runtime_error("z not expected");
                }
                state = st_after_number;
                cur_number = max;
            }
            else if (ch == 'r')
            {
                if (! (state == st_top))
                {
                    throw std::runtime_error("r not expected");
                }
                state = st_in_number;
                from_end = true;
            }
            else if ((ch == ',') || (ch == '-'))
            {
                if (! ((state == st_in_number) || (state == st_after_number)))
                {
                    throw std::runtime_error("unexpected separator");
                }
                cur_number = maybe_from_end(cur_number, from_end, max);
                work.push_back(cur_number);
                cur_number = 0;
                from_end = false;
                if (ch == ',')
                {
                    state = st_top;
                    last_separator_was_dash = false;
                    work.push_back(comma);
                }
                else if (ch == '-')
                {
                    if (last_separator_was_dash)
                    {
                        throw std::runtime_error("unexpected dash");
                    }
                    state = st_top;
                    last_separator_was_dash = true;
                    work.push_back(dash);
                }
            }
            else if (ch == ':')
            {
                if (! ((state == st_in_number) || (state == st_after_number)))
                {
                    throw std::runtime_error("unexpected colon");
                }
                break;
            }
            else
            {
                throw std::runtime_error("unexpected character");
            }
            ++p;
        }
        if ((state == st_in_number) || (state == st_after_number))
        {
            cur_number = maybe_from_end(cur_number, from_end, max);
            work.push_back(cur_number);
        }
        else
        {
            throw std::runtime_error("number expected");
        }
        if (*p == ':')
        {
            if (strcmp(p, ":odd") == 0)
            {
                skip = 2;
            }
            else if (strcmp(p, ":even") == 0)
            {
                skip = 2;
                start_idx = 1;
            }
            else
            {
                throw std::runtime_error("unexpected even/odd modifier");
            }
        }

        p = 0;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < work.size(); i += 2)
        {
            int num = work.at(i);
            // max == 0 means we don't know the max and are just
            // testing for valid syntax.
            if ((max > 0) && ((num < 1) || (num > max)))
            {
                throw std::runtime_error(
                    "number " + QUtil::int_to_string(num) + " out of range");
            }
            if (i == 0)
            {
                result.push_back(work.at(i));
            }
            else
            {
                int separator = work.at(i-1);
                if (separator == comma)
                {
                    result.push_back(num);
                }
                else if (separator == dash)
                {
                    int lastnum = result.back();
                    if (num > lastnum)
                    {
                        for (int j = lastnum + 1; j <= num; ++j)
                        {
                            result.push_back(j);
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        for (int j = lastnum - 1; j >= num; --j)
                        {
                            result.push_back(j);
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    throw std::logic_error(
                        "INTERNAL ERROR parsing numeric range");
                }
            }
        }
        if ((start_idx > 0) || (skip != 1))
        {
            auto t = result;
            result.clear();
            for (size_t i = start_idx; i < t.size(); i += skip)
            {
                result.push_back(t.at(i));
            }
        }
    }
    catch (std::runtime_error const& e)
    {
        std::string message;
        if (p)
        {
            message = "error at * in numeric range " +
                std::string(range, QIntC::to_size(p - range)) +
                "*" + p + ": " + e.what();
        }
        else
        {
            message = "error in numeric range " +
                std::string(range) + ": " + e.what();
        }
        throw std::runtime_error(message);
    }
    return result;
}

enum encoding_e { e_utf16, e_ascii, e_winansi, e_macroman, e_pdfdoc };

static unsigned char
encode_winansi(unsigned long codepoint)
{
    // Use this ugly switch statement to avoid a static, which is not
    // thread-safe.
    unsigned char ch = '\0';
    switch (codepoint)
    {
      case 0x20ac:
        ch = 0x80;
        break;
      case 0x201a:
        ch = 0x82;
        break;
      case 0x192:
        ch = 0x83;
        break;
      case 0x201e:
        ch = 0x84;
        break;
      case 0x2026:
        ch = 0x85;
        break;
      case 0x2020:
        ch = 0x86;
        break;
      case 0x2021:
        ch = 0x87;
        break;
      case 0x2c6:
        ch = 0x88;
        break;
      case 0x2030:
        ch = 0x89;
        break;
      case 0x160:
        ch = 0x8a;
        break;
      case 0x2039:
        ch = 0x8b;
        break;
      case 0x152:
        ch = 0x8c;
        break;
      case 0x17d:
        ch = 0x8e;
        break;
      case 0x2018:
        ch = 0x91;
        break;
      case 0x2019:
        ch = 0x92;
        break;
      case 0x201c:
        ch = 0x93;
        break;
      case 0x201d:
        ch = 0x94;
        break;
      case 0x2022:
        ch = 0x95;
        break;
      case 0x2013:
        ch = 0x96;
        break;
      case 0x2014:
        ch = 0x97;
        break;
      case 0x303:
        ch = 0x98;
        break;
      case 0x2122:
        ch = 0x99;
        break;
      case 0x161:
        ch = 0x9a;
        break;
      case 0x203a:
        ch = 0x9b;
        break;
      case 0x153:
        ch = 0x9c;
        break;
      case 0x17e:
        ch = 0x9e;
        break;
      case 0x178:
        ch = 0x9f;
        break;
      case 0xa0:
        ch = 0xa0;
        break;
      default:
        break;
    }
    return ch;
}

static unsigned char
encode_macroman(unsigned long codepoint)
{
    // Use this ugly switch statement to avoid a static, which is not
    // thread-safe.
    unsigned char ch = '\0';
    switch (codepoint)
    {
      case 0xc4:
        ch = 0x80;
        break;
      case 0xc5:
        ch = 0x81;
        break;
      case 0xc7:
        ch = 0x82;
        break;
      case 0xc9:
        ch = 0x83;
        break;
      case 0xd1:
        ch = 0x84;
        break;
      case 0xd6:
        ch = 0x85;
        break;
      case 0xdc:
        ch = 0x86;
        break;
      case 0xe1:
        ch = 0x87;
        break;
      case 0xe0:
        ch = 0x88;
        break;
      case 0xe2:
        ch = 0x89;
        break;
      case 0xe4:
        ch = 0x8a;
        break;
      case 0xe3:
        ch = 0x8b;
        break;
      case 0xe5:
        ch = 0x8c;
        break;
      case 0xe7:
        ch = 0x8d;
        break;
      case 0xe9:
        ch = 0x8e;
        break;
      case 0xe8:
        ch = 0x8f;
        break;
      case 0xea:
        ch = 0x90;
        break;
      case 0xeb:
        ch = 0x91;
        break;
      case 0xed:
        ch = 0x92;
        break;
      case 0xec:
        ch = 0x93;
        break;
      case 0xee:
        ch = 0x94;
        break;
      case 0xef:
        ch = 0x95;
        break;
      case 0xf1:
        ch = 0x96;
        break;
      case 0xf3:
        ch = 0x97;
        break;
      case 0xf2:
        ch = 0x98;
        break;
      case 0xf4:
        ch = 0x99;
        break;
      case 0xf6:
        ch = 0x9a;
        break;
      case 0xf5:
        ch = 0x9b;
        break;
      case 0xfa:
        ch = 0x9c;
        break;
      case 0xf9:
        ch = 0x9d;
        break;
      case 0xfb:
        ch = 0x9e;
        break;
      case 0xfc:
        ch = 0x9f;
        break;
      case 0x2020:
        ch = 0xa0;
        break;
      case 0xb0:
        ch = 0xa1;
        break;
      case 0xa2:
        ch = 0xa2;
        break;
      case 0xa3:
        ch = 0xa3;
        break;
      case 0xa7:
        ch = 0xa4;
        break;
      case 0x2022:
        ch = 0xa5;
        break;
      case 0xb6:
        ch = 0xa6;
        break;
      case 0xdf:
        ch = 0xa7;
        break;
      case 0xae:
        ch = 0xa8;
        break;
      case 0xa9:
        ch = 0xa9;
        break;
      case 0x2122:
        ch = 0xaa;
        break;
      case 0x301:
        ch = 0xab;
        break;
      case 0x308:
        ch = 0xac;
        break;
      case 0xc6:
        ch = 0xae;
        break;
      case 0xd8:
        ch = 0xaf;
        break;
      case 0xb1:
        ch = 0xb1;
        break;
      case 0xa5:
        ch = 0xb4;
        break;
      case 0x3bc:
        ch = 0xb5;
        break;
      case 0x1d43:
        ch = 0xbb;
        break;
      case 0x1d52:
        ch = 0xbc;
        break;
      case 0xe6:
        ch = 0xbe;
        break;
      case 0xf8:
        ch = 0xbf;
        break;
      case 0xbf:
        ch = 0xc0;
        break;
      case 0xa1:
        ch = 0xc1;
        break;
      case 0xac:
        ch = 0xc2;
        break;
      case 0x192:
        ch = 0xc4;
        break;
      case 0xab:
        ch = 0xc7;
        break;
      case 0xbb:
        ch = 0xc8;
        break;
      case 0x2026:
        ch = 0xc9;
        break;
      case 0xc0:
        ch = 0xcb;
        break;
      case 0xc3:
        ch = 0xcc;
        break;
      case 0xd5:
        ch = 0xcd;
        break;
      case 0x152:
        ch = 0xce;
        break;
      case 0x153:
        ch = 0xcf;
        break;
      case 0x2013:
        ch = 0xd0;
        break;
      case 0x2014:
        ch = 0xd1;
        break;
      case 0x201c:
        ch = 0xd2;
        break;
      case 0x201d:
        ch = 0xd3;
        break;
      case 0x2018:
        ch = 0xd4;
        break;
      case 0x2019:
        ch = 0xd5;
        break;
      case 0xf7:
        ch = 0xd6;
        break;
      case 0xff:
        ch = 0xd8;
        break;
      case 0x178:
        ch = 0xd9;
        break;
      case 0x2044:
        ch = 0xda;
        break;
      case 0xa4:
        ch = 0xdb;
        break;
      case 0x2039:
        ch = 0xdc;
        break;
      case 0x203a:
        ch = 0xdd;
        break;
      case 0xfb01:
        ch = 0xde;
        break;
      case 0xfb02:
        ch = 0xdf;
        break;
      case 0x2021:
        ch = 0xe0;
        break;
      case 0xb7:
        ch = 0xe1;
        break;
      case 0x201a:
        ch = 0xe2;
        break;
      case 0x201e:
        ch = 0xe3;
        break;
      case 0x2030:
        ch = 0xe4;
        break;
      case 0xc2:
        ch = 0xe5;
        break;
      case 0xca:
        ch = 0xe6;
        break;
      case 0xc1:
        ch = 0xe7;
        break;
      case 0xcb:
        ch = 0xe8;
        break;
      case 0xc8:
        ch = 0xe9;
        break;
      case 0xcd:
        ch = 0xea;
        break;
      case 0xce:
        ch = 0xeb;
        break;
      case 0xcf:
        ch = 0xec;
        break;
      case 0xcc:
        ch = 0xed;
        break;
      case 0xd3:
        ch = 0xee;
        break;
      case 0xd4:
        ch = 0xef;
        break;
      case 0xd2:
        ch = 0xf1;
        break;
      case 0xda:
        ch = 0xf2;
        break;
      case 0xdb:
        ch = 0xf3;
        break;
      case 0xd9:
        ch = 0xf4;
        break;
      case 0x131:
        ch = 0xf5;
        break;
      case 0x2c6:
        ch = 0xf6;
        break;
      case 0x303:
        ch = 0xf7;
        break;
      case 0x304:
        ch = 0xf8;
        break;
      case 0x306:
        ch = 0xf9;
        break;
      case 0x307:
        ch = 0xfa;
        break;
      case 0x30a:
        ch = 0xfb;
        break;
      case 0x327:
        ch = 0xfc;
        break;
      case 0x30b:
        ch = 0xfd;
        break;
      case 0x328:
        ch = 0xfe;
        break;
      case 0x2c7:
        ch = 0xff;
        break;
      default:
        break;
    }
    return ch;
}

static unsigned char
encode_pdfdoc(unsigned long codepoint)
{
    // Use this ugly switch statement to avoid a static, which is not
    // thread-safe.
    unsigned char ch = '\0';
    switch (codepoint)
    {
      case 0x02d8:
        ch = 0x18;
        break;
      case 0x02c7:
        ch = 0x19;
        break;
      case 0x02c6:
        ch = 0x1a;
        break;
      case 0x02d9:
        ch = 0x1b;
        break;
      case 0x02dd:
        ch = 0x1c;
        break;
      case 0x02db:
        ch = 0x1d;
        break;
      case 0x02da:
        ch = 0x1e;
        break;
      case 0x02dc:
        ch = 0x1f;
        break;
      case 0x2022:
        ch = 0x80;
        break;
      case 0x2020:
        ch = 0x81;
        break;
      case 0x2021:
        ch = 0x82;
        break;
      case 0x2026:
        ch = 0x83;
        break;
      case 0x2014:
        ch = 0x84;
        break;
      case 0x2013:
        ch = 0x85;
        break;
      case 0x0192:
        ch = 0x86;
        break;
      case 0x2044:
        ch = 0x87;
        break;
      case 0x2039:
        ch = 0x88;
        break;
      case 0x203a:
        ch = 0x89;
        break;
      case 0x2212:
        ch = 0x8a;
        break;
      case 0x2030:
        ch = 0x8b;
        break;
      case 0x201e:
        ch = 0x8c;
        break;
      case 0x201c:
        ch = 0x8d;
        break;
      case 0x201d:
        ch = 0x8e;
        break;
      case 0x2018:
        ch = 0x8f;
        break;
      case 0x2019:
        ch = 0x90;
        break;
      case 0x201a:
        ch = 0x91;
        break;
      case 0x2122:
        ch = 0x92;
        break;
      case 0xfb01:
        ch = 0x93;
        break;
      case 0xfb02:
        ch = 0x94;
        break;
      case 0x0141:
        ch = 0x95;
        break;
      case 0x0152:
        ch = 0x96;
        break;
      case 0x0160:
        ch = 0x97;
        break;
      case 0x0178:
        ch = 0x98;
        break;
      case 0x017d:
        ch = 0x99;
        break;
      case 0x0131:
        ch = 0x9a;
        break;
      case 0x0142:
        ch = 0x9b;
        break;
      case 0x0153:
        ch = 0x9c;
        break;
      case 0x0161:
        ch = 0x9d;
        break;
      case 0x017e:
        ch = 0x9e;
        break;
      case 0xfffd:
        ch = 0x9f;
        break;
      case 0x20ac:
        ch = 0xa0;
        break;
      default:
        break;
    }
    return ch;
}

unsigned long get_next_utf8_codepoint(
    std::string const& utf8_val, size_t& pos, bool& error)
{
    size_t len = utf8_val.length();
    unsigned char ch = static_cast<unsigned char>(utf8_val.at(pos));
    error = false;
    if (ch < 128)
    {
        return static_cast<unsigned long>(ch);
    }

    size_t bytes_needed = 0;
    unsigned bit_check = 0x40;
    unsigned char to_clear = 0x80;
    while (ch & bit_check)
    {
        ++bytes_needed;
        to_clear = static_cast<unsigned char>(to_clear | bit_check);
        bit_check >>= 1;
    }
    if (((bytes_needed > 5) || (bytes_needed < 1)) ||
        ((pos + bytes_needed) >= len))
    {
        error = true;
        return 0xfffd;
    }

    unsigned long codepoint = static_cast<unsigned long>(ch & ~to_clear);
    while (bytes_needed > 0)
    {
        --bytes_needed;
        ch = static_cast<unsigned char>(utf8_val.at(++pos));
        if ((ch & 0xc0) != 0x80)
        {
            --pos;
            codepoint = 0xfffd;
            break;
        }
        codepoint <<= 6;
        codepoint += (ch & 0x3f);
    }
    return codepoint;
}

static bool
transcode_utf8(std::string const& utf8_val, std::string& result,
               encoding_e encoding, char unknown)
{
    bool okay = true;
    result.clear();
    if (encoding == e_utf16)
    {
        result += "\xfe\xff";
    }
    size_t len = utf8_val.length();
    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
    {
        bool error = false;
        unsigned long codepoint = get_next_utf8_codepoint(utf8_val, i, error);
        if (error)
        {
            okay = false;
            if (encoding == e_utf16)
            {
                result += "\xff\xfd";
            }
            else
            {
                result.append(1, unknown);
            }
        }
        else if (codepoint < 128)
        {
            char ch = static_cast<char>(codepoint);
            if (encoding == e_utf16)
            {
                result += QUtil::toUTF16(QIntC::to_ulong(ch));
            }
            else if ((encoding == e_pdfdoc) &&
                     (((ch >= 0x18) && (ch <= 0x1f)) || (ch == 127)))
            {
                // PDFDocEncoding maps some low characters to Unicode,
                // so if we encounter those invalid UTF-8 code points,
                // map them to unknown so reversing the mapping
                // doesn't change them into other characters.
                okay = false;
                result.append(1, unknown);
            }
            else
            {
                result.append(1, ch);
            }
        }
        else if (encoding == e_utf16)
        {
            result += QUtil::toUTF16(codepoint);
        }
        else if ((codepoint == 0xad) && (encoding == e_pdfdoc))
        {
            // PDFDocEncoding omits 0x00ad (soft hyphen).
            okay = false;
            result.append(1, unknown);
        }
        else if ((codepoint > 160) && (codepoint < 256) &&
                 ((encoding == e_winansi) || (encoding == e_pdfdoc)))
        {
            result.append(1, static_cast<char>(codepoint & 0xff));
        }
        else
        {
            unsigned char ch = '\0';
            if (encoding == e_winansi)
            {
                ch = encode_winansi(codepoint);
            }
            else if (encoding == e_macroman)
            {
                ch = encode_macroman(codepoint);
            }
            else if (encoding == e_pdfdoc)
            {
                ch = encode_pdfdoc(codepoint);
            }
            if (ch == '\0')
            {
                okay = false;
                ch = static_cast<unsigned char>(unknown);
            }
            result.append(1, static_cast<char>(ch));
        }
    }
    return okay;
}

static std::string
transcode_utf8(std::string const& utf8_val, encoding_e encoding,
               char unknown)
{
    std::string result;
    transcode_utf8(utf8_val, result, encoding, unknown);
    return result;
}

std::string
QUtil::utf8_to_utf16(std::string const& utf8)
{
    return transcode_utf8(utf8, e_utf16, 0);
}

std::string
QUtil::utf8_to_ascii(std::string const& utf8, char unknown_char)
{
    return transcode_utf8(utf8, e_ascii, unknown_char);
}

std::string
QUtil::utf8_to_win_ansi(std::string const& utf8, char unknown_char)
{
    return transcode_utf8(utf8, e_winansi, unknown_char);
}

std::string
QUtil::utf8_to_mac_roman(std::string const& utf8, char unknown_char)
{
    return transcode_utf8(utf8, e_macroman, unknown_char);
}

std::string
QUtil::utf8_to_pdf_doc(std::string const& utf8, char unknown_char)
{
    return transcode_utf8(utf8, e_pdfdoc, unknown_char);
}

bool
QUtil::utf8_to_ascii(std::string const& utf8, std::string& ascii,
                     char unknown_char)
{
    return transcode_utf8(utf8, ascii, e_ascii, unknown_char);
}

bool
QUtil::utf8_to_win_ansi(std::string const& utf8, std::string& win,
                        char unknown_char)
{
    return transcode_utf8(utf8, win, e_winansi, unknown_char);
}

bool
QUtil::utf8_to_mac_roman(std::string const& utf8, std::string& mac,
                         char unknown_char)
{
    return transcode_utf8(utf8, mac, e_macroman, unknown_char);
}

bool
QUtil::utf8_to_pdf_doc(std::string const& utf8, std::string& pdfdoc,
                       char unknown_char)
{
    return transcode_utf8(utf8, pdfdoc, e_pdfdoc, unknown_char);
}

bool
QUtil::is_utf16(std::string const& val)
{
    return ((val.length() >= 2) &&
            (((val.at(0) == '\xfe') && (val.at(1) == '\xff')) ||
             ((val.at(0) == '\xff') && (val.at(1) == '\xfe'))));
}

std::string
QUtil::utf16_to_utf8(std::string const& val)
{
    std::string result;
    // This code uses unsigned long and unsigned short to hold
    // codepoint values. It requires unsigned long to be at least
    // 32 bits and unsigned short to be at least 16 bits, but it
    // will work fine if they are larger.
    unsigned long codepoint = 0L;
    size_t len = val.length();
    size_t start = 0;
    bool is_le = false;
    if (is_utf16(val))
    {
        if (static_cast<unsigned char>(val.at(0)) == 0xff)
        {
            is_le = true;
        }
        start += 2;
    }
    // If the string has an odd number of bytes, the last byte is
    // ignored.
    for (size_t i = start; i + 1 < len; i += 2)
    {
        // Convert from UTF16-BE.  If we get a malformed
        // codepoint, this code will generate incorrect output
        // without giving a warning.  Specifically, a high
        // codepoint not followed by a low codepoint will be
        // discarded, and a low codepoint not preceded by a high
        // codepoint will just get its low 10 bits output.
        auto msb = is_le ? i+1 : i;
        auto lsb = is_le ? i : i+1;
        unsigned short bits =
            QIntC::to_ushort(
                (static_cast<unsigned char>(val.at(msb)) << 8) +
                static_cast<unsigned char>(val.at(lsb)));
        if ((bits & 0xFC00) == 0xD800)
        {
            codepoint = 0x10000U + ((bits & 0x3FFU) << 10U);
            continue;
        }
        else if ((bits & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00)
        {
            if (codepoint != 0)
            {
                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QUtil non-trivial UTF-16");
            }
            codepoint += bits & 0x3FF;
        }
        else
        {
            codepoint = bits;
        }

        result += QUtil::toUTF8(codepoint);
        codepoint = 0;
    }
    return result;
}

std::string
QUtil::win_ansi_to_utf8(std::string const& val)
{
    std::string result;
    size_t len = val.length();
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < len; ++i)
    {
        unsigned char ch = static_cast<unsigned char>(val.at(i));
        unsigned short ch_short = ch;
        if ((ch >= 128) && (ch <= 160))
        {
            ch_short = win_ansi_to_unicode[ch - 128];
        }
        result += QUtil::toUTF8(ch_short);
    }
    return result;
}

std::string
QUtil::mac_roman_to_utf8(std::string const& val)
{
    std::string result;
    size_t len = val.length();
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < len; ++i)
    {
        unsigned char ch = static_cast<unsigned char>(val.at(i));
        unsigned short ch_short = ch;
        if (ch >= 128)
        {
            ch_short = mac_roman_to_unicode[ch - 128];
        }
        result += QUtil::toUTF8(ch_short);
    }
    return result;
}

std::string
QUtil::pdf_doc_to_utf8(std::string const& val)
{
    std::string result;
    size_t len = val.length();
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < len; ++i)
    {
        unsigned char ch = static_cast<unsigned char>(val.at(i));
        unsigned short ch_short = ch;
        if ((ch >= 127) && (ch <= 160))
        {
            ch_short = pdf_doc_to_unicode[ch - 127];
        }
        else if ((ch >= 24) && (ch <= 31))
        {
            ch_short = pdf_doc_low_to_unicode[ch - 24];
        }
        else if (ch == 173)
        {
            ch_short = 0xfffd;
        }
        result += QUtil::toUTF8(ch_short);
    }
    return result;
}

void
QUtil::analyze_encoding(std::string const& val,
                        bool& has_8bit_chars,
                        bool& is_valid_utf8,
                        bool& is_utf16)
{
    has_8bit_chars = is_utf16 = is_valid_utf8 = false;
    if (QUtil::is_utf16(val))
    {
        has_8bit_chars = true;
        is_utf16 = true;
        return;
    }
    size_t len = val.length();
    bool any_errors = false;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
    {
        bool error = false;
        unsigned long codepoint = get_next_utf8_codepoint(val, i, error);
        if (error)
        {
            any_errors = true;
        }
        if (codepoint >= 128)
        {
            has_8bit_chars = true;
        }
    }
    if (has_8bit_chars && (! any_errors))
    {
        is_valid_utf8 = true;
    }
}

std::vector<std::string>
QUtil::possible_repaired_encodings(std::string supplied)
{
    std::vector<std::string> result;
    // Always include the original string
    result.push_back(supplied);
    bool has_8bit_chars = false;
    bool is_valid_utf8 = false;
    bool is_utf16 = false;
    analyze_encoding(supplied, has_8bit_chars, is_valid_utf8, is_utf16);
    if (! has_8bit_chars)
    {
        return result;
    }
    if (is_utf16)
    {
        // Convert to UTF-8 and pretend we got a UTF-8 string.
        is_utf16 = false;
        is_valid_utf8 = true;
        supplied = utf16_to_utf8(supplied);
    }
    std::string output;
    if (is_valid_utf8)
    {
        // Maybe we were given UTF-8 but wanted one of the single-byte
        // encodings.
        if (utf8_to_pdf_doc(supplied, output))
        {
            result.push_back(output);
        }
        if (utf8_to_win_ansi(supplied, output))
        {
            result.push_back(output);
        }
        if (utf8_to_mac_roman(supplied, output))
        {
            result.push_back(output);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        // Maybe we were given one of the single-byte encodings but
        // wanted UTF-8.
        std::string from_pdf_doc(pdf_doc_to_utf8(supplied));
        result.push_back(from_pdf_doc);
        std::string from_win_ansi(win_ansi_to_utf8(supplied));
        result.push_back(from_win_ansi);
        std::string from_mac_roman(mac_roman_to_utf8(supplied));
        result.push_back(from_mac_roman);

        // Maybe we were given one of the other single-byte encodings
        // but wanted one of the other ones.
        if (utf8_to_win_ansi(from_pdf_doc, output))
        {
            result.push_back(output);
        }
        if (utf8_to_mac_roman(from_pdf_doc, output))
        {
            result.push_back(output);
        }
        if (utf8_to_pdf_doc(from_win_ansi, output))
        {
            result.push_back(output);
        }
        if (utf8_to_mac_roman(from_win_ansi, output))
        {
            result.push_back(output);
        }
        if (utf8_to_pdf_doc(from_mac_roman, output))
        {
            result.push_back(output);
        }
        if (utf8_to_win_ansi(from_mac_roman, output))
        {
            result.push_back(output);
        }
    }
    // De-duplicate
    std::vector<std::string> t;
    std::set<std::string> seen;
    for (std::vector<std::string>::iterator iter = result.begin();
         iter != result.end(); ++iter)
    {
        if (! seen.count(*iter))
        {
            seen.insert(*iter);
            t.push_back(*iter);
        }
    }
    return t;
}

#ifndef QPDF_NO_WCHAR_T
static int
call_main_from_wmain(bool, int argc, wchar_t const* const argv[],
                     std::function<int(int, char*[])> realmain)
{
    // argv contains UTF-16-encoded strings with a 16-bit wchar_t.
    // Convert this to UTF-8-encoded strings for compatibility with
    // other systems. That way the rest of qpdf.cc can just act like
    // arguments are UTF-8.

    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<char[]>> utf8_argv;
    for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i)
    {
        std::string utf16;
        for (size_t j = 0; j < std::wcslen(argv[i]); ++j)
        {
            unsigned short codepoint = static_cast<unsigned short>(argv[i][j]);
            utf16.append(1, static_cast<char>(
                             QIntC::to_uchar(codepoint >> 8)));
            utf16.append(1, static_cast<char>(
                             QIntC::to_uchar(codepoint & 0xff)));
        }
        std::string utf8 = QUtil::utf16_to_utf8(utf16);
        utf8_argv.push_back(QUtil::make_unique_cstr(utf8));
    }
    auto utf8_argv_sp = std::make_unique<char*[]>(1+utf8_argv.size());
    char** new_argv = utf8_argv_sp.get();
    for (size_t i = 0; i < utf8_argv.size(); ++i)
    {
        new_argv[i] = utf8_argv.at(i).get();
    }
    argc = QIntC::to_int(utf8_argv.size());
    new_argv[argc] = 0;
    return realmain(argc, new_argv);
}

int
QUtil::call_main_from_wmain(int argc, wchar_t* argv[],
                            std::function<int(int, char*[])> realmain)
{
    return ::call_main_from_wmain(true, argc, argv, realmain);
}

int
QUtil::call_main_from_wmain(
    int argc, wchar_t const* const argv[],
    std::function<int(int, char const* const[])> realmain)
{
    return ::call_main_from_wmain(
        true, argc, argv, [realmain](int new_argc, char* new_argv[]) {
            return realmain(new_argc, new_argv);
        });
}

#endif // QPDF_NO_WCHAR_T